中医外治法治疗肝癌晚期常见并发症的新思路
2017-03-08潘沙沙郑焕填占伯林彭立生
潘沙沙,郑焕填,占伯林,彭立生
(广州中医药大学第四临床医学院, 广东 深圳 518033)
中医外治法治疗肝癌晚期常见并发症的新思路
潘沙沙,郑焕填,占伯林,彭立生
(广州中医药大学第四临床医学院, 广东 深圳 518033)
肝癌晚期患者常见癌性疼痛、肝性腹水、顽固性呃逆等并发症,临床上通常采用对症治疗,但往往无法收获满意的效果。回顾了近年运用中医外治法治疗肝癌晚期常见并发症的相关报道,剖析中医外治法如膏药贴敷、肿瘤热疗法、介入与中药结合、超声导入中药等治疗手段对肝癌晚期常见并发症的治疗效果及可行性。
肝肿瘤; 中医疗法; 外治法; 综述
肝癌晚期的并发症较多,临床常见有食欲不振、发热、疼痛、腹水、呃逆、肝性脑病以及心理问题等,多采用对症治疗但效果一般。中医学从整体出发,针对并发症辨证施治,可以收获良好疗效。但肝癌晚期患者往往食欲较差,或需控制出入量,中药口服的疗效无法得到最大的体现。中医外治法以中医理论为指导,运用“有诸内必形诸外”、“治外必本诸内”的人体内外统一理论,以阴阳辨证为纲防治疾病。本文通过分析近年相关文献,概括中医外治法治疗肝癌晚期常见并发症的新思路,以及中医外治法治疗肝癌晚期并发癌性疼痛、肝性腹水、顽固性呃逆等问题的新进展。
1 中医外治法治疗肝癌并发症的可行性
肝癌晚期患者经化疗、介入等复杂治疗,加之长期卧床等因素,易形成恶病质而导致食欲不佳。因此,针对肝癌晚期并发症,虽然口服治疗是基础,但外治法也同样重要。《理瀹骈文》指出:“外治之理,即内治之理;外治之药,亦即内治之药,所异者法耳。”认为中医外治法与内治法治疗机理相同。《医学源流论》载:“使药性从皮肤入腠理,通经贯络,较之服药尤有力,此致妙之法也。”认为外治法的机理是药物直接作用于人体皮肤或黏膜,吸收后发挥治疗作用。外治法与内治法一样遵循辨证施治的原则,杨云柯等[1]认为肝癌患者耗气伤阴,气阴两伤居多,需养肝柔肝。这不仅是内治法之原则,更是外治法之原则。
1.1 膏药 膏药疗法是根据疾病所在部位和病程发展特点,将药物制成膏方施用于患处,使得药力直达病所,从而达到治疗目的的一种治疗方法[2]。张永科等[3]自创攻毒化瘤散,以露蜂房、土鳖虫、苦参、半枝莲、白花蛇舌草、乳香、没药、三棱、莪术、海藻、昆布、山慈菇、紫草、皂角刺、附片、白芥子等组成,外敷于肝区及右上腹部,具有解毒、活血、散结、温阳等功效。研究表明,攻毒化瘤散对肝癌晚期患者临床症状改善明显,对肝功能、甲胎蛋白水平有一定的降低作用。
1.2 肿瘤热疗 肿瘤热疗法因具有直接杀灭肿瘤细胞,且对放化疗具有增敏作用等特点,在临床上已普遍使用[4]。闫向勇等[5]采用中药联合热疗治疗晚期肝癌,对患者1年累积生存率有积极作用。
1.3 中药介入治疗 近年来中药介入治疗逐步推广开展,其中鸦胆子油乳剂是我国最早创制的抗癌注射液,具有毒性小、疗效好的优势[6]。李海凤等[7]采用鸦胆子油经肝动脉栓塞联合中医辨证治疗晚期肝癌,结果显示患者的生存质量有所改善,同比经肝动脉灌注传统化疗药物(吡柔比星+丝裂霉素+卡铂)合碘油栓塞治疗,其毒副作用显著减少。但值得注意的是,晚期原发性肝癌的预后与早期发现、早期诊断、早期恰当治疗相关[8],中药介入治疗仅仅在改善患者生存质量方面有意义,尚不能明显延长晚期肝癌的生存期。
1.4 超声导入治疗 超声导入治疗对消化系统功能障碍患者尤为适用,通过超声波作用,将药物的直接成分作用于病位,可促进血管对药物的吸收。孙芳等[9]采用超声导入手段导入自拟扶正抑瘤方用于经肝动脉化疗栓塞术后治疗。具体做法:取水煎中药3 ml盛入凝胶片中,装药治疗的一头超声仪固定在肝区,开机透药治疗约25 min。结果显示,扶正抑瘤方超声导入可明显抑制患者血清人高尔基蛋白73和磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖3水平,改善免疫功能和肝功能。
2 中医外治法治疗肝癌晚期并发症的疗效进展
2.1 癌性疼痛 癌性疼痛患者临床多使用非甾体类抗炎药或止痛效果更强的药物,但严重的不良反应,甚至产生耐药或成瘾限制了其使用范畴。中医外治法药力峻猛但不会伤及正气,对于已经耗伤正气的肝癌晚期患者最为适宜[10]。李丹青等[11]研究五味双柏散(院内制剂,主要成分为大黄、黄柏、侧柏叶、薄荷、泽兰等)对肝癌患者血液流变学的影响,提出血瘀是肝癌形成的重要病理因素,疼痛是临床最常见的症状。研究发现,五味双柏散外敷能够明显降低肝癌患者的血液高凝状态(类似中医的血瘀症状),从而缓解疼痛。蔡小平等[12]提出肿瘤乃素体亏虚,瘀毒之邪致人体内环境生克制化功能紊乱,在治本同时,兼以解毒化瘀。基于此理论,李妍妍等[13]创制癌痛消外用贴治疗肝癌晚期患者,疼痛评分、KPS评分均改善明显。有研究[14]采用金黄散外敷治疗84例恶性肝肿瘤患者,6个月后疼痛缓解效果突出。聂君等[15]自创抗癌止痛膏治疗肝癌晚期患者,止痛效果迅速,无严重不良反应。沈丽贤等[16]采用止痛散外敷、针刺及穴位注射联合疗法,取其益气活血、通络止痛之功,可有效缓解肝癌晚期患者的疼痛症状。朱双进等[17]自拟蟾乌散外敷治疗40例肝癌晚期患者的疼痛症状,蟾乌散由蟾蜍、生川乌头、延胡索、丁香、乳香、没药、细辛、生半夏、冰片等组成,功在活血化瘀、化痰散结。直接敷于体表,药力直达病灶,疼痛迅速得到缓解。此外,还有中药离子导入法,直接作用于肿瘤部位,逐渐扩散至血液和淋巴液中,不仅起到缓解疼痛目的,更一定程度上抑制了肿瘤的增殖[18]。针对气滞血瘀型疼痛,方灿途等[19]采用石膏止痛软膏代替中药内服法,其功效为清热凉血,消肿祛瘀,主要成分为石膏粉,临床试验显示对改善晚期肝癌患者的疼痛症状有较好疗效。亦有研究[20-21]采用麝冰止痛膏或仙人掌、冰片捣成泥状,外敷肝区止痛,取二者清热止痛、活血化瘀的功效。
2.2 肝性腹水 针对顽固性腹水,除对症支持治疗以外,中医外治法也显示出较好的治疗效果。杨柳等[22]采用腹腔内注射复方苦参注射液,联合体外热疗法,加速药物在体内扩散,以增加对癌细胞的杀伤力,可提高治疗的有效率和患者的免疫力。朱应来等[23]将甘遂、甘草、炮山甲、大黄、细辛等经醋调后敷于脐部,具有软坚散结、逐毒化瘀、理气止痛的功效。受试者贴敷8 h/d,2个月后患者的主观症状、腹水、腹胀、纳食均有所改善。朱均权等[24]自制熏蒸方对神阙穴进行熏蒸疗法,取通调水道、疏通气机、温肾壮阳等功效,将中药与熏蒸技术有机结合作用于机体。熏蒸方由炙黄芪、淡附子、生米仁、桂枝、桃仁、莪术、川椒目、牵牛子、大戟等组成,浸泡后置于专门的治疗仪中熏蒸神阙穴,连续治疗6 d,2周为1疗程。结果显示,患者的KPS评分、腹围、体质量均明显改善。赵冰等[25]研究采用芒硝外敷治疗肝癌腹水,取芒硝250 g用宣纸折成纸包,置于布袋中,以脐为中心置于腹部,15 d为1疗程。经治疗,试验组的总有效率为80.7%,对照组为55.6%,差异有统计学意义。何宁一[26]采用戟黛方治疗恶性腹水,方用青黛、大戟、黄瓜籽、细辛、黄芪、桂枝、莪术、龙葵、半枝莲、白术、茯苓、猪苓、泽泻、大腹皮等,外敷于腹部,结果显示试验组患者腹水情况均明显改善。有关于芒硝敷脐治疗肝硬化腹水的Meta分析[27]显示,芒硝敷脐治疗后患者的腹围、体质量改善程度明显优于对照组,且对改善肝功能具有一定效果。
2.3 顽固性呃逆 肝癌晚期患者常出现肝源性呃逆,中医认为肝主疏泄,若痰、瘀、湿郁结于肝经,疏泄功能受阻,扰动膈肌则呃逆不断,特别是肝癌经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术后常发生顽固性呃逆。由丽娜等[28]采用针灸疗法针刺双侧内关、内庭、足三里,再行提插捻转平补平泻法,配合艾灸中脘穴,共治疗34例肝癌经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞术后发生顽固性呃逆患者,其中≤48 h者21例,明显缓解中位时间为60 h,>48 h者13例,明显缓解中位时间为40 h,差异有统计学意义。《灵枢·口问》篇云“耳者,宗脉之所聚也”,十二经脉均直接或间接上达于耳。隆晓江[29]采用王不留行籽耳穴贴敷肝癌介入术后出现的顽固性呃逆患者35例,取耳穴:耳中、神门、肝、食道、贲门、脾、交感,按压2~3次/d,持续3 d,总有效率为85.71%。杨联胜等[30]利用耳穴贴压配合催吐法进行调节膈肌神经,发挥疏肝降逆止呃,缓解膈肌痉挛的作用。推拿手法治疗对肝癌顽固性呃逆亦可获益。李文娟等[31]采用中医传统穴位按压法,具体手法为拇指张开,其他四指并拢,双手固定患者头部,拇指按压翳风穴,先重后缓慢旋转按揉,持续5~8 min,再依次取内关穴、足三里,手法同前,结果显示试验组总有效率为85.7%。穴位按压具有调节患者情绪,调理三焦气机,以缓解膈肌痉挛的作用。此外,张存良[32]通过足三里穴位注射、吴涛等[33]采用利他林足三里穴位注射治疗顽固性呃逆,均有明显疗效。
3 小结
肝癌晚期患者的并发症多,缓解患者痛苦、提高生活质量是目前肝癌晚期治疗的基本目标[34]。综上所述,中医外治法对肝癌晚期并发癌性疼痛、肝性腹水、顽固性呃逆等具有较好的治疗效果。膏药贴敷、肿瘤热疗法、介入与中药结合、超声导入中药等中医外治手段的不断创新发展,拓宽了肝癌晚期常见并发症临床治疗的思路和途径。
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NewthoughtsonthetreatmentofcommoncomplicationsofadvancedlivercancerbyexternaltherapyoftraditionalChinesemedicine
PANShasha,ZHENGHuantian,ZHANBolin,etal.
(TheFourthClinicalMedicalCollegeofGuangzhouUniversityofChineseMedicine,Shenzhen,Guangdong518033,China)
Cancerous pain, hepatic ascites and intractable hiccups are common complications in patients with advanced liver cancer, but clinical symptomatic treatment cannot achieve satisfactory results. This article reviews the application of external therapy of traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of common complications in patients with advanced liver cancer and analyzes the clinical effect and feasibility of common therapeutic methods used in treatment, such as plaster sticking therapy, tumor thermotherapy, interventional therapy combined with traditional Chinese medicine, and sonophoresis of traditional Chinese medicine.
liver neoplasms; TCM therapy; external therapies; review
R735.7; R244
A
1001-5256(2017)12-2429-04
10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.12.040
2017-05-22;修回日期:2017-06-27。 作者简介:潘沙沙(1991-),女,主要从事肝胆疾病中医药治疗方面的研究。 通信作者:彭立生,电子信箱:szpengls@163.com。
引证本文:PAN SS, ZHENG HT, ZHAN BL, et al. New thoughts on the treatment of common complications of advanced liver cancer by external therapy of traditional Chinese medicine[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2017, 33(12): 2429-2432. (in Chinese)
潘沙沙, 郑焕填, 占伯林, 等. 中医外治法治疗肝癌晚期常见并发症的新思路[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2017, 33(12): 2429-2432.
(本文编辑:邢翔宇)