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室内可见光通信频域均衡技术DSP方法对比分析

2017-05-30张士灏汤璇林邦姜张敏李艺伟

南京信息工程大学学报 2017年2期

张士灏 汤璇 林邦姜 张敏 李艺伟

摘要对3种室内可见光通信传输技术的数字信号处理方法(DSP),包括正交频分复用(OFDM)、单载波频域均衡(SCFDE)与单载波频分复用(SCFDM)进行了对比分析.通过峰值功率比(PAPR)和计算复杂度比较了3种方法的优劣.分析结果表明,SCFDE和 SCFDM具有较低的PAPR,但SCFDM计算复杂度较高.此外,还使用白光LED灯针对3种调制解调方法建立了实验模型.实验结果表明,在VLC传输系统中,由于低PAPR特性,使得SCFDE和SCFDM在误码率(BER)和Q值方面的性能优于OFDM.关键词可见光通信;单载波频域均衡;单载波频分多址;正交频分复用;峰均值功率比

中图分类号TN20

文献标志码A

0引言

白光LED可用于照明与通信的特点,使得可见光通信(Visible Light Communication,VLC)技术成为近年来研究热点.VLC与射频技术相比具有显著优势,如能源效率高、无需授权频谱、无RF干扰以及安全保密性高等[15].结合以光信号为载波的空间传输模式,可见光通信(VLC)可开拓丰富的光谱资源,为新一代大容量移动通信的系统提供了解决方案.

正交频分复用 (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing,OFDM)技术具有传输效率高、有效对抗多径衰落、消除ISI、信道利用率高等特点[6],不但在射频领域得到了广泛的应用,而且也成为无线光通信研究领域高速通信的关键技术[710].然而,在OFDM系统中复合包络是多个子载波信号的叠加,信号的包络变化剧烈,高峰均功率比(Peak to Average Power Ratio,PAPR)对驱动器的线性要求很高[11].在室内可见光通信系统中,发射端光源LED IV特性呈非线性,受数模转化器有限字长效应等限制,会对OFDM系统造成非常严重的影响.为了降低PAPR,克服OFDM的峰均功率比值过大的问题,文献[12]提出了利用SCFDE(单载波频域均衡)调制方法.除此之外,文献[13]提出的SCFDM(单载波频分复用)也是一种高数据速率、高频谱利用率的无线传输方案.

目前,已经有较多文献对OFDM、SCFDE和SCFDM进行了分析研究[1215].然而,在室内VLC场景下,尚未见此类研究.此外,以往的研究是基于理想的加性高斯白噪声(AWGN)信道前提下的仿真分析,本文则通过仿真分析,比较3种数字信号处理(DSP)方法的PAPR以及计算复杂度,进而设置具体实验方案,对比分析了3种方法的实用性能.

1PAPR及计算复杂度性能分析

OFDM 符号是由多个独立的经过调制的子载波信号叠加而成的,当各个子载波相位相同或者相近时,叠加信号便会受到相同初始相位信号的调制,从而产生较大的瞬时功率峰值,由此带来较高的峰值平均功率比(PAPR),简称峰均比.峰均比超过某一给定门限值的概率,即互补累积分布函数(CCDF)是最常用来衡量PAPR的指标.本文基于QPSK星座映射,子载波数为256,对OFDM、SCFDM 和 SCFDE系

表1可以看出,OFDM和SCFDE有相同的、较低的计算复杂度,有利于LED驱动器的上行传输.相比之下,SCFDM具有最高的计算复杂度.对于典型值M=256,OFDM(SCFDE)和SCFDM系统乘法除法运算量分别为2 304和4 352.相对于SCFDM,OFDM和SCFDE的系统复杂度为其529%.

2实验建立与结果分析

为了进一步考察3种系统在室内VLC场景下的数据传输性能,本文进行了具体实验验证,实验装置如图2所示.

在发射端,OFDM、SCFDE和SCFDM基带信号进行3次上采样并转换成数字IQ调制.总子载波数为1 024,其中724子载波用于数据传输,循环前缀(CP)和循环后缀(CS)的大小为16.生成的波形上传至任意波形发生器(AWG),设采样率为5 MS/s,利用Bias Tee结合电信号与直流(DC)信息,发射机采用市售的磷光白光LED(Cree XLamp xhp50)作为光源,LED調制带宽小于10 MHz,LED的IP(电流功率)特性曲线如图3所示.接收端利用商用硅固定放大检测器Thorlabs PDA10A将光信号转换为电信号.检测器的输出信号由实时数字示波器记录,采样信号进行离线解码.

图4和图5分别为OFDM、SCFDE和SCFDM的误码率(BER)、Q因子与传输距离之间的关系.该试验基于QPSK星座映射.实验结果表明,SCFDE系统具有最佳的传输性能,OFDM的传输性能最差.出现这种现象的原因是,OFDM具有高的PAPR,因瞬时光功率峰值而引起较强的非线性损坏.由图5可以看出,随着距离的增加,Q值越来越低.

3结束语

本文基于室内VLC系统,在LED的非线性特性和无线光信道色散性质下,对OFDM、SCFDE和SCFDM 3种技术性能进行了对比分析,仿真结果表明,发射端SCFDE系统具有低的PAPR和复杂性,有利于实现传输.OFDM的计算复杂度与SCFDE相等,但具有最高的峰均比,受传输系统非线性影响较大,导致较高的误码率.SCFDM较OFDM有更低的PAPR,BER和Q因子的性能表现良好,可以较好地抑制PAPR,降低非线性效应的影响,但是VLC传输过程中具有最高的计算复杂度.

参考文献

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AbstractIn this paper,we investigate and compare the performance of three digital signal processing (DSP) based transmission technologies for indoor visible light communication (VLC).These schemes include orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM),single carrier frequency domain equalization (SCFDE),and singlecarrier frequency division multiplexing (SCFDM).Particularly,we analyze their peaktoaverage power ratio (PAPR) and computational complexity for comparison.Our results indicate that SCFDE and SCFDM system have relatively low PAPR while SCFDM has the highest complexity.Besides,we present a hardware prototype for the three modulation methods using a white LED lamp.Experimental results show that,due to their low PAPR,SCFDE and SCFDM outperform OFDM in aspects of bit error rate (BER) and Q factor performances in VLC transmission.

Key wordsvisible light communication;single carrier frequency domain equalization;singlecarrier frequency division multiplexing;orthogonal frequency division multiplexing;peak to average power ratio