乙型肝炎病毒相关肝细胞癌抗病毒治疗的作用和意义
2017-04-04黄罡周伟平吴孟超
黄罡 周伟平 吴孟超
·专题论坛·
乙型肝炎病毒相关肝细胞癌抗病毒治疗的作用和意义
黄罡 周伟平 吴孟超
肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)为我国常见恶性肿瘤,虽然肝脏外科技术飞速发展,但近30年来肝癌病人预后无明显改善,大家往往重视局部治疗,对肝癌病人的全身综合治疗关注不够,尤其是忽视了对我国肝癌的最主要致病因素乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)的研究和有效治疗。结合我们自己在这一方面前期的研究结果以及国内外近年来发表的相关文献,系统阐述了HBV相关HCC抗病毒治疗的作用和意义。抗病毒治疗可有效预防肝癌病人HBV再激活,改善HCC病人肝脏炎症、肝纤维化,显著降低肝癌术后复发率,提高生存率。并讨论核苷类抗病毒治疗的适应证、药物选择以及治疗疗程等相关问题。研究结果还显示抗病毒应答时间快慢、病毒耐药变异等均是影响HCC术后复发的危险因素,因此选择速效、低耐药核苷类药物。并主张长期抗病毒治疗,以最大限度改善HBV相关HCC病人预后。积极有效的抗病毒治疗应该成为HBV相关HCC病人综合治疗的重要组成部分。
抗病毒治疗; 肝细胞癌; 乙型肝炎病毒; 预后
肝细胞癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC),为我国常见恶性肿瘤,手术切除是可切除肝癌最有效的治疗方法之一[1],但近30年来我国HCC术后5年生存率并无明显提高,一直维持在50%左右[2]。近年来随着临床和基础研究的深入,发现乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)不仅是肝癌发生的最重要致病因素,同样也在肝癌的发展及预后等方面均起着关键的作用[3-4]。在综合治疗乙型肝炎相关肝癌的过程中,为何要给与积极抗病毒治疗,如何给予有效的抗病毒治疗,日益受到重视。
一、抗病毒治疗预防HCC发生
HBV慢性感染是我国HCC发生的最主要病原之一,HBV持续感染,及其感染状态是HCC发生、发展的重要危险因素[5-6]。慢性乙型肝炎(chronic hepatitis B,CHB)病人HCC发生率为403~470/105[6]。导致HBV相关性HCC发生的病毒学因素有:HBV DNA水平、HBeAg持续阳性时间、病毒基因型、C区启动子变异、X基因变异等[7]。而通过长期抑制HBV复制,可明显降低HBV复制水平,这是防治HBV相关性HCC的关键手段[8-9]。同时抑制病毒复制可减轻肝脏炎症活动、逆转肝纤维化,抗病毒还可明显降低HBV阳性病人终末期肝病(食管静脉曲张破裂出血、肝性脑病、原发性腹膜炎等)的发生率[10]。
已有充分证据表明抗病毒治疗可减少CHB、慢性丙型肝炎病人进展至HCC的比率,多个指南均将抗病毒治疗作为防治HBV相关性HCC发生的重要手段[11-13]。
二、抗病毒治疗对HBV相关HCC预后的影响
1.抗病毒治疗预防HBV再激活 HBV阳性的肿瘤病人在接受手术、化疗、放疗及免疫抑制剂治疗时易引起HBV再激活,导致HBV-DNA水平升高,引起肝脏炎症加重、肝功能损害甚至肝衰竭[14-15]。同样在HBV相关HCC的手术、经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)、消融及放疗等治疗中也会引起HBV再激活[14,16-17]。我们回顾性研究了1 609例术前低病毒水平的HCC病人后,发现即使是术前病毒水平较低的病人术后也可以发生HBV再激活,其术后12个月内HBV再激活率高达19.1%。即使是术前HBV-DNA阴性(HBV-DNA<200 U/ml)的病人术后12个月内也有16.7%的再激活发生率,而病毒水平>200 U/ml的病人术后12个月内HBV再激活率高达29.4%。而其中接受术前抗病毒治疗的病人,再激活发生率明显低于未抗病毒病人(4.7%比20.6%)[16]。反复的手术、TACE、消融治疗更易使HBV再激活,进而使肝衰竭的发生率增加,这也是导致许多HCC病人无法继续耐受抗肿瘤治疗的原因之一。对HCC病人手术或TACE前后给予抗病毒治疗,能有效预防HBV再激活,使HBV-DNA始终维持在低水平,进而明显减少了肝衰竭的发生率,延长了病人的生存率。目前国内外的抗HBV指南中均建议HBsAg阳性肿瘤病人在化疗、放疗过程中应给予抗病毒治疗以防止HBV再激活。
2.抗病毒治疗改善肝癌预后 高病毒水平、HBeAg阳性及HBV再激活是HBV相关性HCC复发的危险因素[15,18-19]。通过前期的回顾性研究和随机对照研究表明抗病毒治疗可明显降低HCC术后复发率尤其是晚期复发率[20],明显提高HCC术后生存率[21-22]。通过更为可靠的随机对照研究发现:抗病毒治疗组病人其5年无瘤生存率和5年总生存率均高于未抗病毒组(分别为46.1%比27.1%;63.1%比41.5%)。并且通过多因素分析发现术后HBV再激活为术后肿瘤复发的独立危险因素(HR=0.651;95%CI,0.451~0.938;P=0.021)[23]。其原因有:①抗病毒治疗通过抑制肝脏炎症,改善微环境,部分阻断或抑制“炎症-癌症”通路,使肝癌发生率及复发率降低;②通过降低肝癌复发率以及改善肝脏炎症及纤维化状态,使终末期肝病的发生率降低,从而提高了肝癌术后生存率。
三、HBV相关HCC病人抗病毒治疗适应证的选择
HBV相关肝癌抗病毒治疗的目的有以下几方面:一是通过抑制病毒复制和再激活,改善肝功能,降低肝衰竭发生率,使病人能耐受手术、TACE及消融治疗;二是通过长期抗病毒治疗,减轻肝脏炎症,逆转肝纤维化,降低终末期肝病的发生率;三是降低肝癌远期复发率,提高生存率。
以下HCC病人应给予抗病毒治疗:①HBV-DNA可检测病人,无论是否手术均应抗病毒治疗;②HBV-DNA不可检测病人,在进行手术、肝移植、TACE、放疗以及消融等治疗期间应给予抗病毒治疗,以防止病毒再激活;③HBV阳性合并丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)升高或肝纤维化者,不论HBV-DNA是否可检测,建议抗病毒治疗,因为已有报道显示长期抗病毒治疗可明显减轻肝脏炎症和肝硬化;目前在抗病毒治疗的适应证方面还有不同的意见,尤其是病毒不可检测病人的抗病毒治疗,需要更多的循证医学证据支持。
四、核苷类抗病毒治疗药物的选择
目前国内上市的核苷类药物包括拉米夫定、阿德福韦酯、替比夫定和恩替卡韦。拉米夫定耐药率很高,5年可达72%;阿德福韦酯由于肾毒性,常常要减少治疗剂量,导致其抗病毒治疗的效果较差,快速抑制病毒复制的比例较低;替比夫定与拉米夫定类似,其耐药性较高;恩替卡韦能快速抑制病毒复制,其长期使用的耐药性很低(5年耐药率仅1.2%)。已有研究表明恩替卡韦抗病毒疗效要优于阿德福韦酯[24]。我们的研究发现肝癌术后抗病毒治疗早期应答病人预后更好[25]。国外指南中推荐恩替卡韦和替诺福韦(国内未上市)为一线用药[13],国内由于各种原因仍把上述4种药列为一线用药。抗病毒治疗药物的选择原则是速效、高效和低耐药,根据这一原则,推荐使用恩替卡韦或替诺福韦。在抗病毒治疗的过程中应定期监测HBV-DNA水平及肝、肾功能情况,一般建议每3个月左右检测一次,对于在抗病毒治疗过程中出现HBV-DNA水平升高的病人应进行及时复测。确认HBV-DNA异常应给予检测HBV耐药情况。根据具体检测情况调整抗病毒药物使用。
五、HBV相关HCC抗病毒治疗的疗程
已有大量证据表明长期抗病毒治疗可减轻肝脏炎症,逆转肝纤维化,降低HCC发生率,降低HBV再激活率,降低HCC术后复发率,降低终末期不良事件发生率,延长HCC病人生存期,因此对于HCC病人来说,应采用长期抗病毒治疗的策略,而不应中途随意停药,这一点不同于CHB的治疗,我们认为HCC抗病毒治疗的最终目的是提高病人生存率,而不仅仅是HBV-DNA和HBeAg转阴[26]。由于HCC术后复发率高,病人往往要反复进行TACE、消融、放疗等治疗,这些治疗均易导致HBV再激活,如果中途停药,则会使HBV再激活的比例大大提高,增加病人的病死率。另外长期抗病毒治疗可改善病人肝功能和肝纤维化,有利于病人耐受TACE等治疗,更有效地控制肿瘤,延长生存期。
综上所述,抗病毒治疗对降低HCC发生及预防HCC复发,提高HCC病人生存率具有非常重要的意义。HBV相关HCC的抗病毒治疗已成为HCC综合治疗中非常重要的一部分,随着对抗病毒治疗重要性的认识不断深入,规范的抗病毒治疗方法的普及,必将使HCC的生存率得到进一步的提高。
1 European association for the study of the liver,European organisation for research and treatment of cancer.EASL- EORTC clinical practice guidelines:management of hepatocellular carcinoma.J Hepatol,2012,56:908-943.DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2011.12.001.
2 汤钊猷.关于肝癌治疗的策略.临床肝胆病杂志,2011,27:337-339.
3 Tseng TC,Liu CJ,Yang HC,et al.High levels of hepatitis B surface antigen increase risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with low HBV load.Gastroenterology,2012,142:1140-1149.e3.DOI:10. 1053/j.gastro.2012.02.007.
4 Qu LS,Jin F,Huang XW,et al.High hepatitis B viral load predicts recurrence of small hepatocellular carcinoma after curative resection.J Gastrointest Surg,2010,14:1111-1120.DOI:10.1007/s11605-010-1211-1.
5 Chen CJ,Yang HJ,Su J,et al.Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level.JAMA, 2006,295:65-73.DOI:10.1001/ jama. 295.1.65.
6 El-Serag HB.Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma.Gastroenterology,2012,142:1264-1273.DOI:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.12.061.
7 Zhao LH,Liu X,Yan HX,et al.Genomic and oncogenic preference of HBV integration in hepatocellular carcinoma.Nat Commun,2016,7: 12992.DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12992.
8 Wu CY,Lin JT,Ho HJ,et al.Association of nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy with reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis B:a nationwide cohort study.Gastroenterology, 2014,147:143-151.e5.DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.03.048.
9 Wang JP,Kao FY,Wu CY,et al.Nucleos(t)ide analogues associated with a reduced risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B patients:a population-based cohort study. Cancer,2015,121:1446-1455.DOI:10. 1002/cncr.29159.
10Chang TT,Liaw YF,Wu SS,et al.Long-term entecavir therapy results in the reversal of fibrosis/cirrhosis and continued histological improvement in patients with chronic hepatitis B.Hepatology, 2010,52:886-893.DOI: 10.1002/hep.23785.
11Terrault NA,Bzowej NH,Chang KM,et al.AASLD guidelines for treatment of chronic hepatitis B.Hepatology,2016,63:261-283. DOI:10.1002/hep.28156.
12Liaw YF,Kao JH,Piratvisuth T,et al.Asian-Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2012 update.Hepatol Int,2012,6:531-561.DOI:10.1007/s12072-012-9365-4.
13European association for the study of the liver.EASL clinical practice guidelines:management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection.J Hepatol,2012,57:167-185.DOI:10.1016/ j.jhep.2012.02.010.
14Jang JW,Choi JY,Bae SH,et al.A randomized controlled study of preemptive lamivudine in patients receiving transarterial chemo-lipiodolization.Hepatology,2006,43:233-240.DOI:10.1002/hep.21024.
15Huang G,Lau WY,Shen F,et al.Preoperative hepatitis B virus DNA level is a risk factor for postoperative liver failure in patients who underwent partial hepatectomy for hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg,2014,38:2370-2376.DOI:10.1007/s00268-014-2546-7.
16Huang G,Lai EC,Lau WY,et al.Post-hepatectomy HBV reactivation in hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma influences postoperative survivals in patients with preoperative low HBV-DNA levels.Ann Surg,2013,257: 490-505.DOI:10.1097/SLA.0b013e318262b218.
17Dan JQ,Zhang YJ,Huang JT,et al.Hepatitis B virus reactivation after radiofrequency ablation or hepatic resection for HBV-related small hepatocellular carcinoma:A retrospective study.Eur J Surg Oncol,2013,39:865-872.DOI: 10.1016/j.ejso.2013.03.020.
18Hung IF,Poon RT,Lai CL,et al.Recurrence of hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with high viral load at the time of resection.Am J Gastroenterol,2008,103:1663-1673.DOI:10.1111/j. 1572-0241.2008.01872.x.
19Huang Y,Wang Z,An S,et al.Role of hepatitis B virus genotypes and quantitative HBV DNA in metastasis and recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma.J Med Virol,2008, 80:591-597.DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21117.
20Wu CY,Chen YJ,Ho HJ,et al.Association between nucleoside analogues and risk of hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence following liver resection.JAMA,2012,308:1906-1913.DOI:10.1001/ 2012.jama.11975.
21Lee TY,Lin JT,Zeng YS,et al.Association between nucleos(t)ide analog and tumor recurrence in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma after radiofrequency ablation.Hepatology,2016,63: 1517-1527.DOI:10.1002/hep.28266.
22Chan AC,Chok KS,Yuen WK,et al.Impact of antiviral therapy on the survival of patients after major hepatectomy for hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma.Arch Surg,2011,146:675-681.DOI:10.1001/ archsurg.2011.125.
23Huang G,Lau WY,Wang ZG,et al.Antiviral therapy improves postoperative survival in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma A randomized controlled Trial.Ann Surg,2015,261:56-66.DOI:10.1097/ SLA.0000000000000858.
24Liaw YF,Raptopoulou-Gigi M,Cheinquer H,et al.Efficacy and safety of entecavir versus adefovir in chronic hepatitis B patients with hepatic decompensation:a randomized,open-label study.Hepatology,2011,54:91-100.DOI:10.1002/ hep.24361.
25Huang G,Yang Y,Shen F,et al.Early viral suppression predicts good postoperative survivals in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with a high baseline HBV-DNA load.Ann Surg Oncol,2013,20:1482-1490.DOI: 10.1245/s10434-012-2803-7.
26Huang G,Lau WY,Zhou WP,et al.Prediction of hepatocellular carcinoma recurrence in patients with low hepatitis B virus DNA levels and high preoperative hepatitis B surface antigen levels.JAMA Surg,2014,149:519-527.DOI:10.1001/jamasurg.2013.4648.
Application and evaluation of antiviral therapy in the treatment of HBV related hepatocellular carcinoma
HuangGang,ZhouWeiping,WuMengchao.
TheThirdDepartmentofHepaticSurgery,EasternHepatobiliarySurgeryHospital,SecondMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Shanghai200438,China
ZhouWeiping,Email:ehphwp@126.com
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common cancer in our country. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major risk factor for HCC. Surgical resection is the first-line therapeutic option for patients with resectable tumors and preserved liver function. However, a significant proportion of patients develop tumor recurrence, which together with concomitant hepatic decompensation in a background of cirrhosis, is the main causes of death on long-term follow-up. Thus, the long-term prognosis after liver resection remains unsatisfactory, and prevention of recurrence via adjuvant treatments is important, though unmet medical need, in patients with HCC. HBV infection is responsible for many cases of HCC in our country. Antiviral therapy plays a significant role in the comprehensive treatment of HBV related HCC. Studies showed that antiviral therapy can suppress the replication and reactivation of HBV, reduce inflammation of the liver, improve hepatic fibrosis, reduce late recurrence after hepatectomy and improve overall survival significantly. So it is very important to choose fast effective and low resistant nucleotide. HCC patients need repeated treatment such as operation, TACE, radiation and radiofrequency ablation, so long-term antiviral therapy which can prevent the reactivation of HBV is needed. Nucleotide antiviral therapy is an important part of comprehensive treatment of HBV-related HCC patients, which can reduce the late postoperative recurrence and improve the overall survival.
Antiviral therapy; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Hepatitis B virus; Prognosis
国家科技重大传染病专项(2012ZX10002010, 2012ZX10002016),国家自然科学基金创新研究群体项目(81221061),上海市科委医学引导项目(14411967800)
200438 上海,第二军医大学附属东方肝胆外科医院肝脏外科
周伟平,Email:ehphwp@126.com
R735.7
A
10.3969/j.issn.1003-5591.2017.02.004
2017-02-06)