推荐论文摘要

武建勇，薛达元，赵富伟，等

推荐论文摘要

中国生物多样性调查与保护研究进展

武建勇，薛达元，赵富伟，等

中国是世界上生物多样性最丰富的国家之一，同时也是生物多样性受威胁最严重的国家之一。20世纪50—60年代开始开展大规模的生物多样性调查，调查成果为植被志、植物志和动物志等各类志书的编写奠定了基础；90年代以来又对重点地区、重要类型资源展开调查，研究了濒危等级评价体系，完成了野生动植物物种濒危等级评价，开展了生态系统濒危等级示范评价；在迁地、就地保护方面也取得了重要进展；发布了一系列相关保护规划等文件。该文基于生物多样性调查与保护领域的代表性研究成果，从生物多样性调查、濒危等级评价、就地与迁地保护以及保护政策与规划等方面概述了近20 a中国生物多样性调查与保护研究的进展，针对存在问题提出了未来的研究方向。认为生物多样性调查是一项基础工作，建议进一步开展生物多样性本底综合调查和评估工作，建立生物多样性监测网络体系。

生物多样性调查；就地保护；迁地保护；濒危等级评价；研究进展

来源出版物：生态与农村环境学报, 2013, 29(2): 146-151

湖泊富营养化及其生态系统响应

秦伯强，高光，朱广伟

摘要：我国是一个多湖泊的国家。其中约1/3是淡水湖泊，主要分布在长江中下游地区。这些湖泊中的绝大部分已处于中营养或富营养水平。湖泊富营养化是当前我国湖泊面临的主要生态环境问题之一。湖泊富营养化后会导致一系列的生态系统异常响应。这些响应包括沉水植物消亡、蓝藻水华频发、微生物的生物量与生产力增加，生物多样性下降，营养盐的循环与利用效率加快等。整个湖泊生态系统，也会伴随着富营养化的发展，呈现出生物多样性下降、生物群落结构趋于单一、生态系统趋于不稳定的现象。在浅水湖泊中，还会进一步导致从“清水态”的草型生态系统，逐步转换为“浑水态”的藻型生态系统。生态系统的这种演替机制，推测是水生植物与浮游植物利用营养盐的效率不同所致。而对于严重富营养化的湖泊，生态系统最终的演替趋势则是从浮游植物为主的自养型湖泊转化为以微生物、原生动物等为主的异养型湖泊。

关键词：湖泊；富营养化；浮游植物；水生植物； 微生物；生物多样性；生态系统演替

来源出版物：科学通报, 2013, 58(10): 855-864

土壤生态系统微生物多样性-稳定性关系的思考

贺纪正，李晶，郑袁明，等

摘要：自20世纪50年代以来，生物多样性与生态系统稳定性的关系一直是生态学中重点讨论的理论问题之一。在当今人类活动对自然生态系统产生重大影响的情况下，全面理解生态系统多样性与稳定性的关系，有助于我们更好地应对环境变化和生物多样性丧失等生态问题。在陆地生态系统中，关注重点多集中在地上植物生态系统；而对地下生态系统，尤其是对微生物多样性与系统稳定性关系的研究尚重视不够。事实上，土壤微生物作为生命元素循环的驱动者，主导和参与地下生态系统中一系列重要生态过程，对土壤能否正常有序地执行各项生态功能至关重要。对土壤微生物多样性的研究，能使我们明确土壤中微生物对各种环境条件（包括自然和人为因素）变化的响应机制，更好地维持土壤生态系统的稳定性及其生态服务功能。本文在介绍土壤微生物多样性概念、研究方法、地下生态系统稳定性的基础上，重点讨论了土壤微生物多样性对土壤生态系统稳定性的影响，对多样性-稳定性关系在土壤微生物生态学中的应用进行了较为深入和全面的思考。作者提出，土壤微生物系统是一个动态变化的自组织系统，通过遗传来维持其组成和结构的相对稳定性，通过变异而适应外界干扰，共同构成土壤微生物系统的抵抗力（resistance）和恢复力（resilience），维护土壤生态系统的稳定性。今后土壤微生物多样性-稳定性关系的研究，需要注重地上与地下生态系统的结合与统一，借鉴宏观生态学理论来构建微生物生态学的理论框架，建立微生物多样性-稳定性关系的机理模型，从定性描述向定量表征方向发展。

关键词：多样性-稳定性；土壤微生物；多重功能性；功能冗余；遗传与变异；机理模型

来源出版物：生物多样性, 2013, 21 (4): 411-420

生物多样性丧失机制研究进展

魏辅文，聂永刚，苗海霞，等

摘要：生物多样性是地球上所有生命形式的总称，包括物种多样性、遗传多样性以及生态系统多样性。其中，物种多样性是核心，它既体现了生物与环境之间的复杂关系，又体现了生物资源的丰富性；物种的保护是生物多样性保护的主要内容。生态系统内的物质循环和能量流动是通过许多错综复杂的食物链和食物网完成的，而动物有机体在此过程中起关键作用。因此，物种多样性，特别是动物种类多样性将直接影响整个生态系统的功能。然而，随着世界人口的持续增长和经济全球化的快速发展，人类社会对地球上的生物多样性造成了愈来愈显著的影响，在这一过程中产生的诸如栖息地丧失与破碎化、过度利用、环境污染、气候变化等现象已对物种的生存产生了严重威胁。本文以生物多样性丧失为主线，回顾了近10多年来在该方向的主要进展，重点关注人类活动对物种多样性的影响，分析了生物多样性丧失的主要原因、特征及其危害，介绍了生物多样性研究的最新方法，并根据我国生物多样性的现状提出了未来生物多样性研究中需要重点关注的科学问题。

关键词：物种多样性；遗传多样性；生态系统多样性；多样性丧失；人类活动；保护基因组学

来源出版物：科学通报, 2014, 59(6): 430-437

1990—2010年中国土地利用变化对生物多样性保护重点区域的扰动

赵国松，刘纪远，匡文慧，等

摘要：基于人类土地利用活动对不同生态系统生物多样性保护服务的影响，构建生态系统综合人类扰动指数，结合不同级别的生物多样性保护区域（一般重要、中等重要、重要、极重要四个级别）从全国尺度及区域尺度分析了中国1990—2010年土地利用变化对生物多样性保护重点区域的扰动。结果表明：就2010年现状而言，我国中东部地区人类扰动程度较大，西部地区人类扰动程度较低，全国生物多样性保护中等重要、重要、极重要区域的人类扰动程度低于全国整体（包括所有级别）均值。就20年来人类扰动程度变化态势而言，全国中东部人类扰动程度变化幅度总体高于西部，生物多样性保护中等重要、重要、极重要区域人类扰动程度均呈轻微上升趋势，但增加幅度低于全国整体增加幅度。随着东部地区的快速城市化以及东北、新疆等地区的农田开垦等土地利用活动，生物多样性保护中等重要、重要、极重要区域等重点区域人类扰动程度呈现上升趋势，应引起重视；而随着黄土高原等地区退耕还林还草工程的实施，人类扰动程度整体则呈现一定的下降趋势。青藏高原区扰动变化幅度很小，几乎没有变化。总体而言，中国目前陆地国土开发利用的空间格局与生物多样性保护保护重要区域的空间分布是相互匹配的，这有利于国家生物多样性保护的整体布局。同时，20年来生态系统综合人类扰动指数变幅的区域分异也与生物多样性保护重要性空间格局相吻合，说明20年来针对生态保护的各项政策与措施在减少生物多样性保护重点区域人类扰动方面产生了积极的成效。

关键词：土地利用；生物多样性；扰动；变化态势；中国

来源出版物：地理学报, 2014, 69(11): 1640-1650

土壤生物多样性研究：历史、现状与挑战

时雷雷，傅声雷

摘要：土壤生态系统是地球上生物多样性最丰富的生境。土壤生物多样性在维持陆地生态系统碳动态和养分循环方面具有重要的作用，是目前土壤生态学领域最为重要的热点研究问题。本文综述了过去20年对土壤生物多样性研究经历的过程和取得的成果。首先，介绍了土壤生物多样性研究的历史发展过程，从早期问题的提出与研讨，到大规模的实验研究，再到对土壤生物多样性的监测、评价和保护。其次，重点介绍了土壤生物多样性研究领域的4个核心问题及其进展，包括土壤生物多样性的维持机制、土壤生物多样性与生态系统功能之间的关系、土壤生物多样性的分布格局及土壤生物多样性与植物多样性之间的关系。最后指出，尽管人们对上述土壤生物多样性的问题取得了一些研究成果，然而，在土壤生物多样性的研究方法、土壤生物多样性的大尺度地理分布格局及其机制、人类活动和全球变化对土壤生物多样性的影响以及土壤生物多样性在污染治理和生态恢复中的应用等方面还面临着巨大的挑战。

关键词：土壤生物多样性；生态系统功能；地理分布格局；全球变化；生态恢复

来源出版物：科学通报, 2014, 59(6): 493-509

中国哺乳动物多样性

蒋志刚，马勇，吴毅

摘要：中国哺乳动物区系有鲜明的特色：有青藏高原分布的特有种属，有第三纪孑遗动物——大熊猫科和白鱀豚科，世界一半以上的鼠兔科动物为中国特有种，中国还是世界有蹄类最丰富的国家。新世纪以来，世界哺乳动物分类体系发生了变化，中国也发现一批哺乳动物新种和新记录种。因此，有必要对中国哺乳动物多样性名录进行及时更新和完善。我们在《中国生物多样性红色名录·哺乳动物卷》的编研中，对中国哺乳动物的目级阶元采用在系统发育基因组学已经取得一致意见的方案;在科及以下阶元以《中国哺乳动物种与亚种分类名录与分布大全》和Mammal Species of the World:A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference（第3版）的分类系统为基础，有蹄类的分类采用Ungulate Taxonomy分类系统；收集整理了中国（包括台湾地区）所有哺乳动物资料，增加了截至2015年3月31日学术期刊发表的中国哺乳动物新种和新记录种，通过会议评审和通讯评审，调整了一些物种的名称和分类地位，确定了《中国哺乳动物名录（2015）》。该名录收录了中国现有哺乳动物12目55科245属673种，其中，新种18种（包括11种最近发现的或利用分子生物学方法确定的、尚有争议的新种）、新记录种18种、60个亚种提升为种。根据研究结果和专家意见，剔除了52种哺乳动物。此外，中国分类学家对新版名录中的20种啮类（Glires）的分类地位持不同意见，这些种类需要进一步研究。以《中国哺乳动物名录（2015）》收录的中国哺乳动物种数与其他国家比较，中国哺乳动物种数超过IUCN（2014）报道的世界哺乳动物排序第一的印度尼西亚（670种）。中国有150种特有哺乳动物，特有种比例为22.3%。兔形目特有种比例达43%，鼠兔科特有种比例更高达52%。劳亚食虫目的特有种比例为35%。中国灵长目、啮齿目和翼手目特有种比例约占各目总种数的1/5，翼手目特有种包括近十年发表、模式产地为中国的12个蝙蝠新种。《中国哺乳动物名录（2015）》为生物多样性研究与保护提供了最新的本底资料。

关键词：哺乳动物；编目；生物多样性；特有种

来源出版物：生物多样性, 2015, 23(3): 351-364

中国城市生物多样性保护规划编制值得关注的问题

郝日明，张明娟

摘要：生物多样性保护是人类可持续发展的根本保障。针对城市生物多样性保护规划编制存在的问题，从树种规划、树种配置比例和栖息地构建3个方面有针对性地阐述城市生物多样性保护的切入点和有效途径。树种规划应从组成上体现为各类动物提供食物，树种配置比例要重视灌木和草本类型，应通过构建各类栖息地的方法进行动物多样性的保护。植物多样性是生物多样性保护的关键，为城市生物多样性保护规划编制提供参考。

关键词：风景园林； 城市生物多样性；树种规划；一般树种

来源出版物：中国园林, 2015, (8): 5-9

我国生物多样性保护与减贫协同发展模式探索

张丽荣，王夏晖，侯一蕾，等

摘要：生物多样性和贫困是全球关注的热点论题，生物多样性保护与减贫是关乎我国可持续发展、人民生活水平提高和2020年能否全面实现小康社会的重要问题。近年来，生态环境保护特别是生物多样性保护与贫困地区区域整体协调发展越来越受到社会各界的关注。本文对我国生物多样性保护与减贫的积极和消极影响关系进行了梳理和分析，采用态势分析法对我国现行的生物多样性保护与减贫的宏观政策在未来二者协同发展过程中的优势、劣势、机会和威胁进行了深入探讨。并在此基础上对以生物多样性可持续利用为核心的保护与减贫协调发展的途径进行了探索，提出了促进二者协同发展的生态移民、绿色资本带动、生态旅游、绿色考评等模式，以期对我国推进生物多样性保护与减贫协同发展提供借鉴。

关键词：生物多样性；减贫；协同；发展；模式

来源出版物：生物多样性, 2015, 23 (3): 433–434

生物多样性事业需要科学、可操作的物种概念

洪德元

摘要：物种概念（species concept）是生物学家们持续关注的中心问题。物种概念决定物种划分，而物种划分的合理性关系到生物多样性的研究、保护和可持续利用。本文把现有较流行的物种概念分为6类，并对它们予以述评后指出：虽然生物学物种概念、遗传学物种概念、进化物种概念、系统发生物种概念等从不同方面认识了物种的客观真实性和物种的本质，但在实践中都难以操作。绝大多数物种是由分类学家划分的，但目前所有的分类学物种概念都包含有不同程度的主观因素，从而造成物种划分的人为性，对生物多样性研究造成负面影响。因此，生物多样性事业需要科学、可操作的物种概念。本文在吸收了生物学物种概念、遗传学物种概念、进化物种概念以及系统发生物种概念等的长处,也分析了它们的不足和问题的基础上提出一个新的物种概念，即形态-生物学物种概念。最后，以芍药属（Paeonia）几个物种的处理为例，说明这一新的物种概念是可操作的，划分的物种在形态上区别分明，易于鉴别。更重要的是，其结果得到基于25或26个单拷贝或寡拷贝核基因DNA序列所作的系统发生分析的强有力支持。各个物种在系统发生树上形成单系和独立的谱系，表明其间各自形成独立的基因库,没有基因交换，它们独立进化，有各自的生态位和独立的分布区。因此，利用这一新的物种概念能够达到预期目标。

关键词：生物多样性；物种划分；物种概念；生物学物种概念；遗传学物种概念；进化物种概念；系统发生物种概念；生态学物种概念；分类学物种概念；形态-生物学物种概念

来源出版物：生物多样性, 2016, 24 (9): 979–999

生物多样性与生态系统多功能性：进展与展望

徐炜，马志远，井新，等

摘要：全球变化和人类活动引起的生物多样性丧失将会对生态系统功能产生诸多不利影响，如生产力下降、养分循环失衡等。因此，始于20世纪90年代的生物多样性与生态系统功能（biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, BEF）研究一直是生态学界关注的热点。然而，随着研究的深入，人们逐步认识到生态系统并非仅仅提供单个生态系统功能，而是能同时提供多个功能，这一特性被称之为“生态系统多功能性”（ecosystem multifunctionality, EMF）。尽管有此认识，但直到2007年，研究者才开始定量描述生物多样性与生态系统多功能性（biodiversity and ecosystem multifunctionality, BEMF）的关系。目前，BEMF研究已成为生态学研究的一个重要议题，但仍存在很多问题和争议，如缺少公认的多功能性测度标准、生态系统不同功能之间的权衡问题等。本文概述了BEMF研究的发展历程、常用的量化方法、EMF的维持机制和不同研究视角下BEMF的关系。针对现有研究中的不足，本文还总结了需要进一步深入研究的地方，特别强调了优化EMF测度方法和研究不同维度生物多样性与EMF间关系的重要性，以期对未来的BEMF研究有所帮助。

关键词：生态系统功能；物种丧失；多功能性指数；多功能

来源出版物：生物多样性, 2016, 24 (1): 55–71

陆地生态系统服务与生物多样性研究进展

范玉龙，胡楠，丁圣彦，等

摘要：在生物多样性迅速消失的压力下，人类面临生态系统服务质量严重下降的威胁。为了使生态系统的重要功能更直观的展现在人们面前，许多学者把生态系统服务对人类的惠益进行整理分类，最有影响力的是千年生态系统评估（MA，Millennium Ecosystem Assessment）把生态系统服务分为供给、调节、文化和支持服务四类，服务的核心是生态系统的产品、过程和格局。生态系统服务的识别与分类是生态系统功能的对象化过程，也是以人类需求来审视生态系统的过程。生态系统通过结构—过程—功能这一途径来实现生态系统服务，各种服务的直接动力来源于自然界生物地球化学循环，生物多样性通过生态系统属性和过程来影响生态系统服务形成和维持。生物多样性越高，生态系统功能性状的范围越广，生态系统服务质量就越高、越稳定。全球变化中的土地利用和土地覆盖变化是生物多样性快速下降的主要原因，也是目前影响生态系统服务最广泛、最剧烈的驱动力，而这正是人类活动造成的，人类需求和生态系统有限的服务能力之间在不同尺度表现出严重冲突。要提高生态系统服务质量,要在不同区域进行重点不同的布局，尽可能的扩大生态系统规模和提高生态系统功能，核心是提高生物多样性水平。

关键词：生态系统服务；生物多样性；生态系统功能；全球变化

来源出版物：生态学报, 2016, 36(15): 1-12

中国实施2020年全球生物多样性目标的进展

徐海根，丁晖，欧阳志云，等

摘要：针对日益严峻的生物多样性丧失形势，国际社会于2010年通过了《生物多样性战略计划》（2011—2020年）。该战略计划确定了2020年全球生物多样性目标。采用“压力-状态-惠益-响应”模型，建立了评估2020年目标进展的指标体系。该指标体系包括生物多样性现状、生态系统服务、压力和响应4个方面，涉及17个一级指标、42个二级指标。研究表明，除目标2、16和18因缺乏相应指标无法评估外，目标1、3、4、5、7、10、11、14、15、17、19、20的相关评估指标均有不同程度的改善，表明这些目标的实施正沿着正确的轨道推进，特别是目标3（鼓励措施）、目标5（减少生境退化和丧失）、目标11（强化保护区系统和有效管理）、目标14（恢复和保障重要生态系统服务）、目标15（增强生态系统的复原力和碳储量）进展较大；但目标5中的草原生态系统保护，目标6（可持续渔业）、目标8（控制环境污染）、目标9（防治外来入侵物种）、目标12（保护受威胁物种）、目标13（保护遗传资源）的相关评估指标大多呈现恶化的趋势，表明虽然已开展了大量工作，但尚需采取更加有效的策略和措施才能实现这些目标。今后应进一步开发生物多样性价值、可持续消费、生态退化、农林渔业对生物多样性的影响、气候变化对生物多样性的影响、保护区的生态代表性和管理有效性、遗传资源和相关传统知识的获取与惠益分享等方面的指标，更加重视生态功能和生物多样性的恢复，重视濒危物种和遗传资源的保护以及外来入侵物种的防控。

关键词：爱知目标；指标体系；红色名录指数；海洋营养指数；就地保护；生境恢复

来源出版物：生态学报, 2016, 36(13): 1-12

基于生态环境阈限与旅游承载力背景下生物多样性保护策略研究——以世界自然遗产武陵源核心景区为例

马骏

摘要：基于积极维护全球生物多样性的价值追求，以世界自然遗产武陵源核心景区为研究对象，结合近年来研究区域旅游产业快速发展的客观现实和对生态环境造成的过度影响，通过测算得出其生态环境阈限与旅游承载力数值以及对生物多样性的现实威胁，在此基础上选取7个指标构建武陵源核心景区生物多样性评价指标体系，并综合运用AHP法和模糊数学方法对其生物多样性状况进行评价，采取定量和定性相结合的方法对当前核心景区因旅游业造成生物多样性的影响进行分析，提出核心景区今后生物多样性保护的具体策略，以期实现景区开发与生物多样性保护的协同共赢。

关键词：生物多样性；生态环境；旅游承载力；保护策略；武陵源景区

来源出版物：经济地理, 2016, 36(4): 195-202

来源出版物：Ecosystems, 2015, 18(5): 881-888

Global change and local solutions: Tapping the unrealized potential of citizen science for biodiversity research

Theobald, E. J.; Ettinger, A. K.; Burgess, H. K.; et al.

Abstract:The collective impact of humans on biodiversity rivals mass extinction events defining Earth’s history, but does our large population also present opportunities to document and contend with this crisis? We provide the first quantitative review of biodiversity-related citizen science to determine whether data collected by these projects can be, and are currently being, effectively used in biodiversity research. We find strong evidence of the potential of citizen science: within projects we sampled (n=388), similar to 1.3 million volunteers participate, contributing up to $2.5 billion in-kind annually. These projects exceed most federallyfunded studies in spatial and temporal extent, and collectively they sample a breadth of taxonomic diversity. However, only 12% of the 388 projects surveyed obviously provide data to peer-reviewed scientific articles, despite the fact that a third of these projects have verifiable, standardized data that are accessible online. Factors influencing publication included project spatial scale and longevity and having publically available data, as well as one measure of scientific rigor (taxonomic identification training). Because of the low rate at which citizen science data reach publication, the large and growing citizen science movement is likely only realizing a small portion of its potential impact on thescientific research community. Strengthening connections between professional and non-professional participants in the scientific process will enable this large data resource to be better harnessed to understand and address global change impacts on biodiversity.

Keywords:biodiversity; citizen science; crowd sourcing; global change; volunteer monitoring; climate change

来源出版物：Biological Conservation, 2015, 181: 236-244

Exploring connections among nature, biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human health and well-being: Opportunities to enhance health and biodiversity conservation

Sandifer, Paul A.; Sutton-Grier, Ariana E.; Ward, Bethney P.; et al.

Abstract:We are at a key juncture in history where biodiversity loss is occurring daily and accelerating in the face of population growth, climate change, and rampant development. Simultaneously, we are just beginning to appreciate the wealth of human health benefits that stem from experiencing nature and biodiversity. Here we assessed the state of knowledge on relationships between human health and nature and biocliversity, and prepared a comprehensive listing of reported health effects. We found strong evidence linking biodiversity with production of ecosystem services and between nature exposure and human health, but many of these studies were limited in rigor and often only correlative. Much less information is available to link biodiversity and health. However, some robust studies indicate that exposure to microbial biodiversity can improve health, specifically in reducing certain allergic and respiratory diseases. Overall, much more research is needed on mechanisms of causation. Also needed are a re envisioning of land use planning that places human well-being at the center and a new coalition of ecologists, health and social scientists and planners to conduct research and develop policies that promote human interaction with nature and biodiversity. Improvements in these areas should enhance human health and ecosystem, community, as well as human resilience.

Keywords:ecosystem service; nature; biodiversity; human health; policy; conservation

来源出版物：Ecosystem Services, 2015, 12(S1): 1-15

Fifteen forms of biodiversity trend in the Anthropocene

McGill, Brian J.; Dornelas, Maria; Gotelli, Nicholas J.; et al.

Abstract:Humans are transforming the biosphere in unprecedented ways, raising the important question of how these impacts are changing biodiversity. Here we argue that our understanding of biodiversity trends in the Anthropocene, and our ability to protect the natural world, is impeded by a failure to consider different types of biodiversity measured at different spatial scales. We propose that ecologists should recognize and assess 15 distinct categories of biodiversity trend. We summarize what is known about each of these 15 categories, identify major gaps in our current knowledge, and recommend the next steps required for better understanding of trends in biodiversity.

Keywords:species richness; change; loss; beta diversity; alpha diversity; landscape; region; meta-community; local; Anthropocene; winners and losers

来源出版物：Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2015, 30(2): 104-113

An indicator framework for assessing ecosystem services in support of the EU biodiversity Strategy to 2020

Maes, Joachim; Liquete, Camin; Teller, Anne; et al.

Abstract:In the EU, the mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services, abbreviated to MAES, is seen as a key action for the advancement of biodiversity objectives, and also to inform the development and implementation of related policies on water, climate, agriculture, forest, marine and regional planning. In this study, we present the development of an analytical framework which ensures that consistent approaches are used throughout the EU. It is framed by a broad set of key policy questions and structured around a conceptual framework that links human societies and their well-being with the environment. Next, this framework is tested through four thematic pilot studies, including stakeholders and experts working at different scales and governance levels, which contributed indicators to assess the state of ecosystem services. Indicators were scored according to different criteria and assorted per ecosystem type and ecosystem services using the common international classification of ecosystem services (CICES) as typology. We concluded that there is potential to develop a first EU wide ecosystem assessment on the basis of existing data if they are combined in a creative way. However, substantial data gaps remain to be filled before a fully integrated and complete ecosystem assessment can be carried out.

Keywords:EU Biodiversity Strategy; CICES; indicators; MAES; natural Capital

来源出版物：Ecosystem Services, 2016, 17: 14-23

Climate velocity and the future global redistribution of marine biodiversity

Molinos, Jorge Garcia; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Schoeman, Schoeman, David S; et al.

Abstract:Anticipating the effect of climate change on biodiversity, in particular on changes in community composition, is crucial for adaptive ecosystem management (1) but remains a critical knowledge gap(2). Here, we use climate velocity trajectories(3), together with information on thermal tolerances and habitat preferences, to project changes in global patterns of marine species richness and community composition under IPCC Representative Concentration Pathways(4) (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5. Our simple, intuitive approach emphasizes climate connectivity, and enables us to model over 12 times as many species as previous studies(5, 6). We find that range expansions prevail over contractions for both RCPs up to 2100, producing a net local increase in richness globally, and temporal changes in composition, driven by the redistribution rather than the loss of diversity. Conversely, widespread invasions homogenize present-day communities across multiple regions. High extirpation rates are expected regionally (for example, Indo-Pacific), particularly under RCP8.5, leading to strong decreases in richness and the anticipated formation of noanalogue communities where invasions are common. The spatial congruence of these patterns with contemporary human impacts(7, 8) highlights potential areas of future conservation concern. These results strongly suggest that the millennial stability of current global marine diversity patterns, against which conservation plans are assessed, will change rapidly over the course of the century in response to ocean warming.

来源出版物：Nature Climate Change, 2016, 6(1): 1-8

Synergies and trade-offs in achieving global biodiversity targets

Di Marco, Moreno; Butchart, Stuart H. M.; Visconti, Piero; et al.

Abstract:After their failure to achieve a significant reduction in the global rate of biodiversity loss by 2010, world governments adopted 20 new ambitious Aichi biodiversity targets to be met by 2020. Efforts to achieve one particular target can contribute to achieving others, but different targets may sometimes require conflicting solutions. Consequently, lack of strategic thinking might result, once again, in a failure to achieve global commitments to biodiversity conservation. We illustrate this dilemma by focusing on Aichi Target 11. This target requires an expansion of terrestrial protected area coverage, which could also contribute to reducing the loss of natural habitats (Target 5), reducing human-induced species decline and extinction (Target 12), and maintaining global carbon stocks (Target 15). We considered the potential impact of expanding protected areas to mitigate global deforestation and the consequences for the distribution of suitable habitat for＞10000 species of forest vertebrates (amphibians, birds, and mammals). We first identified places where deforestation might have the highest impact on remaining forests and then identified places where deforestation might have the highest impact on forest vertebrates (considering aggregate suitable habitat for species). Expanding protected areas toward locations with the highest deforestation rates (Target 5) or the highest potential loss of aggregate species' suitable habitat (Target 12) resulted in partially different protected area network configurations (overlapping with each other by about 73%). Moreover, the latter approach contributed to safeguarding about 30% more global carbon stocks than the former. Further investigation of synergies and trade-offs between targets would shed light on these and other complex interactions, such as the interaction between reducing overexploitation of natural resources (Targets 6, 7), controlling invasive alien species (Target 9), and preventing extinctions of native species (Target 12). Synergies between targets must be identified and secured soon and trade-offs must be minimized before the options for co-benefits are reduced by human pressures.

Keywords:Aichi targets; biodiversity; carbon storage; Convention on Biological Diversity; forest loss; protected area; threatened species; vertebrates

来源出版物：Conservation Biology, 2016, 30(1): 189-195

责任编辑：卫夏雯

The biodiversity of species and their rates of extinction, distribution, and protection

Pimm, S. L.; Jenkins, C. N; Abell, R; et al.

Recent studies clarify where the most vulnerable species live, where and how humanity changes the planet, and how this drives extinctions. We assess key statistics about species, their distribution, and their status. Most are undescribed. Those we know best have large geographical ranges and are often common within them. Most known species have small ranges. The numbers of small-ranged species are increasing quickly, even in well-known taxa. They are geographically concentrated and are disproportionately likely to be threatened or already extinct. Current rates of extinction are about 1000 times the likely background rate of extinction. Future rates depend on many factors and are poised to increase. Although there has been rapid progress in developing protected areas, such efforts are not ecologically representative, nor do they optimally protect biodiversity.来源出版物：Science, 2014, 344(6187): 987-998A mid-term analysis of progress toward international biodiversity targetsTittensor, Derek P.; Walpole, Matt; Hill, Samantha L. L; et al.Abstract:In 2010, the international community, under the auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversity, agreed on 20 biodiversity-related “Aichi Targets” to be achieved within a decade. We provide a comprehensive mid-term assessment of progress toward these global targets using 55 indicator data sets. We projected indicator trends to 2020 using an adaptive statistical framework that incorporated the specific properties of individual time series. On current trajectories, results suggest that despite accelerating policy and management responses to the biodiversity crisis, the impacts of these efforts are unlikely to be reflected in improved trends in the state of biodiversity by 2020. We highlight areas of societal endeavor requiring additional efforts to achieve the Aichi Targets, and provide a baseline against which to assess future progress.来源出版物：Science, 2014, 346(6206): 241-244Belowground biodiversity and ecosystem functioningBardgett, Richard D; van der Putten, Wim H.Abstract:Evidence is mounting that the immense diversity of microorganisms and animals that live belowground contributes significantly to shaping aboveground biodiversity and the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Our understanding of how this belowground biodiversity is distributed, and how it regulates the structure and functioning of terrestrial ecosystems, is rapidly growing. Evidence also points to soil biodiversity as having a key role in determining the ecological and evolutionaryresponses of terrestrial ecosystems to current and future environmental change. Here we review recent progress and propose avenues for further research in this field.来源出版物：Nature, 2014, 515(7528): 505-511Assemblage time series reveal biodiversity change but not systematic lossDornelas, Maria; Gotelli, Nicholas J; McGill, Brian; et al.Abstract:The extent to which biodiversity change in local assemblages contributes to global biodiversity loss is poorly understood. We analyzed 100 time series from biomes across Earth to ask how diversity within assemblages is changing through time. We quantified patterns of temporal alpha diversity, measured as change in local diversity, and temporal beta diversity, measured as change in community composition. Contrary to our expectations, we did not detect systematic loss of alpha diversity. However, community composition changed systematically through time, in excess of predictions from null models. Heterogeneous rates of environmental change, species range shifts associated with climate change, and biotic homogenization may explain the different patterns of temporal alpha and beta diversity. Monitoring and understanding change in species composition should be a conservation priority.来源出版物：Science, 2014, 344(6181): 296-299Rarefaction and extrapolation with Hill numbers: A framework for sampling and estimation in species diversity studiesChao, Anne; Gotelli, Nicholas J.; Hsieh, T. C.; et al.Abstract:User authentication and key management are two important security issues in WSNs (Wireless Sensor Networks). In WSNs, for some applications, the user needs to obtain real-time data directly from sensors and several user authentication schemes have been recently proposed for this case. We found that a two-factor mutual authentication scheme with key agreement in WSNs is vulnerable to gateway node bypassing attacks and user impersonation attacks using secret data stored in sensor nodes or an attacker’s own smart card. In this paper, we propose an improved scheme to overcome these security weaknesses by storing secret data in unique ciphertext form in each node. In addition, our proposed scheme should provide not only security, but also efficiency since sensors in a WSN operate with resource constraints such as limited power, computation, and storage space. Therefore, we also analyze the performance of the proposed scheme by comparing its computation and communication costs with those of other schemes.来源出版物：Ecological Monographs, 2014, 84(1): 45-67Environmental DNA for wildlife biology and biodiversity monitoringBohmann, Kristine; Evans, Alice; Gilbert, M. Thomas P; et al.Abstract:Extraction and identification of DNA from an environmental sample has proven noteworthy recently in detecting and monitoring not only common species, but also those that are endangered, invasive, or elusive. Particular attributes of so-called environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis render it a potent tool for elucidating mechanistic insights in ecological and evolutionary processes. Foremost among these is an improved ability to explore ecosystem-level processes, the generation of quantitative indices for analyses of species, community diversity, and dynamics, and novel opportunities through the use of time-serial samples and unprecedented sensitivity for detecting rare or difficult-to-sample taxa. Although technical challenges remain, here we examine the current frontiers of eDNA, outline key aspects requiring improvement, and suggest future developments and innovations for research.来源出版物：Trends In Ecology & Evolution, 2014, 29(6): 358-367Comparative population genomics in animals uncovers the determinants of genetic diversityRomiguier, J.; Gayral, P.; Ballenghien, M.; et al.Abstract:Genetic diversity is the amount of variation observed between DNA sequences from distinct individuals of a given species. This pivotal concept of population genetics has implications for species health, domestication, management and conservation. Levels of genetic diversity seem to vary greatly in natural populations and species, but the determinants of this variation, and particularly the relative influences of species biology and ecology versus population history, are still largely mysterious(1, 2). Here we show that the diversity of a species is predictable, and is determined in the first place by its ecological strategy. We investigated the genome-wide diversity of 76 nonmodel animal species by sequencing the transcriptome of two to ten individuals in each species. The distribution of genetic diversity between species revealed no detectable influence of geographic range or invasive status but was accurately predicted by key species traits related to parental investment: long-lived or low-fecundity species with brooding ability were genetically less diverse than short-lived or highly fecund ones. Our analysis demonstrates the influence of long-term life-history strategies on species response to short-term environmental perturbations, a result with immediate implications for conservation policies.来源出版物：Nature, 2014, 515(7526): 261-U243Global effects of land use on local terrestrial biodiversityNewbold, Tim; Hudson, Lawrence N; Hill, Samantha L. L; et al.Abstract:Human activities, especially conversion and degradation of habitats, are causing global biodiversity declines. How local ecological assemblages are responding is less clear-a concern given their importance for many ecosystem functions and services. We analysed a terrestrial assemblage database of unprecedented geographic and taxonomic coverage to quantify local biodiversity responses to land use and related changes. Here we show that in the worst-affected habitats, these pressures reducewithin-sample species richness by anaverage of 76.5%, total abundance by 39.5% andrarefaction-based richness by 40.3%. We estimate that, globally, these pressures have already slightly reduced average within-sample richness (by 13.6%), total abundance (10.7%) and rarefaction-based richness (8.1%), with changes showing marked spatial variation. Rapid further losses are predicted under a business-as-usual land-use scenario; within-sample richness is projected to fall by a further 3.4% globally by 2100, with losses concentrated in biodiverse but economically poor countries. Strong mitigation can deliver much more positive biodiversity changes (up to a 1.9% average increase) that are less strongly related to countries’ socioeconomic status.来源出版物：Nature, 2015, 520(7545): 45-50Loss of plant species diversity reduces soil erosion resistanceBerendse, Frank; van Ruijven, Jasper; Jongejans, Eelke; et al.Abstract:In many estuarine areas around the world, the safety of human societies depends on the functioning of embankments (dikes) that provide protection against river floods and storm tides. Vegetation on land-side slopes protects these embankments from erosion by heavy rains or overtopping waves. We carried out a field experiment to investigate the effect of plant species diversity on soil loss through erosion on a simulated dike. The experiment included four diversity treatments (1, 2, 4, and 8 species). In the third year of the experiment, we measured net annual soil loss by measuring erosion losses every 2 weeks. We show that loss of plant species diversity reduces erosion resistance on these slopes: net annual soil loss increased twofold when diversity declines fourfold. The different plant species had strongly diverging effects on soil erosion, both in the single-species and in the multi-species plots. Analysis of the dynamics of the individual species revealed that the main mechanism explaining the strong effects of plant species diversity on soil erosion is the compensation or insurance effect, that is, the capacity of diverse communities to supply species to take over the functions of species that went extinct as a consequence of fluctuating environmental conditions. We conclude that the protection and restoration of diverse plant communities on embankments and other vegetated slopes are essential to minimize soil erosion, and can contribute to greater safety in the most densely populated areas of the world.

plant species diversity; soil erosion; plant competition; insurance effect; compensation effect