手术切除带骨性包壳的咽旁间隙多形性腺瘤一例
2017-04-06王嘉森李进让
王嘉森,李进让
手术切除带骨性包壳的咽旁间隙多形性腺瘤一例
王嘉森,李进让
目的 探讨带骨性包壳的咽旁间隙多形性腺瘤的临床特征和影像学特点,提高诊治水平。方法 对收治的带骨性包壳的咽旁间隙多形性腺瘤1例的临床资料进行回顾性分析。 结果 本例因头晕2月余,发现右侧咽旁间隙肿物1个月入院。查体:咽腔相对狭窄,右侧扁桃体Ⅲ度肿大,左侧扁桃体Ⅱ度肿大。行头颅CT扫描示:右侧咽旁间隙见一2.4 cm×3.6 cm×3.8 cm大小的类圆形团块,病变呈混杂软组织稍高密度影,边缘为蛋壳样包壳,内见少许低密度区,考虑涎腺混合瘤可能。头颅MRI示:右侧咽旁间隙见一团状混杂信号影,界线清晰,可见类包膜样影。行手术切除,术后病理报告:多形性腺瘤伴钙化。后痊愈出院。结论 带骨性包壳的咽旁间隙肿物临床少见,及时行相关检查,可减少误诊误治。
腺瘤,多形性;误诊;纤维瘤,骨化性;神经鞘瘤
多形性腺瘤是临床最常见的涎腺源性肿瘤,约占所有涎腺源性肿瘤的60%[1],而涎腺源性肿瘤占咽旁间隙肿物的40%~50%[2-3],但带骨性包壳的涎腺瘤临床少见。我科近期收治带骨性包壳的咽旁间隙多形性腺瘤1例,现分析报告如下。
1 病例资料
女,57岁。因头晕2月余,发现右侧咽旁间隙肿物1个月入院。2月前无诱因出现间断性头晕,无头痛,无恶心、呕吐,无视物旋转,在外院行头颅MRI示:右侧鼻咽部咽旁间隙肿物,倾向于良性肿瘤性病变,骨源性肿瘤?不排除纤维源性肿瘤或神经源性肿瘤,为进一步诊治到我院就诊,门诊以咽旁间隙肿物收入院。专科查体:咽腔相对狭窄,右侧软腭稍膨隆,右侧扁桃体Ⅲ度肿大,左侧扁桃体Ⅱ度肿大,悬雍垂尚居中。行头颅CT检查示:右侧咽旁间隙见一2.4 cm×3.6 cm×3.8 cm大小的类圆形团块,病变呈混杂软组织稍高密度影,边缘为蛋壳样包壳,内见少许低密度区,考虑良性涎腺混合瘤可能。行头颅MRI检查示:右侧咽旁间隙见一团状混杂信号影,界线清晰,可见类包膜样影(图1)。
为进一步明确诊断行咽旁间隙肿物切除术。为最大程度减少手术创伤,术前讨论拟经颈侧径路切除肿物,由于不能完全排除骨源性肿瘤,或肿物骨性包壳与周围茎突、上下颌骨等骨性结构存在钙化融合,导致肿瘤活动度差,难以从颈侧狭小空间完整切除肿物,故备颈侧-下颌骨裂开径路切除肿物的方案。术中发现肿物与上下颌骨无关联,且活动度尚可,遂经颈侧切开入路顺利切除肿物,发现肿物具有鸡蛋壳样完整骨性包壳,切开后其内容物呈白色匀质(图2)。术后病理报告:多形性腺瘤伴间质玻璃样变性及钙化。术后痊愈出院。
图1 带骨性包壳的咽旁间隙多形性腺瘤患者头颅MRI 检查示:右侧咽旁间隙见一团状混杂信号影,边界清晰,可见1 类包膜样影
图2 带骨性包壳的咽旁间隙多形性腺瘤患者肿物切除示:肿物有鸡蛋壳样完整骨性包壳,内容物呈白色匀质
2 讨论
2.1 疾病概况 多形性腺瘤主要由腺上皮细胞和肌上皮细胞组成,间质为不等量的黏液样和软骨样组织,不同肿瘤和同一肿瘤内的不同部位其组织成分不同,由于其具有多种形态及成分,故命名为多形性腺瘤[4]。虽然多形性腺瘤的病理检查偶可见病灶呈部分骨化和钙化,但广泛性骨化和钙化较少见[4-5],尤其是带骨性包壳的涎腺瘤临床更少见。目前关于多形性腺瘤的骨化机制尚未明确,有学者认为骨化过程为软骨内骨化和肌上皮细胞化生[5],其骨性包壳形成的具体机制尚不清楚。
2.2 临床特点 由于咽旁间隙多形性腺瘤所处部位的空间较大,出现临床症状的病程较长,故与腮腺浅叶的多形性腺瘤相比具有体积较大、钙化和囊性变较多的特点[6-7]。临床表现为声音改变、张口受限、上颈部包块、后组颅神经功能受损、Horner综合征、咽鼓管阻塞及睡眠呼吸暂停综合征等[2]。CT表现为界限清楚的类圆形或分叶状肿物,密度较腮腺高[8]。有报道认为分叶是多形性腺瘤的特征性表现,原因为肿瘤内不同类型的组织细胞其结构及生长速度不同[9]。MRI特征性表现为肿物有包膜包裹,呈分叶状,T2WI序列可见肿物内信号不均,出现高信号区域[9],且多富含纤维黏液样基质,增强扫描可见强化,而富含细胞结构的区域T2WI序列呈等信号或稍低信号[10]。体积较大的多形性腺瘤可表现为囊性变和出血,营养不良性钙化偶见于生长时间较长的肿瘤[8]。咽旁间隙肿瘤的治疗以手术切除为主,完善的术前检查有助于手术方式的选择与评估[11]。
2.3 诊断与鉴别诊断 涎腺源性肿瘤为咽旁间隙最常见的肿瘤之一,起源于腮腺深叶的肿瘤位于茎突前,查体可见由软腭后外侧向咽腔凸起的肿物,影像学检查示肿块与腮腺深叶相连而无脂肪间隙,且较大肿物多质地不均匀,边缘光滑有包膜[12-13]。本例术前影像学检查见肿物位于茎突前间隙与腮腺深叶相邻,有完整的骨性包壳,与腮腺深叶界限清楚,术中发现肿物与上下颌骨无关联,活动度尚可,术后确诊为多形性腺瘤,同时需注意与以下疾病相鉴别。
2.3.1 骨源性肿瘤:在头颈部以骨化纤维瘤最常见,青少年高发,是进行性生长的良性肿瘤,好发于上颌骨、额骨、筛骨及蝶骨,偶见于枕骨和颞骨。CT表现为单发类圆形或不规则形高密度肿块,部分区域可见低密度影,其周边可出现完整骨性包壳[14]。结合患者病史,CT检查见完整骨性包壳是诊断骨化纤维瘤的主要支持要点,但与该病的好发年龄和部位不符,罕见发生于咽旁间隙的骨化纤维瘤,故排除骨化纤维瘤。
2.3.2 神经源性肿瘤:为咽旁间隙较常见肿瘤,多数为神经鞘瘤,少数为神经纤维瘤,呈椭圆形实质性肿块,有完整的包膜,边界清楚光滑。CT表现为较肌肉密度低的软组织肿块,密度不均匀[15]。该肿瘤起源于迷走神经和交感神经,故咽旁间隙的神经源性肿瘤多位于茎突后间隙,而本例为茎突前间隙肿物,故术前考虑神经源性肿瘤可能性小。
2.4 误诊原因分析及防范措施 多形性腺瘤少见,临床表现及影像学检查无特异性,且医师对其认识不足,致误诊。提示临床应加强专业知识的学习,收治带骨性包壳的咽旁间隙肿物的患者时,除考虑常见病外,同时要想到少见病的可能,及时行相关检查,以早诊断、早治疗,避免或减少误诊甚至误治。
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Analysis of One Parapharyngeal Space Pleomorphic Adenoma Patient with Ossified Capsule
WANG Jia-sen, LI Jin-rang
(Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Naval General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China)
Objective To investigate clinical and imaging characteristics of parapharyngeal space pleomorphic adenoma with ossified capsule in order to improve diagnostic level. Methods Clinical data of one parapharyngeal space pleomorphic adenoma patient with ossified capsule was retrospectively analyzed.Results The patient was admitted for dizziness more than 2 months and discovering parapharyngeal space mass for 1 month. Relative pharyngeal cavity stenosis, grade Ⅲ right tonsil and grade Ⅱ left tonsil were found. Head CT scan showed that the 2.4 cm×3.6 cm×3.8 cm eggshell-like mass was found in right parapharyngeal space, lesion was mixed soft tissue with slightly high density image, and border was surrounded by eggshell-like ossified capsule with a little low density area in it, and then mixed salivary gland tumor was considered. Head MRI showed that tuft-like mixed image was found in right parapharyngeal space and visible envelope-like image. Exsection was performed, and pleomorphic adenoma with calcification was diagnosed by postoperative pathological result. The patient was cured and discharged.Conclusion The parapharyngeal space pleomorphic adenoma with ossified capsule is rare, and therefore relevant examination should be performed in time to reduce incidence rate of misdiagnosis and mistreatment.
Adenoma, pleomorphic; Misdiagnosis; Fibroma, ossifying; Neurilemmoma
R730.261
A
1002-3429(2017)03-0065-03
10.3969/j.issn.1002-3429.2017.03.025
2016-12-07 修回时间:2017-01-11)