高中英语定语从句考点分析
2017-07-14张雍
张雍
【摘要】定语从句作为高考中的重点与难点,从命题趋势上看,定语从句仍将是未来高考的重点之一。命题设置主要涉及定语从句的先行词与关系词的选定、定语从句的几种特殊现象等,其中,通过对近几年高考试卷的分析,介词与关系代词引导的定语从句是命题人最为关注的考点。
【关键词】定语从句 高考英语 高中语法
一
从定义上来看,英语中用来修饰某一名词或代词的句子叫定语从句。定语从句置于被修饰词之后,且有引导词引导。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。引导定语从句的词叫做关系词,关系词分为关系代词和关系副词。弄清楚定语从句的定义及其含义,深挖每一个词背后的知识点,定语从句的考点便可以被攻破。
The man who lives next to us is a teacher.
住在隔壁的男人是一名老师。
在这个例句中,The man 是先行词,who是关系,lives next to us 是定语从句
二
被定语从句修饰的名词叫做关系词,关系词的作用包括引导定语从句、引导先行词以及在定语从句中充当成分。
关系词可以分为两类,一类是关系代词,一类是关系副词。
关系代词的主要是代替人(who/whom/whose/of whom/that)和代替物(which/whose/of which/that)。
关系副词的主要是用来引导时间状语(when)、地点状语(where)、原因状语(reason)。
对于定语从句中需要注意的几个问题,大多数是围绕着关系词展开。下面,让我们来共同探寻高考英语中的高频考点。
1.宜用关系代词that引导定语从句的情况。
①当先行词是all、everything、nothing、something、little、few等不定代词时,定语从句一般用that引導
All who heard the news were sad.
听到这个消息的人都很伤心。
②当先行词被no、all、any、(the) only、(the) very、much等修饰时,定语从句一般用that引导
Reading is the only thing that interested her most.
读书是唯一一件让她感兴趣的事情。
③当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时,定语从句常用that引导
This is the best tool that has been used against pollution.
最好的工具已经被用来治理污染。
④当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物同被一个从句修饰时,关系代词用that引导
The car ran over and killed a woman and her cat that were just crossing the track.
经过的车刚刚撞到了一位刚刚跨过轨道的女人还有她的猫。
⑤主句是以who、what、which开头的特殊疑问句时,定语从句一般用that引导,不用who或which
Which is the cinema that interests you so much?
最让你感兴趣的电影是哪一部?
⑥当关系代词在从句中作表语时,常用that
The park is quite different from the one that it used to be.
这个公园和它以前有很大的不同。
2.宜用关系代词which引导定语从句的情况。
①如果关系代词之前有介词,指物时只能用which
②在非限制性定语从句中,指物的关系代词只能用which
3. whose引导的定语从句。
①关系代词whose在定语从句中既可以指人,也可以指物,在定语从句中作定语,后面紧跟被修饰的名词
②在定语从句中,whose通常可以转换成“the+被修饰的名词+of+whom(人)/which(物)”
The car whose window is broken is mine. =The car the window of which is broken is mine.
车窗破了的那辆车是我的。
4. as在定语从句中的作用。
①当先行词前有the same,such,so,as等词修饰时,关系词常用as
She is not the same person as I knew.
她不是我认识的人。
Bob is such a boy as is always finding fault with his teacher .
鲍勃这个男孩子总是对他的老师吹毛求疵。
②as通常表示说话人的态度、看法、解释等,在翻译中可以凡已成为“正如,正像”。这种情况下常常作为插入语
The history of art ,as we know it,is to train the basic knowledge of Chinese and foreign art history and art theory.
正如我们知道的那样,艺术史专业教授学生在中外美术史以及艺术理论的基础知识。
③as引导的从句可在主语前、主语后,也可以是在主语中间,而which引导的从句只能置于主句后
As is expected, he has passed the exam.
正如所料,他通过了考试
As you can imagine, if your skin gets burns it can be very serious.
正如你可以想象到的,皮肤烧伤可是一件严重的事。
Mary was much kinder to Jack than she was to the other, which, of course, made all the others upset.
玛丽对杰克的态度比对其他人都强多了,这自然惹得别人不悦。
He pretended not to know me, which I did not understand.
我不明白为什么他要装成一副不认识我的样子。
④as引导非限制性定语从句,常用在一些固定结构中
as is well-known to all 众所周知
as it often happens 正如经常发生的那样
as has been said before 正如前文所提到的
5.宜用关系代词who引导定语从句的情况。
①先行词为all, anyone, one, ones等时
All who heard the news were silent .
所有听到这个消息的人都沉默了。
②先行词为those, he和people时
He who does not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
不到长城非好汉。
6. way作先行词的特点。
①当the way 作先行词时,定语从句中如果缺少主语或宾语,则关系代词选择that/which,作宾语时还可以为了句子整体美观,选择省略。
②如果宾语从句中缺少方式状语,则用 in which 或 that 引导,同样可以在这种情况下省略。
7.先行词为抽象地点的名词。
①当 case、position、stage、situation、point等抽象地點的名词作先行词时,如果定语从句中缺少状语,则用 where引导
Can you think of a situation where this picture can be used?
你能够想到在哪种情况之下适宜使用这幅画吗?
8. 介词+关系代词在定语从句中的使用法则。
①“介词”+“关系代词”引导定语从句,先行词指人时,用whom;先行词指物时,用which
②关系副词可以根据其在句中的搭配关系,转换成为“介词+关系代词”结构。
三
在高中的英语考试中,对于定语从句的考察大部分设置在语法填空之中。下面让我们结合近几年的高考题目来从宏观上掌握出题人的思路与高频考点的设置。
The books on the desk ,____covers are shiny ,are prizes for us .[2015·四川高考]
答案:whose
首先,当我们面对这道题的时候,先对这个句子进行简单的分析。不少同学可能会想到非限制性定语从句,而在 covers 前面直接加上which。Covers是一个名词,在定语从句很明显是在考察whose+名词。
As the smallest child of his family ,Alex is always longing for the time _____ be should be able to be independent . [2015·陕西高考]
答案:when
首先来判断先行词,先行词是time,所以,我们要用when来修饰先行词,when在定语从句中作时间状语。
It is a truly delightful place ,_____ looks the same as it must have done 100 years ago with its winding streets and pretty cottages .[2015·湖南高考]
答案:which
通过观察发现,含有先行词的句子与定语从句中间有逗号隔开,可知是非限制性定语从句。对句子成为进行分析,关系词在定语从句中充当主语,所以此题应该选用which。
The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ____ his employees enjoy their work .[2015·天津高考]
答案:where
Atmosphere指气氛,是抽象名词,显而易见,此题是在考察先行词为抽象名词的情况。此时我们应填where。
I wrote down all the reasons _____ this problem could not be solved . [2016·天津高考]
答案:why
先行词是reasons指原因,why在定语从句中作原因状语。
The number of smokers , _____ is reported , has dropped by 17 percent in just one year .[2015·江苏高考]
答案:as
想要解答本题需要对as的熟语有一个积累,根据固定结构,很轻易判断出此空填as,as is reported 可译为“正如所报道的那样”。
Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears ,none of _____ has been proved .[2016·浙江高
考]
答案:which
这句话中的先行词是theories,在引导定语从句中,此处用代词+介词+关系代词引导,此时关系代词宜用which。
When the time came to make the final decision for a course , I decided to apply for the one _____ reflected my interest .[2016·浙江高考]
答案:that
本题考察了宜用that而非which的特殊用法,先行词前有the one修饰,关系代词用that。