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调脂药物在防治非酒精性脂肪性肝病中的应用进展

2017-03-08鲁冰洁孙明瑜

临床肝胆病杂志 2017年12期
关键词:调脂脂肪性酒精性

鲁冰洁, 陈 曦, 孙明瑜

(1 上海中医药大学附属曙光医院, 上海中医药大学肝病研究所,肝肾疾病病证教育部重点实验室,上海 201203; 2 上海中医药大学, 上海 201203)

调脂药物在防治非酒精性脂肪性肝病中的应用进展

鲁冰洁1,2, 陈 曦1,2, 孙明瑜1,2

(1 上海中医药大学附属曙光医院, 上海中医药大学肝病研究所,肝肾疾病病证教育部重点实验室,上海 201203; 2 上海中医药大学, 上海 201203)

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是指除外过量饮酒及其他明确肝损伤因素所致的,以弥漫性肝细胞大泡性脂肪变性为主要特征的临床病理综合征。其中,脂质代谢紊乱是NAFLD的重要特征,改善血脂异常乃是防治NAFLD的重要手段,而调脂药物在降低血脂的同时,也可能促使脂质更集中运输至肝脏进行代谢,造成肝脂蓄积而加重肝损伤。目前,国内对于调脂药物在NAFLD中的应用仍持谨慎态度甚至存在争议。如何合理应用调脂药物,已成为防治NAFLD的重要课题。简要综述了调脂药物在NAFLD中的应用进展,以期对调脂药物防治NAFLD提供一定参考。

非酒精性脂肪性肝病; 药物疗法; 综述

非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)是一种导致机体能量稳态失衡的遗传、环境、代谢应激相关性肝病,是代谢综合征在肝脏的表现。NAFLD的发病病因与胰岛素抵抗(IR)和遗传易感密切相关,其特征表现为肝脏内以TG形式堆积的脂肪过度蓄积,肝活组织检查脂肪变累及5%以上肝细胞或1H-磁共振质谱分析肝脂肪含量>5.6%[1]。NAFLD的疾病谱主要包括非酒精性单纯性脂肪肝(NAFL)和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)以及由其演变的非酒精性脂肪性肝纤维化、非酒精性脂肪性肝硬化及肝细胞癌(HCC)等一系列严重肝病事件[2]。

近年来,随着饮食结构和生活方式的改变,NAFLD的全球发病率逐年增高。其中,欧美国家的NAFLD发病率为17%~46% ,是导致慢性肝脏疾病的首要病因;亚洲国家的NAFLD发病率为12%~30%[3],在我国也已成为继慢性乙型肝炎之后的第2大慢性肝病病因。NAFLD的发病机制复杂,以经典的“二次打击”学说为基础。其中,IR构成的第一次打击贯穿于NAFLD的整个发病过程。IR促使血清游离脂肪酸释放增多,导致脂肪在肝实质细胞内的过度聚集,并引起脂肪变性[4];建立在IR基础上的脂肪变性,引发肝损伤修复,即启动第二次打击:由氧化应激、脂质过氧化、线粒体功能不全、脂肪细胞因子介导的发生在肝实质细胞内的炎症反应[5],可引起细胞凋亡和坏死,导致NAFL向NASH、NASH相关肝硬化的转变[6]。近年来,部分学者在“二次打击”学说的基础上将肠肝轴、自噬与凋亡、遗传变异等因素纳入NAFLD的发生机制,形成“多重打击”理论[7]。

研究[8]显示NAFLD是不明原因肝酶异常的主要原因,可通过直接或间接方式诱导并存的其他肝病的病程进展,增加肝功能衰竭和HCC的发生风险,同时与动脉粥样硬化和心血管事件的发病呈较高相关性。其中,高脂血症作为NAFLD的独立危险因素,其并存的血脂代谢紊乱可进一步增加NAFLD并发心血管疾病的风险,而心血管意外事件正是导致NAFLD致死的最主要诱因[9]。因此,应用调脂药物改善血脂异常,有效防治NAFLD,以阻止NASH及NASH相关肝硬化的进展,降低心血管等高危事件的发生,具有重要临床意义[10]。然而,多种调脂药物的使用,在改善NAFLD患者血脂的同时,可能加重其肝脂代谢负担而诱发肝损伤,故临床应用尚存有一定争议和治疗矛盾,现分述如下:

1 调脂药物在NAFLD中应用的合理性

肥胖、IR、血脂紊乱和2型糖尿病均为NAFLD肯定的危险因素。其中,高血脂症是NAFLD发生的血清学基础。在肥胖或有明确糖尿病史的NAFLD患者中,高脂血症较常见。其中,NAFLD患者的高脂血症检出率为27%~92%,NASH患者的高脂血症检出率为20%~80%[11]。即使在无肥胖或无明确病因的NAFLD患者中, 亦常有血脂代谢的紊乱,因此对NAFLD患者进行调脂治疗乃是必要之策。

2015年日本胃肠病学会NAFLD临床实践指南[12]推荐他汀类药物用于治疗NAFLD伴高脂血症患者。2017年亚太工作组NAFLD指南[13]表明他汀类药物可用于NAFLD伴轻度ALT升高患者的调脂治疗,减少这一人群中相关心血管疾病及HCC的发病率,但不推荐常规使用他汀类药物治疗失代偿期肝硬化和急性肝功能衰竭患者。2010年中华医学会肝病学分会NAFLD诊疗指南[14]明确提出:对于经基础治疗和(或)应用减肥降糖药物3~6个月以上,仍呈混合性或高脂血症合并2个以上危险因素者,应考虑加用贝特类、他汀类等调脂药物,以延缓动脉硬化进程及减少心脑血管事件的发生,但应注意肝功能的监测。调脂药物的治疗目的不仅限于对NAFLD患者生化和肝组织学的改善,脂质代谢紊乱的纠正,更应强调其远期预后,即降低心脑血管事件的发生,延长生存期,提高生活质量。

2 调脂药物在NAFLD中应用的潜在危害性

一方面,调脂药物主要通过促进血液中的脂质集中运输至肝代谢,从而降低外周血脂水平,但并未能有效清除肝脂质沉积,反而可能加重肝的代谢负荷,导致肝脂沉积加剧,诱发肝损伤。另一方面,部分调脂药物在降低胆固醇TC浓度的同时,也降低了肌膜TC水平,使细胞膜和血浆脂质间的动态平衡遭到破坏,降低了细胞膜的稳定性[15]。以他汀类为代表的调脂药物,其不良反应可累及全身多个系统,包括肌肉损害[16]、肝功能异常、皮肤和胃肠反应、神经毒性,还可增加糖尿病的发病风险等[17]。

2.1 调脂药物可能造成药物性肝损伤 多数药物性肝损伤见于老年人群、免疫薄弱者和肝肾功能失代偿患者,表现除肝酶升高以外,还可伴随不同程度的肝细胞死亡、肝纤维化和炎性反应[18]。Abdoli等[19]在动物研究中探讨阿托伐他汀、洛伐他汀和辛伐他汀对新鲜分离大鼠肝细胞的毒性机理,发现他汀类药物可促进活性氧生成,增加肝细胞内的氧化谷胱甘肽含量,并诱导脂质过氧化和线粒体去极化,从而产生肝细胞毒性,并表明这种细胞毒性呈剂量依赖性。Tolosa等[20]就他汀类药物引起肝损伤的机制进行初步分析,表明与该类药物介导的肝细胞线粒体损伤密切相关,但这种药物性肝损伤仅表现为轻中度水平。Szabo等[21]表明他汀类药物主要通过改变多药耐药相关蛋白2/3的功能,影响大鼠肝胆管对结合胆红素和非结合胆红素的转运,从而导致血清胆红素水平升高。但指出多药耐药相关蛋白2/3功能改变与胆红素水平升高为主要表现的肝损伤之间并无直接联系。

2.2 调脂药物容易诱发其他系统的不良反应 一项动物实验[22]研究他汀类药物诱导的神经肌肉损伤,表明发生机制与nAChR基因片段上rs137852808位点突变相关。Dormuth等[23]在一项多中心、大样本的Meta分析中,对他汀类药物与新发糖尿病的风险进行评估,表明使用他汀类药物2年,新发糖尿病的风险即有显著增加,其中低剂量的他汀用药可使糖尿病的发病风险增加约3.9%,而加强剂量的他汀用药则使糖尿病的发病风险增加至4.1%。前期发表于Lancet的研究[24]提示他汀类用药超过4年,糖尿病的发病风险增加9%。另一项发表于JAMA的Meta分析[25]也支持这一观点,并揭示他汀类药物与糖尿病的发病风险呈现剂量相关性。Carter等[26]进一步比较不同他汀类药物与新发糖尿病的关系,表示与普伐他汀相比,辛伐他汀、罗苏伐他汀和阿托伐他汀均增加了新发糖尿病的风险,其风险比分别为1.10、1.18和1.22。Ridker等[27]随后进行的随机双盲临床试验,分别对合并糖尿病危险因素者和未合并糖尿病危险因素者进行他汀类药物干预,发现糖尿病的发生率仅在合并糖尿病危险因素人群中有所增加,而在那些未合并糖尿病危险因素人群中并未增加,提示他汀类药物治疗导致的新发糖尿病与糖尿病危险因素相关。Goldstein等[28]探讨他汀类药物与出血性脑中风发生率的关系,发现经他汀药物治疗的患者更易发生出血性脑卒中,尤其是既往有出血性卒中病史、男性和高龄患者。

3 经典调脂药物在NAFLD中的应用

3.1 他汀类药物用于NAFLD治疗的研究 他汀类药物是目前国内外应用较为广泛的具有代表性的一类经典调脂药物,主要包括辛伐他汀、普伐他汀、阿托伐他汀和罗苏伐他汀等[29],其作用机制为竞争性抑制羟甲戊二酰辅酶A ( hydroxy methylglutaryl coenzyme A,HMG-CoA)还原酶的活性,阻止HMG-CoA转变成甲基二羟戊酸,减少TC合成,降低LDL水平,减轻肝细胞脂肪变性及肝纤维化。多项研究[30-31]表明他汀类药物在改善血脂异常、稳定肝酶的同时,兼具有免疫调节作用。Fraulob等[32]建立高脂饮食诱导的NAFLD大鼠模型,发现罗苏伐他汀可通过改善IR,减轻肝细胞脂肪变性及炎症反应。Yokohama等[33]同样于动物实验发现罗苏伐他汀可抑制TNFα、IL-6、TGFβ1、血管内皮细胞生长因子受体、表皮生长因子受体、血小板衍生因子等因子的表达,有效预防NAFLD和HCC的发生。Alkhatatbeh等[34]使用油酸诱导HepG2细胞脂肪变性,建立NAFLD的体外模型,发现低浓度(4~10 μM)的辛伐他汀即可使40%的肝细胞减轻脂质沉积。Samy等[35]于临床试验中发现,阿托伐他汀可增强NAFLD患者的血清对氧磷酯酶1活性,降低血清丙二醛水平,从而改善氧化应激,减轻肝炎症反应。Foster等[36]表明长期使用阿伐他汀联合维生素C/E治疗能够有效降低NASH的发生率,提示对NAFLD的临床预后有一定改善作用。

2016年欧洲肝病学会NAFLD临床实践指南[37]评估他汀类药物对NAFLD的防治作用,表明他汀类药物可降低LDL水平,预防心血管事件发生,但并未能促进或改善肝脏疾病。Nelson等[38]发现单用辛伐他汀尚不能改善患者的生化及组织学指标。Bjornsson等[39]认为部分他汀类降脂药可能改变肝酶指标,导致不同程度的血清ALT升高。另有研究[40]报道138例急性肝衰竭患者中有10例因他汀类药物导致,这些研究警示他汀类药物的安全应用不容忽视。但也有部分学者表明,他汀类药物相关的无症状性肝酶异常,与临床或肝组织学检查所认为的急性或慢性肝损伤之间并无关联[41]。因此,他汀类药物防治NAFLD的确切疗效,尚需大样本、前瞻性、随机对照研究加以证实。

3.2 贝特类药物用于NAFLD治疗的研究 贝特类药物即苯氧乙酸类药物,是过氧化物酶体增殖体激活受体激动剂,主要包括非诺贝特、非那贝特、吉非罗齐等。其中非诺贝特不良反应较小,临床应用较为常见。其作用机制通过抑制腺苷酸环化酶,增强脂蛋白酯酶活性,加速TG分解和HDL合成,降低TG水平及升高HDL水平。动物实验[42]研究表明,非诺贝特能显著改善NAFLD模型大鼠的血脂障碍、肝脂堆积、IR及氧化应激反应。Fabbrini等[43]进行的临床研究则显示,使用非诺贝特治疗NAFLD后,尽管血清TG水平有所下降,但肝组织内TG水平却未有明显变化。另一项国外临床研究[44]观察非诺贝特治疗NAFLD患者28周,患者仅肝酶指标复常,而肝细胞脂肪变性、肝小叶炎症和纤维化等并未得到有效改善。此外,已有研究[45]证实,贝特类药物单独或与他汀类药物合用,可增加横纹肌溶解的发病风险,并增加胆结石的发生率。因此,临床应当慎用贝特类调脂药物,必要时应严密观测肝功能等指标。

4 调脂药物的合理应用

4.1 调脂药物是否与肝酶异常有关 部分调脂药物可能造成一定程度的肝损伤, 组织学改变为肝细胞型、淤胆型或混合型, 临床上多表现为无症状性血清转氨酶轻度升高[46],且这种肝酶异常具有一过性特点,超过70%的患者在停药后数周便很快恢复[47]。

4.2 长期应用调脂药物是否增加肝损伤 Younoszai等[48]对长期使用他汀类调脂药物的9207例既往合并肝脏疾病的患者随访,表明服用他汀类药物与肝病死亡事件之间并无明显相关性。Demyen等[49]在一项纳入48 000例受试者的Meta分析中表明,与安慰剂组比较,他汀类药物组的肝损伤发生率并无差异,由此认为他汀类药物服用相对安全。Kim等[50]采用Meta分析对失代偿肝硬化患者应用他汀类药物的安全性进行评估,表示他汀类药物可使肝病进展风险降低约46%。但仍有研究报道了相关不良事件,提示可能与这类患者肝功能受损,药物耐受性下降有关。

4.3 应用调脂药物过程中出现肝酶异常的停药原则 对于血脂异常的NAFLD患者,在应用调脂药物治疗之前,需要对其脏功能进行较好的评估,尤其注意鉴别是否合并潜在的肝脏疾病,是否继发NASH的肝酶异常[51]。若患者既往无基础肝病,且无临床症状提示肝损伤,或仅有肝酶轻度升高,可继续服用降脂药物,并避免不当停药。若患者既往合并基础肝病,需在肝酶异常时小心停药,并分析肝酶异常的具体原因。无论患者服药前肝酶是否异常,若3个月内肝酶升高至基线水平的2倍,都应考虑停药[52]。若服药期间发生明显肝损伤甚至肝功能衰竭,则需立即停药,并寻求专科医生积极诊治[53]。

5 小结

综上所述, 国内外已广泛开展调脂药物防治NAFLD的相关研究,评估他汀类为代表的调脂药物治疗NAFLD的有效性和相对安全性,获得较好结论[54-55],初步认为调脂药物治疗NAFLD的整体获益大于风险,可能拥有良好前景。但目前国内对他汀类药物的研究多属于小型临床研究,尚缺乏大样本、前瞻性的临床研究进一步证实,并且仅观察了NAFLD患者的生化和肝组织学等近期终点指标的变化,缺乏对应用前的风险评估及远期治疗终点指标的观察。同时鉴于少数NAFLD患者可能出现肝酶异常甚至药物性肝损伤,因此应用调脂药物治疗NAFLD,应建立严格的临床实验设计以评估其应用价值及安全性,并注意监测肝酶指标,合理把握停药指征。

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Applicationoflipid-regulatingdrugsinpreventionandtreatmentofnonalcoholicfattyliverdisease

LUBingjie,CHENXi,SUNMingyu.

(ShuguangHospital&InstituteofHepatology,ShanghaiUniversityofTraditionalChineseMedicine,KeyLaboratoryofLiverandKidneyDiseasesoftheEducationMinistryofChina,Shanghai201203,China)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a clinicopathological syndrome characterized by diffuse macrovesicular steatosis in hepatocytes and is caused by the factors except excessive drinking and other specific factors for liver injury. In particular, lipid metabolism disorder is a significant characteristic of NAFLD, and improvement of dyslipidemia is an important method for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. Lipid-regulating drugs can not only reduce blood lipids, but also promote the transportation of lipids to the liver for metabolism, which may cause liver lipid accumulation and aggravate liver injury. At present, there are still controversies over the application of lipid-regulating drugs in the treatment of NAFLD in China. Rational use of lipid-regulating drugs has become an important topic in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. This article summarizes the application of lipid-regulating drugs in NAFLD, in order to provide a reference for lipid-regulating drugs in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.

nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; drug therapy; review

R575.5

A

1001-5256(2017)12-2444-05

10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.12.043

2017-07-26;修回日期:2017-08-08。 基金项目:国家自然科学基金项目(81273729);上海市科委专项项目(15DZ1900104) 作者简介:鲁冰洁(1991-),女,在读博士,主要从事中医药防治肝病的基础与临床研究。 通信作者:孙明瑜,电子信箱:mysun248@hotmail.com。

引证本文:LU BJ, CHEN X, SUN MY. Application of lipid-regulating drugs in prevention and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2017, 33(12): 2444-2448. (in Chinese)

鲁冰洁, 陈曦, 孙明瑜. 调脂药物在防治非酒精性脂肪性肝病中的应用进展[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2017, 33(12): 2444-2448.

(本文编辑:林 姣)

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