HBV复制再激活研究进展
2017-03-06李梦苑叶传涛贾战生
李梦苑, 叶传涛, 张 颖, 贾战生
(第四军医大学唐都医院 传染科,西安 710038)
HBV复制再激活研究进展
李梦苑, 叶传涛, 张 颖, 贾战生
(第四军医大学唐都医院 传染科,西安 710038)
在非活动性或已治愈的HBV感染者中,当机体免疫稳态被打破时,可能发生以肝脏炎症反应和HBV DNA水平增高为表现的HBV再激活(HBVr)现象,进而引起不同程度的肝功能异常、肝衰竭甚至死亡。对于HBVr的筛查、免疫抑制方案的危险分级以及患者个体情况等方面的系统性管理是亟待解决的问题,在免疫抑制治疗及化疗前筛查HBV血清学标志,评估患者HBVr的发生风险,制订合适的个体化预防性抗病毒治疗方案尤为关键。彻底清除肝细胞内cccDNA是预防HBVr发生的根本。从病因、发病机制、诊断、预防及治疗等方面详细介绍了HBVr的相关研究进展。
肝炎病毒, 乙型; 病毒激活; 综述
HBV是导致慢性肝脏疾病的重要因素之一,全球HBV感染者约4亿,超过1/3的人曾感染过HBV[1]。HBV复制水平和炎症反应程度主要取决于宿主的免疫状态[2],当机体因各种原因导致病毒与机体的免疫稳态被打破,即可能发生HBV再激活(HBV reactivation,HBVr),进而引起肝损伤,甚至肝衰竭。现就HBVr的定义、发生、诊断、预防及治疗等方面作一综述。
1 HBVr的定义
HBVr是指HBV DNA在非活动性或已治愈的HBV感染者血清中突然再次出现或升高,往往伴随肝脏炎症活动。HBVr常为偶发,一般发生于化疗、免疫抑制治疗后以及宿主免疫状态改变时[3]。据报道[4]在慢性HBV感染者中,经过免疫抑制治疗后HBVr的发生率为20%~50%,可导致症状明显的急性肝炎、肝衰竭,甚至死亡。
2 HBVr的诱因
2.1 应用化疗药物 化疗是治疗实体肿瘤和血液系统肿瘤的主要手段之一,恶性肿瘤化疗期间使用的细胞毒性化疗药物及免疫抑制制剂(皮质类固醇、蒽环类药物、细胞靶向生物制剂、抗代谢类药物、酪氨酸激酶抑制剂等)均可导致HBVr的发生率明显增高,报道病例最多的分别为淋巴瘤、乳腺癌、慢性淋巴细胞性白血病等。
2.1.1 皮质类固醇 皮质类固醇可通过抑制免疫效应细胞,降低细胞因子活性,促进病毒复制,并与HBV基因组中糖皮质激素反应元件结合,使HBV被充分激活,HBV的高度复制或(和)过度表达病毒抗原、病毒抗原的分泌障碍均可直接导致肝细胞损伤[4-5]。Yeo等[6]研究表明在128例接受化疗的HBsAg阳性癌症患者未经抗病毒预防治疗的情况下,类固醇激素的应用是导致HBVr发生的独立危险因素,比值比为2.7(95%可信区间:1.0~7.2)。此外,皮质类固醇的高剂量(泼尼松用量>20 mg/d)及长疗程应用(≥4周)都将使HBVr的发生率显著升高[7]。
2.1.2 蒽环类药物 蒽环类药物属于细胞周期非特异性药物,广泛应用于急性白血病、恶性淋巴瘤、乳腺癌、肝癌和胃癌等肿瘤治疗中,也是最早发现可诱发HBVr的肿瘤化疗药物之一。一项研究[8]选取接受不同化疗方案治疗的不同癌症患者1149例,其中接受含多柔比星化疗方案的214例患者中3例化疗前HBsAg阴性患者在化疗后发生了HBVr,其他组无HBVr病例,研究表明当化疗方案包含蒽环类药物时,或将增高HBVr的发生率。蒽环类药物可于体外以剂量依赖的方式刺激HepG2.2.15细胞产生HBV DNA,在体外针对HepG2.2.15细胞系的研究[9]显示多柔比星的应用可增加HBV DNA的生成,且HBV DNA和HBsAg的分泌量随多柔比星剂量的增加而增加,其机制可能在于多柔比星可特异地将细胞周期阻断于G2/M期,已有研究[9]表明当HepG2.2.15的细胞周期停止于G1、G2期时,HBV的复制水平增加。多柔比星的应用也可扰乱HBV复制过程中的相关信号通路,导致HBVr的发生。
2.1.3 细胞靶向生物制剂 利妥昔单抗和奥法木单抗等抗CD20单抗可通过靶向B淋巴细胞表面CD20分子而起到杀伤B淋巴细胞的作用,是细胞靶向生物制剂的代表药物,广泛应用于血液系统肿瘤及自身免疫性疾病。据报道[10],约70%~80%的淋巴系统肿瘤为B淋巴细胞起源,且超过90%的B淋巴细胞瘤表面可表达CD20分子。利妥昔单抗的应用在很大程度上可改善CD20阳性的B淋巴细胞瘤患者的预后。但当其与非霍奇金淋巴瘤传统CHOP方案(环磷酰胺+多柔比星+长春新碱+泼尼松)联用,且无抗HBV预防性治疗时,约有70% HBsAg阳性患者及10%~20% HBsAg阴性且抗-HBc阳性患者发生HBVr[11-12]。奥法木单抗作为利妥昔单抗耐药后的替代治疗药物,其诱发HBVr的风险与利妥昔单抗相似。两者均可与B淋巴细胞表面的CD20结合,通过补体依赖的细胞毒性作用和抗体依赖性细胞介导的细胞毒作用导致B淋巴细胞溶解,并抑制B淋巴细胞增殖,诱导B淋巴细胞凋亡,这一系列作用可直接导致由B淋巴细胞分化而来的浆细胞数量减少,继而减少其抗体的产生,由此为化疗后病毒的再激活创造了有利的条件[13]。此外,B淋巴细胞在HBV感染中除了产生中和抗体,其作为抗原递呈细胞可与细胞毒性T淋巴细胞产生特异性应答。利妥昔单抗可以诱导持久的B淋巴细胞缺失,使细胞毒性T淋巴细胞对HBV感染肝细胞的免疫反应急剧下降,从而导致HBVr的发生[14]。
2.1.4 其他 其他细胞毒性药物包括抗代谢类药物如甲氨蝶呤、硫唑嘌呤、氟尿嘧啶等,植物碱如长春新碱,紫杉烷类如紫杉醇,酪氨酸激酶抑制剂如伊马替尼,以及大环内酯类免疫抑制剂等均被报道在化疗期间可引发HBVr,但其具体机制仍不详[4,15]。
2.2 应用生物制剂 自身免疫性疾病应用免疫抑制药物和细胞毒性药物所造成的HBVr已有广泛报道。其中,TNFα类药物如英夫利昔单抗应用于类风湿性关节炎、强直性脊柱炎、炎性肠病及银屑病等引起HBVr的报道十分多见。2011年一项系统性综述[16]表明,在257例HBV血清学标志物阳性的患者中,应用抗TNFα类药物后,HBVr的总体发生率为39%,其中未进行预防性抗病毒治疗组中HBVr的发生率约是进行预防性抗病毒治疗组的2.5倍。英夫利昔单抗的应用与肝损伤密切相关。抗TNFα所引起HBVr的机制尚未明确。有研究[17-23]表明,肝内TNFα的表达水平与免疫平衡相关,高水平的TNFα可增强CD8+T淋巴细胞对病毒的应答。TNFα阻断剂通过静脉给药,可迅速达到血药浓度的峰值从而产生最大生物效应,但同时将不可避免的导致TNFα清除,进而导致HBVr的发生。其他药物如柳氮磺吡啶[24]、阿巴西普[25]等应用后也有引起HBVr的报道,但仍缺乏循证医学证据。2.3 器官与组织移植 实体器官移植如肝移植、肾移植、心脏移植、肺移植以及造血干细胞移植术后通常需要长期服用免疫抑制剂来抵抗供体与受体之间的排异反应。据报道[26-27],若器官供体HBsAg阳性,则在未进行抗病毒预防性治疗前,HBVr的发生率较高,在肾移植中可达50%~94%。肝移植中,若供体乙型肝炎血清学标志物阳性,则受体发生HBVr的几率将大大增加[28]。在异体造血干细胞移植术后,总HBVr发生率约为10%,且长疗程使用环孢素及非低剂量利妥昔单抗是HBVr发生的独立危险因素[29]。环孢素引起HBVr的机制可能是由于抑制了Ca2+依赖的转录因子,如活化T淋巴细胞核因子,核因子-κB和IL-2等,上述细胞因子可较好地评估抗原特异性的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞的增殖和活化,从而使HBV的复制增加[30]。有研究表明[28],术前抗-HBs阳性的受体在移植术后,抗-HBs滴度将逐渐减低直至消失,继而出现HBV DNA及HBsAg。因此在肝移植术后应用拉米夫定或肌注乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白保持抗-HBs滴度在前6个月>300 IU/μl,6个月后>100 IU/μl,可有效预防HBVr的发生[28]。
2.4 合并其他感染 合并其他病毒感染可影响HBV感染的自然史,引起HBVr的多数为与HIV或HCV的共感染。当HIV病毒感染后机体处于免疫缺陷状态,CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞数量减少,机会性感染增加,抗原递呈过程中程序性死亡受体1/细胞程式死亡-配体1 相互作用所致的T淋巴细胞耗竭、调节性T淋巴细胞介导的免疫抑制均可能是HBV特异性免疫应答低下的原因,从而使HBV呈高水平复制。在高效抗逆转录病毒治疗后,其直接的药物肝毒性、免疫重建炎性综合征、HBV耐药所导致的HBVr,均可增加患者的肝病相关死亡风险[31]。 HBx可通过反式转录激活因子、有丝分裂信号等增强HIV基因组两端长末端重复序列活性,上调HIV RNA水平及其蛋白表达,从而使HIV活化,进一步使HBV复制得以增强,且增加了HBV的病毒变异几率[32-34]。
HBV/HCV拥有相同的传播途径,因而二者重叠感染在临床上也较为常见。HBV/HCV共感染后不断在动态中发展持衡,通常表现为血清较高水平的HCV RNA和低水平的HBV DNA[35]。在HBV/HCV重叠感染人群中,临床检测HBsAg阴性的隐匿性HBV感染比例约为5%~10%[36]。相关研究[37-40]报道在以干扰素及利巴韦林为抗病毒方案的治疗后,HCV病毒得以清除,但继而偶发HBVr,其机制可能是在抗病毒治疗后HCV获得持久的病毒学应答,HCV核心蛋白对HBV复制的抑制作用解除,从而使HBV再度激活。近期一项来自法国的研究[41]报道了4例HBV/HCV重叠感染者应用直接抗病毒药物(DAA)后在早期出现了HBVr,并且与HBV感染状态无关,与DAA药物种类无关。但也有研究[42]显示在服用雷迪帕韦/索非布韦的173例患者中,60%为HBV/HCV重叠感染,均并未出现HBVr。因此,应用DAA能否引起HBVr仍不明确。
3 HBVr的发生机制
临床上HBVr通常发生于HBsAg阳性的慢性HBV感染者,偶可发生于非活动性的HBsAg携带者、隐匿性HBV感染者及急性乙型肝炎痊愈后的部分人群[3]。若宿主的免疫状态改变,则可能引起HBVr。HBVr的发生机制目前仍不十分清楚,但其始动因素为针对HBV复制的免疫调控丢失这一观点已经达成共识。肝细胞cccDNA的持续存在是HBV复制的模板和再激活的基础[43],当机体免疫状态低下如应用免疫抑制药物后,淋巴细胞功能降低,抑制病毒复制的细胞因子的分泌也被抑制,均可促进HBV的复制及其蛋白的表达[44]。当免疫抑制作用解除后,淋巴细胞功能得到恢复,机体免疫系统得以重建,此时细胞毒性T淋巴细胞将识别表达在肝细胞表面的HBV蛋白,进而杀伤肝细胞,导致急性的肝细胞损伤及坏死[45-47]。典型的HBVr可分为3个阶段:(1)HBV复制增强期;(2)肝损伤期;(3)恢复期。但并非所有患者均遵循这3个阶段,其病程与病毒载量及宿主免疫状态相关。大部分的患者在经历过HBVr后仅表现为病毒的携带状态而不出现相关的临床症状,而部分患者可出现程度不等的肝脏炎症反应[3]。
4 HBVr的诊断
Yeo等[48]早在2004年时就明确提出,在免疫抑制治疗期间或之后患者出现肝炎表现,且HBV DNA水平高于基线水平10倍以上或绝对值大于40 000 IU/ml,同时伴有ALT≥3倍正常值上限或增高绝对值≥100 U/L,在排除其他可能引起肝炎症状的病毒感染后,即可诊断为HBVr。除外HBV DNA,在免疫抑制治疗期间定期监测肝功能及HBV血清学标志物对早期诊断HBVr也有重要意义。
5 预防及治疗
5.1 HBVr的筛查 为了评估HBVr发生的风险并针对其进行预防性干预,亚太肝病学会及欧洲肝病学会等同时强调,所有患者在进行免疫抑制治疗或化疗前应常规筛查HBV血清学标志物,监测HBsAg、抗-HBc,对于HBVr的预防十分重要。2012年欧洲肝病学会临床实践指南中强调,当HBsAg阴性但抗-HBc阳性时,推荐筛查HBV DNA。美国胃肠病学会则推荐中危至高危人群应普遍筛查HBsAg及抗-HBc,当HBsAg阳性或抗-HBc阳性时,应当筛查HBV DNA。近期一项针对接受免疫抑制治疗的HBsAg阴性、抗-HBc阳性患者的研究[49]表明,HBV核心相关抗原作为一种新的HBV病毒学标志物,可作为免疫抑制治疗前预测HBVr发生的重要指标。
多项研究[50-53]显示,在肿瘤化疗前进行HBV常规筛查的人数仅为总人数的13%~22%。 Stine等[54-55]分别调查了美国风湿免疫科和皮肤科在使用生物制剂时对HBVr的筛查情况,分别有69%和53%的临床医师能够在治疗前意识到HBVr的发生风险。因此,相关科室提高对HBVr的认识对其预防和治疗尤为重要。
5.2 HBVr的预防 在进行免疫抑制治疗前,针对HBVr的预防十分关键。2014年美国胃肠病学会指南[56]提出,对除HBVr发生的低风险人群[包括HBsAg阳性/抗-HBc阳性或HBsAg阴性/抗-HBc阳性患者使用传统免疫抑制剂、关节腔内局部使用皮质类固醇类药物、口服皮质类固醇类药物疗程<1周,或HBsAg阴性/抗-HBc阳性患者长期使用低剂量(≤10 mg)皮质类固醇],其他人群在接受免疫抑制治疗前均推荐常规使用预防性抗病毒药物。尽量改变免疫治疗方案,避免使用容易引发HBVr的高危方案。预防性的抗病毒治疗可显著降低HBVr的发生率,其相对危险度降低率为87%(95%可信区间:70%~94%)[56],且可提高HBsAg阳性患者接受免疫抑制治疗时的生存率[57]。预防性抗病毒治疗通常分为2个阶段:预防期和巩固期。预防期治疗开始的时间点目前尚不统一,但大多推荐抗病毒治疗应至少先于免疫抑制治疗前1周。巩固期通常需在结束化疗后维持约12个月,至少达到化疗结束的6个月。维持抗病毒治疗的疗程应根据患者HBV DNA水平的动态变化制订相应的个体化方案。预防性抗病毒药物有拉米夫定、阿德福韦酯、恩替卡韦、替诺福韦和替比夫定。美国肝病研究学会和欧洲肝病学会均推荐当预期疗程少于12个月时,可选择拉米夫定和替比夫定。当HBV DNA基线水平较高、预期疗程较长时,则尽量选用恩替卡韦和替诺福韦。一项针对弥漫性大B淋巴细胞瘤患者接受R-CHOP方案(美罗华+环磷酰胺+阿霉素+长春新碱+强的松)治疗中使用恩替卡韦和拉米夫定预防HBVr的单中心随机对照试验[58-59]表明,恩替卡韦在预防性抗病毒治疗中优于拉米夫定,HBVr的发生率分别为6.6%和30%。而阿德福韦酯因其较弱的抗病毒疗效及潜在的肾毒性,并不是一线推荐的HBVr预防用药。干扰素也因其骨髓抑制作用,使其应用十分有限。
5.3 HBVr的治疗 若在免疫抑制治疗或化疗前未进行预防性抗病毒治疗,一旦发生HBVr,将可能导致严重的肝衰竭,应及时采取相应措施。针对HBVr发生后的相关症状的对症治疗和及时的核苷和核苷酸类药物抗病毒治疗是治疗的关键。免疫抑制治疗的终止也有一定效果,但终止后仍可能使机体免疫系统重建,导致细胞毒性T淋巴细胞介导的大量肝细胞坏死。因此,这一措施的安全性及有效性仍需进一步研究。6 展望
HBVr因其较高发病率和病死率在临床上日益受到关注,因此对于HBVr的筛查、免疫抑制方案的危险分级以及患者的个体情况等方面的系统性管理是亟待解决的问题。预防优于补救,在免疫抑制治疗及化疗前筛查HBV血清学标志物,评估患者HBVr的发生风险,制订合适的个体化预防性抗病毒治疗方案尤为关键。彻底清除肝细胞内cccDNA是预防HBVr发生的根本,随着HBV抗病毒治疗及相关临床研究的进展,相信会为HBVr的解决带来新的希望。
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引证本文:LI MY, YE CT, ZHANG Y, et al. Research advances in hepatitis B virus reactivation[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2017, 33(4): 751-756. (in Chinese) 李梦苑, 叶传涛, 张颖, 等. HBV复制再激活研究进展[J]. 临床肝胆病杂志, 2017, 33(4): 751-756.
(本文编辑:邢翔宇)
Research advances in hepatitis B virus reactivation
LIMengyuan,YEChuantao,ZHANGYing,etal.
(DepartmentofInfectiousDiseases,TangduHospital,FourthMilitaryMedicalUniversity,Xi′an710038,China)
In non-active or cured patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, when the body′s immune homeostasis is broken, HBV reactivation may occur, with the manifestations of liver inflammation and increased HBV DNA level, and lead to varying degrees of abnormal liver function, liver failure, and even death. Systematic management from the aspects of the screening of HBV reactivation, risk stratification of immunosuppression regimens, and patient's individual information needs to be solved urgently. It is very important to perform the screening of HBV serological markers before immunosuppressive therapy and chemotherapy, evaluate the risk of HBV reactivation, and develop individualized prophylactic antiviral therapy. Complete removal of covalently closed circular DNA in hepatocytes is essential for preventing HBV reactivation. This article summarizes related research advances in HBV reactivation from the aspects of its etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
hepatitis B virus; virus activation; reviews
10.3969/j.issn.1001-5256.2017.04.036
2016-10-25;
2016-11-28。
李梦苑(1992-),女,主要从事HBV感染机制及细胞治疗的研究。
贾战生,电子信箱:jiazsh@fmmu.edu.cn。
R512.6
A
1001-5256(2017)04-0751-06