鄱阳湖湿地典型草洲主要植物种群在5个资源环境梯度上的生态位特征
2017-04-08段后浪
段后浪,赵 安①,姚 忠
(1.江西师范大学鄱阳湖湿地与流域研究教育部重点实验室,江西 南昌 330022;2.江西师范大学地理与环境学院,江西 南昌 330022;3.江西省科学院,江西 南昌 330096)
鄱阳湖湿地典型草洲主要植物种群在5个资源环境梯度上的生态位特征
段后浪1,2,赵 安1,2①,姚 忠3
(1.江西师范大学鄱阳湖湿地与流域研究教育部重点实验室,江西 南昌 330022;2.江西师范大学地理与环境学院,江西 南昌 330022;3.江西省科学院,江西 南昌 330096)
鄱阳湖典型湿地;植物种群;生态位宽度;生态位重叠
“生态位理论”是解析植物群落物种组成变化主要机制的理论之一,研究植物种群生态位对于理解植物群落结构和功能、群落内物种间关系、生物多样性、群落动态演替和种群进化等方面有着重要意义[1]。目前,对于植物种群生态位的研究主要包括生态位宽度和生态位重叠,大都采用Levins生态位宽度指数及Pianka生态位重叠指数,模型相对简单,揭示的生态学意义明显[2-4]。
恒湖农场茶叶港草洲位于鄱阳湖畔,属鄱阳湖冲积平原。洲滩植被具有重要的生态功能,不仅在生物多样性保育、生态系统稳定性的维持等方面发挥重要作用,而且还为成千上万只越冬候鸟提供栖息地和食物(植物茎、叶等),研究鄱阳湖典型草洲植物种群的生态位特征对植被资源保护、可持续利用和植被恢复重建等具有重要意义。目前,针对鄱阳湖区域草洲植物种群生态位的研究鲜有报道,仅陈明华等[5]于2011年在鄱阳湖北部星子县蓼花洲、中部吴城和南部的南矶山国家级自然保护区做了该方面的分析探索,该文基于植物特征(高度、盖度、生物量)进行了生态位研究,但没有涉及环境梯度上的生态位特征研究,很难在不同植物种群生态位差异机制上给出合理解释。笔者基于鄱阳湖湿地恒湖农场茶叶港草洲19个样地95个样方植物与5个资源环境梯度(高程、土壤pH值、电导率、含水量和有机质含量)数据,分析不同资源环境因子梯度上研究区主要植物种群生态位宽度、生态位重叠情况以及物种生态位宽度与重要值及其变异系数间的相关程度,探索主要物种对不同环境因子变化的适应性,揭示各物种在群落中的功能和地位,为鄱阳湖湿地草洲植物物种多样性保护及植被恢复提供科学依据。
1 研究区域与研究方法
1.1 研究区概况
1.2 研究方法
1.2.1 数据采集
正式调查之前在恒湖农场茶叶港草洲进行相关预试验,确定能代表植物群落多样性和分布特征的具体范围。于2015年10月底,按大致垂直于湖岸线的地形梯度平行设置4条样带,样带间距为80 m,每条样带等间距60 m选取5个5 m×5 m的样地,按X型在样地四角及中心取5个1 m×1 m的样方,数据采集以样方为单位。(1)植被数据及地形:记录每个样方的植物种类,用米尺测定样方中物种株高,取最高值为植物高度,以植物地上部分的垂直投影面积与样方面积比值为植物盖度,用GPS进行定位并记录立地微环境。(2)部分土壤因子现场测定:每个样方中心用土壤三参数传感器GS3(美国DECAGON公司生产)测定0~15 cm土层[6]土壤含水量及电导率。(3)土样采集及实验室处理:用取土环刀采集每个样方中心0~15 cm土层土样约100 g,将同一样地5份土样充分混合为1份。将样品自然风干后,捡去植物残根及碎石块等杂物,磨碎后过149 μm孔径筛,参考贾建丽等[7]实验室土壤指标测定方法:有机质含量采用重铬酸钾氧化外加热法,pH值采用电位法(水土体积比为5∶1)。其中,第1条样带中的3号样地所在位置因出现一片较大人工水塘,没有采样。
1.2.2 数据处理
(1)重要值及其变异系数计算
植物物种重要值是反映物种在植物群落中的作用和地位的综合数量指标。目前,有关重要值的计算方法很多且不同植物层次(乔木、灌木、草本等)也大都不一,以19个样地(5 m×5 m)为基础,样地中每种草本植物的重要值计算公式[8]为
P=(cr+hr+fr)/3。
(1)
式(1)中,P为样地中每种植物重要值;cr为相对盖度,指每个样地中每种植物盖度占该样地中所有植物总盖度的比例,样地中每种植物盖度由该样地5个样方该种植物盖度取平均值得到;hr为相对高度,计算方法与相对盖度计算方法类似;fr为相对频度,指样地中每种植物在5个样方中的出现频度占所有物种总频度的比例。
变异系数是衡量各观测值变异程度或离散程度的另一个统计量。当进行多个变量变异程度的比较时,若各变量平均值相差较大,直接使用标准差进行变异程度度量效果不好,则需要采用变异系数来比较。19个样地植物物种重要值均值差异较大,因此重要值变异程度需通过变异系数来反映。计算公式[9]如下:
Vc=Ds/Nm×100%。
(2)
式(2)中,Vc为植物重要值变异系数;Ds为10种主要植物在19个样地中重要值的标准差;Nm为平均值。
(2)资源环境梯度的划分
样地土壤体积含水量(以下简称土壤含水量)、电导率以野外测定的每个样地的5个样方平均值为准;实验室测定19份土样土壤有机质含量、pH值,用GPS记录样地经纬度,并用GIS软件提取样地高程数据;共得到19个样地的土壤含水量、电导率、有机质含量、pH值以及高程数据。在上述5个环境因子上,分别以等距离的梯度间隔将其从小到大划分为10个等级[10],作为资源环境梯度标识(表1)。
表1 5种资源环境因子等级梯度划分
Table 1 Position of the 5 resource-environmental factors on rank gradient
等级序号高程/mpH值电导率/(μS·cm-1)土壤含水量/%土壤有机质含量/(g·kg-1)113.80~13.974.52~4.6117.40~23.024.88~5.931.35~1.86213.97~14.134.61~4.7123.02~28.645.93~6.971.86~2.38314.13~14.294.71~4.8028.64~34.266.97~8.022.38~2.89414.29~14.464.80~4.8934.26~39.888.02~9.072.89~3.40514.40~14.624.89~4.9939.88~45.509.07~10.123.40~3.92614.62~14.794.99~5.0845.50~51.1210.12~11.163.92~4.43714.79~14.955.08~5.1751.12~56.7411.16~12.214.43~4.94814.95~15.125.17~5.2656.74~62.3612.21~13.264.94~5.45915.12~15.285.26~5.3662.36~67.9813.26~14.305.45~5.971015.28~15.455.36~5.4567.98~73.6014.30~15.355.97~6.48
(3)生态位宽度测定
利用Levins生态位宽度公式计算研究区10种主要植物在5种资源环境因子梯度上的生态位宽度[11]:
(3)
式(3)中,Bi为植物物种i的生态位宽度;r为各资源环境因子等级数;nij为物种i在第j个资源环境等级中的重要值(以物种i在资源环境等级j上的重要值的平均值为准);Ni为物种i在所有资源环境等级中重要值的总和。
(4)生态位重叠计算
利用Pianka生态位重叠公式计算研究区10种主要植物在5种资源环境因子梯度上的生态位重叠[12-13]:
(4)
式(4)中,Oik为植物物种i和k的生态位重叠值;r为各资源环境因子等级数;nij和nkj为物种i和k在资源环境等级j上的重要值(以物种i和k在资源环境等级j上的重要值的平均值为准)。
2 结果
2.1 植物物种重要值及其变异系数
2.2 研究区10种主要植物生态位宽度
表2 恒湖农场茶叶港草洲10种主要植物的重要值和频度
Table 2 Important values and frequencies of the 10 main plants in Chayegang Grassland of the Henghu Farm
种号物种重要值均值重要值标准差重要值变异系数/%频度/%1灰化薹草(Carexcinerascens)0.4430.17840.394.742水田碎米荠(Cardaminelyra-ta)0.0460.069148.742.113蒌蒿(Artemisiaselengensis)0.0760.131170.842.114草(Phalarisarundinacea)0.2200.18182.378.955南荻(Triarrhenalutariori-paria)0.1410.221156.742.116藨草(Scirpustriqueter)0.0150.036232.515.797刚毛荸荠(Eleocharisvalleculosa)0.0060.019303.810.538旋鳞莎草(Cyperusmichelia-nus)0.0050.016318.410.539广州蔊菜(Rorippacantonien-sis)0.0060.020331.610.5310芦苇(Phragmitesaustralis)0.0340.110325.010.53
表3 5个因子梯度上10种主要植物生态位宽度
Table 3 Niche breadth of the 10 main plants along the 5-factor gradients
物种生态位宽度高程土壤pH值土壤电导率土壤含水量土壤有机质含量总平均值灰化薹草(Carexcinerascens)8.546.618.168.969.128.28水田碎米荠(Cardaminelyrata)4.014.163.594.153.853.95蒌蒿(Artemisiaselengensis)3.392.843.134.493.973.56草(Phalarisarundinacea)7.615.825.555.947.246.43南荻(Triarrhenalutarioripar-ia)2.743.663.753.934.013.62藨草(Scirpustriqueter)1.002.351.912.702.782.15刚毛荸荠(Eleocharisvalleculo-sa)1.871.521.521.861.521.66旋鳞莎草(Cyperusmichelia-nus)1.981.711.711.981.981.87广州蔊菜(Rorippacantonien-sis)2.001.581.581.911.911.80芦苇(Phragmitesaustralis)1.511.641.951.641.641.68总平均值3.463.193.293.763.80
2.3 研究区10种主要植物45个种对生态位重叠
表4 10种主要植物45个物种对在高程和土壤pH值因子梯度上的生态位重叠
Table 4 Niche overlaps of 45 species pairs of the 10 main plants along the elevation and soil pH gradients
物种1234567891010.700.460.940.520.300.450.290.300.3220.590.160.680.030.030.630.210.200.1130.470.220.300.650.560.050.640.580.1240.630.810.270.300.070.530.370.390.4850.720.190.690.370.780.000.000.000.1060.710.180.090.310.390.000.000.000.0070.100.580.000.810.000.000.320.360.4980.070.450.250.730.000.000.890.990.6190.060.440.200.740.000.000.921.000.69100.510.000.180.290.320.390.000.000.00
表5 10种主要植物45个物种对在土壤电导率和土壤含水量因子梯度上的生态位重叠
Table 5 Niche overlaps of 45 species pairs of the 10 main plants along the soil conductivity and water content gradients
物种1234567891010.620.460.760.540.570.240.230.210.4920.670.050.680.110.100.550.450.460.4530.540.150.110.920.150.010.110.090.1840.690.680.240.130.290.590.620.620.2450.530.040.730.150.280.050.010.010.1660.490.150.320.150.620.000.000.000.0070.260.530.000.810.030.000.890.920.2280.200.300.360.640.030.000.671.000.2290.190.290.310.680.030.000.730.990.18100.570.310.050.300.010.000.000.000.00
表6 10种主要植物45个物种对在土壤有机质含量因子梯度上的生态位重叠
Table 6 Niche overlaps of 45 species pairs of the 10 main plants along the soil organic matter gradient
物种12345678920.6830.460.3540.830.350.3550.530.260.640.3260.410.430.360.490.5270.280.330.030.490.120.7980.260.340.440.420.070.560.7490.260.330.380.440.080.610.810.99100.340.000.120.200.540.000.000.000.00
2.4 5个因子梯度上植物种群生态位宽度与重要值及其变异系数的相关程度
通过Spearman秩相关分析检验不同因子梯度上植物种群生态位宽度分别与重要值、重要值变异系数之间的相关程度(图1)。
*表示相关显著(P<0.05),**表示相关极显著(P<0.05)。
由图1可知,土壤pH值、土壤电导率、含水量、有机质含量因子梯度上10种植物生态位宽度与重要值之间均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),高程因子梯度上两者呈显著正相关(P<0.05),相关系数r分别为0.855、0.939、0.794、0.855和0.733。而在上述5个因子梯度上10种植物生态位宽度与重要值变异系数之间均呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),r分别为-0.927、-0.867、-0.903、-0.879和-0.782。
3 讨论
物种重要值和种群生态位是衡量植物在群落中地位与作用的2个指标,但所代表的意义完全不同。重要值反映的是某个植物种群在群落中的相对重要性,而生态位宽度揭示的是物种对环境的适应性及资源利用能力。笔者研究中,5个因子梯度上植物种群生态位宽度与重要值之间均呈正相关,且达显著(P<0.05)或极显著水平(P<0.01),这与潘高等[25]探究南方红壤丘陵区3种森林群落内主要草本植物种群生态位特征得出的结果较一致。不过两者之间未必存在必然联系,笔者研究中芦苇的重要值大于藨草,但在土壤pH值、含水量和有机质含量梯度上,前者的生态位宽度却小于后者,这是因为重要值并非是影响种群生态位宽度的唯一因素。钱逸凡等[26]研究认为分布频度也是决定物种生态位宽度的主要因素,物种分布频度越高,其生态位宽度越宽。笔者研究中,物种重要值变异系数也是影响物种生态位宽度的重要因素,它们之间呈负相关,此与前人研究结论[27]一致。研究区植物群落中虽然蒌蒿重要值大于水田碎米荠,但其重要值变异系数较后者大,因此在高程、土壤pH值、电导率3个环境梯度上生态位宽度均小于后者。
种群生态位研究对于了解植物在群落中的功能地位、生态适应性以及生态相似性方面具有重要作用,为进一步研究植被分布特征和生物多样性形成机制提供了科学依据[23]。需要注意的是,笔者基于5个资源环境梯度,对植物种群生态位宽度及生态位重叠的计算具有一定的时间和空间限制[28]。首先,随着时间的推移,植物群落中的环境因子以及优势种会发生改变,生态位宽度与环境因子之间关系密切,当环境条件发生变化时,植物对生态环境适应性以及资源利用能力也会随之改变;而当群落优势种发生变化时,不同物种之间生态位重叠值也会有所不同。其次,当研究尺度不同时,群落样地环境以及不同样地环境之间的相关性或者空间自相关也会出现差异,间接导致植物种群生态位宽度、物种间生态位重叠值发生变化。
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(责任编辑: 李祥敏)
Niches of the Major Plant Populations in Grasslands Typical of the Poyang Lake Wetland in Five Resources-Environmental Gradients.
DUANHou-lang1,2,ZHAOAn1,2,YAOZhong3
(1.Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Wetland and Watershed Research, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China;2.School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China;3.Jiangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanchang 330096, China)
Data of 10 dominant plant species and 5 resources-environmental factors (elevation, soil pH, electrical conductivity, water content and organic matter content) were gathered through surveys of 95 quadrates (1 m×1 m) in 19 sample plots (5 m×5 m) in the Chayegang Grassland of the Henghu Farm, typical of the Poyang Lake wetland, and analyzed for breadths and overlaps of the ecological niches of the plant populations, using the indices of Levins niche breadth and Pianka niche overlap. Results show that: (1)CarexcinerascensandPhalarisarundinaceaare the dominant species in the region and have broader niche along the five resources-environmental gradients, whileCyperusmichelianus,Rorippacantoniensis,Phragmitesaustralisand some others are accidental species and have relatively narrow niches; (2) The 10 plant species rarely overlap in niche, but exception exists withEleocharisvalleculosa,CyperusmichelianusandRorippacantoniensis, which overlap each other much more than the other plant species pairs; (3) Of the 10 major plant populations, niche breadth is significantly (P<0.05) or extra-significantly (P<0.01) and positively related to other important values, but extra-significantly (P<0.01) and negatively related to variation coefficient of their important values. The 10 dominant plant species vary sharply in resource-environment utilization capability and adaptability to the 5 environmental factors, and are generally low in niche overlap. Importance values of the plant species are the major factors dictating niche breadth.
Poyang Lake wetland; plant population; niche breadth; niche overlap
2016-07-04
国家自然科学基金(81260449);江西省青年科学基金(201232BAB214022);江西省教育厅2012年度科技项目(CJJ12185)
Q948
A
1673-4831(2017)03-0225-09
10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2017.03.005
段后浪(1992—),男,安徽六安人,硕士生,主要从事植被生态学方面的研究。E-mail: duanhl2408@126.com
① 通信作者E-mail: zhaoanjxsd@126.com