APP下载

胆管损伤十二例分析

2017-07-03周程严白莉龚昭曾志武杨光耀夏辉朱鹏苏瑛

腹部外科 2017年3期
关键词:端端肝胆A型

周程 严白莉 龚昭 曾志武 杨光耀 夏辉 朱鹏 苏瑛

·论 著·(临床实践)

胆管损伤十二例分析

周程 严白莉 龚昭 曾志武 杨光耀 夏辉 朱鹏 苏瑛

目的 胆管损伤是腹腔镜胆囊切除术最为严重的并发症。最佳的胆道修复措施仍存在争议。本研究旨在评估在武汉市第一医院肝胆专科其术中胆管损伤的发生、修复处理及预后情况。方法 单中心回顾性分析2012年1月至2015年12月胆道手术病例3 126例,对12例胆管损伤病例的人群分布、疾病原因、损伤类型、修复方式、中转率、术后并发症、预后结果、医疗纠纷等因素进行分析。结果 在3 126例胆道手术中,胆管损伤的总体发生率为0.38%,而腹腔镜胆囊切除术中Strasberg A型以上的损伤率仅为0.17%;依照Strasberg分类,其中A型5例(41.7%),D型3例(25.0%),E1型1例(8.3%),E2型3例(25.0%),均未合并血管损伤。12例胆管损伤主要的疾病性原因为Mirizzi综合征(25.0%)、炎症水肿(25.0%)、迷走胆管(25.0%)和胆囊萎缩(16.7%)。腔镜下简单处理(凝闭、套扎、夹闭或缝闭)6例,中转开腹处理6例(50.0%),其中一期缝合1例、脐静脉修补1例、胆管端端吻合2例、Roux-en-Y肝管空肠吻合2例。术后并发症3例(25.0%),其中Dindo-Clavien分级,2级1例(胆漏)、3a级1例(胆漏并后期狭窄),5级1例(死亡)。胆管损伤处理总体成功率为83.3%,医疗投诉纠纷率为16.7%。结论 凭借专科经验的累积,胆管损伤的发生率是可以控制在较低水平的。正确地辨识高危因素、胆道修复医师的专业经验、合理的外科决策对于提高胆道修复的成功率、回避医疗纠纷至关重要。

胆管损伤; 腹腔镜胆囊切除术; 胆道重建

随着腔镜技术的普及,腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)已成为我国各级别医疗机构肝胆外科的常规术式[1]。然而,LC技术的大规模应用却伴随着胆管损伤(bile duct injuries,BDI)并发症的升高[2],其发生率已由开腹胆囊切除(open cholecystectomy,OC)时期的0.1%~0.2%,上升至0.4%~0.6%[3]。正确地认识和处理术中BDI,是一种外科挑战,通常需要经验丰富的肝胆外科医生参与其中[4-5],因此专科医生的例数积累及处理经验显得尤为重要。本研究旨在通过回顾性研究,分析武汉市第一医院肝胆外科BDI的发生、处理及预后的相关情况。

资料与方法

本研究为单中心的回顾性资料分析,检索并整理武汉市第一医院肝胆外科2012年1月至2015年12月期间,包括平诊及非平诊手术在内的,所有LC、开腹胆总管探查(open common bile duct exploration,OCBDE)以及腔镜胆总管探查(laparoscopic common bile duct exploration,LCBDE)手术病例。平诊手术定义为病人入院完善相关检查后直接接受手术病例,非平诊手术为入院后因存在胆道症状、胆道炎症等原因需行相应保守治疗,并在该次住院期间完成手术者。

回顾3年资料,共计3 126例胆道手术病人纳入分析,其中LC 2 968例(94.9%),OC+OCBDE 95例(3.0%),LC+LCBDE 63例(2.0%)。平诊入院手术者2 253例(72.1%),非平诊手术即急诊入院经保守治疗后于同次住院期间实施手术者873例(27.9%)。女性2 464例(78.8%),男性662例(21.2%);高年资医师主刀1 211例(38.7%),低年资医师主刀1 915(61.3%)。12例病人均于术中诊断发现胆管损伤。采用Strasberg分型法及Stewart-Way分型法[6],评估胆管损伤的类型。该分型法与国内常用的Bismuth分型法不同,其中Strasberg A~D型未被纳入Bismuth评价体系中,而Strasberg E1~E5型则分别对应Bismuth 1~5型。以改良Dindo-Clavien分类法[7]评估术中胆管修复后并发症的严重程度。

腔镜手术操作均为常规LC技巧,病人平卧左倾、头高足低位,术者立于病人左侧。LCBDE为4孔法、LC则根据困难程度采用3孔或4孔。术中胆管损伤的诊断均基于视检判断,而未采用选择或常规性术中造影。针对Strasburg A型损伤,我们仅在腔镜下进行简单修复,如肝床毛细胆管漏,通常予以凝闭、缝闭或吸收夹夹闭,对于胆囊管漏则以圈套扎向胆囊管近端游离后结扎紧固,有时也予以镜下缝闭。一旦术中发现除Strasburg A型以外的BDI,则无论原主刀医师年资高低,均由我科肝胆胰组医师实施手术修复。处理原则依照我科胆管损伤修复方法(图1)实施,其中主要涉及因素包括受损类型、热损伤病灶、胆管缺如长度。单纯的镜下或开腹缝合修复仅用于无热损伤的胆管侧壁损伤,而存在热损伤者或胆管缺损者则行开腹胆管修整,如修整后侧壁缺损面积<50%周径者可考虑脐静脉修补(图2),如修整后胆管缺损的长度<2.5 cm者予以端端吻合+T管引流(图3),如>2.5 cm者行Roux-en-Y胆管吻合+T管引流(图4)。

图1 我院肝胆外科术中主胆管损伤的修复方法

一般情况下,常规胆囊切除、胆总管探查及Strasberg A型损伤病例于术后3~6个月常规复诊B超检查胆道情况。其他类型BDI病例(包括:Strasberg D型、E1型、E2型),则于术后1、3、6、9、12个月,门诊或住院复查了解胆道情况。

对胆管损伤者的人群分布、疾病原因、手术时机、手术类型、损伤类别、致伤机制、原主刀医师、修复方式、中转率、手术时间、术后并发症、住院时间、预后结果、医疗投诉等均予以记录分析。采用SPSS(20.0版)统计软件进行分析,对计数资料以交叉表行卡方检验,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

结 果

一、12例胆管损伤基本情况

1.一般资料 术中诊断胆管损伤12例,男性4例,女性8例;年龄28~81岁,平均为52.6岁;体质量指数为21.4~33.6 kg/m2,平均为28.2 kg/m2。人口资料分布显示,男性发生率为0.6%(4/662),女性发生率为0.3%(8/2 464)两者间差异无统计学意义(χ2=1.064,P=0.302)。手术时间68~447 min,平均188.2 min。

2.胆管损伤疾病性原因 Mirizzi综合征占25.0%(3/12),其中1型Mirizzi综合征1例(8.3%),2型Mirizzi综合征2例(16.7%);胆囊炎性水肿占25.0%(3/12);迷走胆管亦占25.0%(3/12),但其仅导致Strasberg A型损伤;胆囊萎缩占16.7%(2/12);意外胆囊癌占8.3%(1/12)。

3.平诊手术与否 胆管损伤平诊手术占0.35%(8/2 253),非平诊手术占0.46%(4/873),两者差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.174,P=0.677)。

4.原术式 10例胆管损伤继发于LC(0.34%,10/2 968),2例继发于LC+LCBDE(3.17%,2/63),而OCBDE病例中无胆管损伤发生(0/95),LCBDE的胆管损伤率明显高于LC(χ2=12.118,P<0.01)。

5.主刀医生 高年资医师主刀胆管损伤发生率为0.05%(6/1 211),低年资医师主刀胆管损伤发生率为0.03%(6/1 915),两者相比差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.644,P=0.422)。

6.Stewart-Way分型 5例因胆囊管漏或肝床小胆漏不能归入Stewart-Way分型;Stewart-Way 3型损伤的发生率略高于2型,分别为33.3%(4/12)和25.0%(3/12),均未合并右肝动脉损伤。

7.医疗投诉 胆道术后导致相关医疗投诉2例(16.7%,2/12),而非胆管损伤医疗投诉事件发生率仅为0.5%(16/3 114),两者相比差异有统计学意义(χ2=54.48,P<0.01)。

二、12例胆管损伤具体情况

Strasberg A型损伤5例(41.7%),其中肝床小胆漏3例(25.0%)、胆囊管漏2例(16.7%);D型3例(25.0%),包括胆总管面状缺损1例(8.3%),胆总管侧壁损伤2例(16.7%);E1型1例(8.3%)为胆总管横断损伤;E2型3例(25.0%),其中肝总管横断1例(8.3%)、胆总管缺损2例(16.7%)。针对胆管损伤的修复,腔镜下处理6例(50.0%),其中5例为A型损伤、1例为D型损伤,而中转开腹6例(50.0%)均为非A型损伤,因此,除A型以外的胆管损伤中转处理率为85.7%(6/7);术中证实胆管热灼伤4例(33.3%),经开腹胆管修整后缺损>2.5 cm者2例(16.7%)。总体术后并发症率为25.0%(3/12),按Dindo-Clavien外科并发症分级标准,2级胆漏1例,予以胃肠减压、抑酶、肠外营养支持治疗;3a级胆漏并后期狭窄1例(图5),予以内镜下扩张及胆道支架处理;5级1例,因腹腔内感染、高龄、多器官功能衰竭死亡。平均住院天数为17.5 d。胆管损伤处理成功率为83.3%(10/12)(表1)。

讨 论

Pekolj等[8]回顾分析了10 123例胆囊切除术病例,其中BDI的发生率为0.18%。同样Hamad等[9]的数据也为0.18%。而本组BDI的发生率为0.38%,略高于上述报道。严格意义上说,如胆囊管漏、肝床小胆漏等Strasberg A型损伤亦属于胆管损伤,只是对病人生理功能影响较轻,未被列入Bismuth分型,往往未被其他笔者统计为BDI,而我们将Strasberg A型的胆管损伤也纳入其中,这可能是本组病例BDI数据偏高的原因。除去Strasberg A型损伤,本组BDI发生率为0.22%,与上述报道接近。我们在回顾资料时,还集合了腔镜胆总管探查63例,如除去因LCBDE导致的BDI病人2例,我科实际LC术后的BDI率仅为0.17%。这一数据结果提示,在肝胆外科的专科中心,凭借专科化胆道外科技术的精细操作,可以将胆管损伤的发生概率控制在极低水平。

图2 脐静脉带蒂修补胆管面状缺损 图3 胆管端端吻合,内衬支架 图4 Roun-en-Y肝管空肠吻合 图5 术后3个月随访复查MRCP提示胆管狭窄,黄色箭头所示部位为胆总管狭窄处

表1 12例胆管损伤病人手术资料与整体预后情况分析

自1956年始,Hepp等[18]的肝管空肠吻合一直是胆道重建的金标准。原因在于,大部分BDI涉及到横断和切除部分胆管,导致端端吻合无法实施[19]。然而Iannelli等[20]的数据显示:术中一期行Roux-en-Y肝管空肠吻合修复重建,将导致术后高达62.9%的再修正手术率。同样有观点认为[21],一期胆肠吻合的成功率实际上低于二期胆管端端重建。在Pekolj等[8]的胆管修复处理算法中,将胆道热损伤作为胆肠吻合与胆管端端重建的分水岭。不可否认,热损伤的胆管经切除修整后往往形成长段的缺如,过长的胆管缺损会导致胆管吻合口的高张力,是导致重建失败、术后胆漏的直接原因。我们的经验是,通过游离镰状韧带、并以Kocher切口松解十二指肠可以很好地提高残余胆管间的对合性,以达到无张力(tension-free)的吻合要求。因此我们将胆管缺如<2.5 cm者,列入一期胆管端端吻合算法之中。胆管端端吻合的优势在于保留了胆管的生理结构,但随访发现50.0%的病例可能因狭窄而需要后期干预[22],因此术中保留T管支撑及术后内镜介入成为了不可或缺的组成部分。本研究中胆管端端吻合1例,术后半年出现胆管狭窄表现,予以内镜支架处理后缓解,现仍在随访中,拟适时撤除支架并决定是否进一步手术修复。

胆管损伤所致的医疗投诉纠纷比率显著高于非损伤案例(16.7%比0.51%,P<0.01)。来自Perera等[23]和Melton等[24]的数据显示,BDI相关诉讼率接近1/3,且病人心理创伤比例高达75%,尤以年轻病人或修复医生经验不足者诉讼率高。近年来,随着腔镜胆囊手术普及、量的递增,导致病人对其风险意识不足,知情不充分[25],非预期的长期T管留置、胆肠吻合术后逆行感染、远期胆管狭窄所造成的额外医疗费用及心理负担,均是导致医疗纠纷的原因。非肝胆专科的一般外科医师在修复复杂的胆管损伤时往往专业技术和经验略显不足,而这类损伤以及损伤修复的失败,将给病人带来永久的痛苦。因此,在各级医院,均应强调胆囊切除术的谨慎实施和精细操作;一旦发生该类损伤,应将病人送至有条件的专科中心,由具有丰富的肝胆外科专业技术操作经验的专科医师实施胆管损伤修复。

1 胡三元.腹腔镜胆囊切除术严重并发症的预防及处理.腹部外科,2014,27:153-156.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1003-5591.2014.03.001.

2 Wherry DC,Marohn MR,Malanoski MP,et al.An external audit of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the steady state performed in medical treatment facilities of the department of defense.Ann Surg,1996,224:145-154.

3 Wherry DC,Rob CG,Marohn MR,et al.An external audit of laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed in medical treatment facilities of the department of Defense.Ann Surg,1994,220:626-634.

4 Melton GB,Lillemoe KD,Cameron JL,et al.Major bile duct injuries associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy:effect of surgical repair on quality of life.Ann Surg,2002,235:888-895.

5 Flum DR,Cheadle A,Prela C,et al.Bile duct injury during cholecystectomy and survival in medicare beneficiaries.JAMA,2003,290:2168-2173.DOI:10.1001/jama.290.16.2168.

6 Stewart L.Iatrogenic biliary injuries:identification,classification,and management.Surg Clin North Am,2014,94:297-310.DOI:10.1016/j.suc.2014.01.008.

7 Dindo D,Demartines N,Clavien PA.Classification of surgical complications:a new proposal with evaluation in a cohort of 6336 patients and results of a survey.Ann Surg,2004,240:205-213.

8 Pekolj J,Alvarez FA,Palavecino M,et al.Intraoperative management and repair of bile duct injuries sustained during 10,123 laparoscopic cholecystectomies in a high-volume referral center.J Am Coll Surg,2013,216:894-901.DOI:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2013.01.051.

9 Hamad MA,Nada AA,Abdel-Atty MY,et al.Major biliary complications in 2714 cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy without intraoperative cholangiography:a multicenter retro-spective study.Surg Endosc,2011,25:3747-3751.DOI:10.1007/s00464-011-1780-4.

10Ibrarullah M,Mishra T,Das AP.Mirizzi syndrome.Indian J Surg,2008,70:281-287.DOI:10.1007/s12262-008-0084-y.

11Kamalesh NP,Prakash K,Pramil K,et al.Laparoscopic approach is safe and effective in the management of Mirizzi syndrome.J Minim Access Surg,2015,11:246-250.DOI:10.4103/0972-9941.140216.

13Georgiades CP,Mavromatis TN,Kourlaba GC,et al.Is inflammation a significant predictor of bile duct injury during laparoscopic cholecystectomy? Surg Endosc,2008,22:1959-1964.DOI:10.1007/s00464-008-9943-7.

14Massarweh NN,Devlin A,Elrod JA,et al.Surgeon knowledge,behavior,and opinions regarding intraoperative cholangiography.J Am Coll Surg,2008,207:821-830.DOI:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2008.08.011.

15Pulitano`C,Parks RW,Ireland H,et al.Impact of concomitant arterial injury on the outcome of laparoscopic bile duct injury.Am J Surg,2011,201:238-244.DOI:10.1016/j.amjsurg.2009.07.038.

16Thamara M,Perera MT,Silva MA,et al.Specialist early and immediate repair of post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy bile duct injuries is associated with an improved long-term outcome.Ann Surg,2011,253:553-560.DOI:10.1097/SLA.0b013e318208fad3.

17Silva M,Coldham C,Mayer A,et al.Specialist outreach service for on-table repair of iatrogenic bile duct injuries- a new kind of “traveling surgeon”.Ann R Coll Surg Engl,2008,90:243-246.DOI:10.1308/003588408X261663.

18Hepp J,Couinaud C.Approach to and use of the left hepatic duct in reparation of the common bile duct.Presse Med,1956,64:947-948.

19Johnson SR,Keohler A,Pennington LK,et al.Long-term results of surgical repair of bile duct injuries following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Surgery,2000,128:668-677.DOI:10.1067/msy.2000.108422.

20Iannelli A,Paineau J,Hamy A,et al.Primary versus delayed repair for bile duct injuries sustained during cholecystectomy:results of a survey of the Association Francaise de Chirurgie.HPB (Oxford),2013,15:611-616.DOI:10.1111/hpb.12024.

21Rauws EA,Gouma DJ.Endoscopic and surgical of bile duct injury after laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol,2004,18:829-846.DOI:10.1016/j.bpg.2004.05.003.

22Wudel LJ,Wright KJ,Pinson CW,et al.Bile duct injury following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.Am Surg,2001,67:557-564.

23Perera M,Silva M,Shas A,et al.Risk factors for litigation following major transectional bile duct injury sustained at laparoscopic cholecystectomy.World J Surg,2010,34:2635-2641.DOI:10.1007/s00268-010-0725-8.

24Melton GB,Lillemoe KD,Cameron JL,et al.Major bile duct injuries associated with laparoscopic cholecystectomy:effect of surgical repair on quality of life.Ann Surg,2002,235:888-895.

25Mazur DJ.Influence of the law on risk and informed consent.BMJ,2003,327:731-734.DOI 10.1136/bmj.327.7417.731.

Retrospective analysis of 12 cases of bile duct injury

ZhouCheng*,YanBaili,GongZhao,ZengZhiwu,YangGuangyao,XiaHui,ZhuPeng,SuYing.

*DepartmentofHepatobiliarySurgeny,WuhanFirstHospital,Wuhan430022,China

Correspondingauthor:GongZhao,Email:gzwolf@sina.com

Objective Bile duct injuries (BDI) remain the most serious complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy.The best strategy for biliary repair is still controversial.This study aimed to review the status regarding to the incidence,repair approach and outcome of intraoperative BDI at a high volume hepatobiliary surgery institute.Methods 3 126 cases of biliary surgery date in the single-institute were collected and studied retrospectively.In 12 cases of BDI,the parameters such as demography,pathologic reason,types of injury,repair approach,conversion rate,postoperative complication,outcome and medical litigations were analyzed.Results In 3 126 cases of biliary surgery,the total BDI incidence was 0.38%,but concerns about the injuries more than Strasberg A type during laparoscopic cholecystectomy were only 0.17% in our institute.Based on Strasberg Classification System,there were 5 cases for type A (41.7%),3 cases for type B (25.0%),1 case for type E1 (8.3%) and 3 cases of type E2 (25.0%),without concurrent vascular injury.In all of 12 BDI cases,Mirizzi syndrome (25.0%),inflammation edema (25.0%),Luschka duct (25.0%) and scleroatrophic gallbladder (16.7%) were the leading pathologic reasons.Simple laparoscopic management (including cautery,ligation,clip or suture) was performed on 6 cases,and open solution was chosen in the rest 6 cases (50.0%),in which primary suture closure was performed on 1 case,patch with umbilical vein on 1 case,bile duct end to end anastomosis on 2 cases,and Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy on 2 cases respectively.Postoperative complications were observed in 3 patients,according to the Dindo-Clavien classification,including 1 case of class 2 (bile leak),1 case of class 3a (bile leak and late constriction),and 1 case of class 5 (death).Overall success rate of BDI repair was 83.3% with 16.7% of medical litigation incidence.Conclusions With the accumulation of biliary surgical experience,it is possible to maintain the incidence of BDI at plausible low level in a hepatobilliary surgery center of tertiary referral hospital.Correct recognition of risk factors,specialty performance of HPB surgeon involved in repair procedure,and rational surgical strategy are paramount to improve the outcome and avoid medial dispute as well.

Bile duct injury; Laparoscopic cholecystectomy; Biliary reconstruction

湖北省自然科学基金(2014CFC1039);2012年武汉市人社局回国留学人员择优资助项目

430022 武汉,武汉市第一医院肝胆外科(周程、龚昭、曾志武、杨光耀、夏辉、朱鹏、苏瑛),疼痛科(严白莉);周程、严白莉共同为第一作者

龚昭,Email:gzwolf@sina.com

R657.4

A

10.3969/j.issn.1003-5591.2017.03.012

.2016-09-05)

猜你喜欢

端端肝胆A型
吴盂超:肝胆医学创始人的创新灵感
“中国肝胆外科之父”吴孟超
端端:我在端午节过生日
我的“监护人”
宠物相伴,成就小小男子汉
DF100A型发射机马达电源板改进
A型肉毒素在注射面部皱纹中的应用及体会
A型肉毒毒素联合减张压迫法在面部整形切口的应用
AZA型号磨齿机工件主轴的改造
多处肝切除术在复杂肝胆管结石中的应用分析