看英国驻重庆使领馆变迁1891年英国正式在重庆建立总领事馆，距今有123年

□ 文/四川外国语大学国际关系学院课题组

看英国驻重庆使领馆变迁
1891年英国正式在重庆建立总领事馆，距今有123年

□ 文/四川外国语大学国际关系学院课题组

首位开辟川江航道的英国人-立德乐（Archibald John Little）

在历史上，重庆是英国在中国西部地区最早设立使领馆的城市，各个时期的使领馆也都在中英双边关系中扮演着重要的角色。研究这一课题即是以英国驻渝使领馆的变迁为主线，通过对中国近代以来中英关系的阶段式考察，阐明英国驻渝使领馆在促进中英关系、尤其是英国与重庆地方关系发展进程中的地位和作用。

19世纪晚期，国势日衰的英国为了应对后起资本主义国家的强劲挑战，巩固其在中国的优势地位，对华政策调整为以保持中华帝国的完整为前提，重点发展和巩固长江流域的势力范围。英国选择西南内陆城市重庆作为设领地点，是商业贸易、交通运输、宗教渗透等多重因素作用的结果。为促成重庆开埠，英国频频派员实地考察川江航线和四川市场，借助“立德乐事件”最终迫使中国开埠重庆。1891年4月1日，英国在重庆正式建立总领事馆，并任命禄福礼为首任总领事，因此成为最早在渝设立领事馆的国家。英国驻重庆总领事馆设立之后，随即在政治、经济、社会、文化诸方面开展了多种形式的活动，对重庆乃至西南地区的对外开放和近代化进程产生了巨大的影响。

1938年迁至重庆领事巷15号的英国大使馆

1943年1月11日，中英在重庆签订《中英新约》

二战时期，随着国际形势的发展，中英关系和英国驻渝使领馆也经历了较大变化。太平洋战争爆发前，由于英国在中国有着巨额的投资，且面临欧洲日益动荡的局势，因而总体上对日本采取了较为妥协的政策。1941年12月太平洋战争爆发后，英国对华政策出现重要转变，开始与中国成为反法西斯统一战线的盟友，这使得两国在政治、经济和军事等领域有了全面合作的可能性，但双方在九龙租借地、西藏问题上仍存在诸多争议。而伴随着抗战时期中英关系的起伏，作为两国关系见证的使领馆也发生了变化。1937年11月，国民政府作出西迁重庆的决议，随即英国驻华大使馆人员离开南京转赴武汉，最终又迁往重庆。虽然在1938-1943年日军对重庆进行大轰炸过程中，英国驻重庆使领馆损失惨重，并经历搬迁，但时任英国驻华大使卡尔爵士、以及后来继任的薛穆爵士都坚持驻渝办公，与国民政府高层联系紧密，为维系战时中英关系作出了贡献。

新中国成立后，因受外部环境的影响，特别是朝鲜战争爆发后，英国陆续撤出其在华外交人员，关停多处在华使领馆，重庆与英国的官方联系逐步中断。但是，中英两国仍通过多种渠道进行联系，在此期间还建立了代办级外交关系，为重庆与英国关系发展提供了可能。尤其是“文革”期间，“中英友好协会”创始人完成了首次中国之旅，增进了双方的民间交往。1972年中英通过谈判正式建立外交关系，为重庆与英国关系的发展提供了政治保障。此后双方务实合作不断加强，70年代末双边贸易额即实现翻番。而在中国开展友好城市建设过程中，1993年，英国莱斯特市还与重庆市结为友好城市，表明重庆与英国的联系日益密切。

2000年3月1日，英国在重庆设立新的总领事馆。此举既源自于英国与重庆交往的悠久历史，又是英国新的对华政策的需要，同时也反映了中国中央政府致力于西部大开发，以及重庆直辖后大力推动“引进来”与“走出去”的战略设计。自设馆以来，英国驻重庆总领馆先后在五位总领事的带领下，为促进英国与重庆之间的政府间交往、企业间合作、民众间交流发挥了重要作用，其贸易投资处、文化教育处和签证处为便利双方经贸、科教、文化合作做出了突出贡献。这一方面是由于英领馆需要重庆为更多的英国企业开放市场，而重庆亦需要通过英领馆寻求更多的资金与技术并培养更多的高级人才，双方存在着合作共赢的可能。

总之，自19世纪晚期以来，英国驻渝使领馆在中英关系的发展过程中扮演了重要角色，尤其是在促进英国与中国西南地区各省市的经贸往来与人文交流方面起到了重要作用。通过以上对于英国驻渝使领馆变迁历史的研究，必将有助于英国与重庆的友好合作关系，促进未来中英关系的顺利发展。

A Study of the Changes of British Consulate and Embassy in Chongqing Abstract

英国首任驻重庆总领事艾琳女士接受媒体采访

In history, Chongqing was the first city in the west of China where the British Consulate and Embassy was established and has always been playing an important role in Sino-UK bilateral relations in different periods. Taking the changes of British Consulate and Embassy in Chongqing as the main clue and by a staged survey of Sino-UK relation since Modern China, this project is to elaborate on the position and role the British Consulate and Embassy in Chongqing has been and played in promoting the Sino-UK bilateral relations, particularly in the relations between UK and Chongqing .

In the late of 19th century, the declining Kingdom of UK, to make a reaction against the overwhelming challenges from the uprising capitalistic cou nt r ies for consolidati ng its advantageous position in China, adjusted its foreign policies towards China mainly for development and consolidation of the sphere of influence among the Yangtze River basin on the premises of maintaining the integrity of the Chinese Nation. Contributing to its multiple factors including commercial trade, transportation and religious penetration, Chongqing, an inland city in the Northwest of China, was chosen to be the site for establishing the British Consulate. In order to facilitate Chongqing to open as a commercial port, the British government carried out filed investigation of the upper reaches of Yangtze River connecting Yibin and Yichang and the Sichuan market many times and Chinese government was finally been forced to open Chongqing as a commercial port by the aid of event of Archibald John Little. In April 1, 1891, the British Consulate-General was officially established in Chongqing and Harry English Fulford was appointed as the f rst Consul-General, thus UK became the f rst country setting up a Consulate in Chongqing. Since its establishment, the British Consulate-General in Chongqing has successively been very active in various fields of politics, economy, society and culture, which exerted a great influence on the opening-up and modernization of Chongqing and even the southwest of China.

During the WWII, with development of international situation, the Sino-UK relations and British Consulate and Embassy in Chongqing also underwent great changes. Before the break-out of the Pacific War, British government took a comparatively compromising policy towards Japan due to its huge investment in China and the increasingly instability in Europe. However, the British government greatly changed its foreign policies towards China after the break-out of the Pacific War in December of 1941. It became an ally of China in the united front against Fascist, which brought possibility to the comprehensive cooperation of the twocountries in f elds like politics, military and economy. In spite of that, disputes still existed on the Kowloon leased territory and the Tibetan Issue between the two sides. With the ups and downs of the Sino-UK relations in the period of anti-war, British Consulates and Embassy in China representing the relations of the two governments were also through changes accordingly. In November, 1937, the national government moved its capital from Nanjing to Chongqing and all the staff of British Embassies in China transferred from Nanjing through Wuhan and f nally to Chongqing. Even if British Consulate and Embassy in Chongqing suffered great losses and underwent relocations in the period of air bombardment (1938-1943)from Japan, Sir Archibald Clark Kerr, then British Ambassador to China, and his successor Sir Horace James Seymour always insisted to work in Chongqing. They closely contacted with the senior officials of the Kuomintang, contributing a lot to maintaining the Sino-UK relations during the war.

After the establishment of the new China, inf uenced by the international environment, particularly the break-out of the Korean War, the British government withdrew its diplomatic personnel and closed several British Consulates and Embassies in China. Then the official links between Chongqing and the UK was suspended gradually. But the two countries still maintained contacts through various channels and a diplomatic relationship of chargé d'affaires level was established between them, thus providing for the development of Sino-UK relations possibilities. During the period of Cultural Revolution, the first visit to China of the founder of Association for Sino-UK Friendship enhanced non-governmental exchanges of two sides. In 1972, the diplomatic ties of the two sides was officially established by negotiation. It politically guaranteed the development between Chongqing and UK. Since then the pragmatic cooperation has been increasingly improved and the bilateral trade volume has been doubled by the end of 1970s. While in the course of construction of China’s sister cities, Chongqing and Leicester have become sister cities, which suggests the contacts between Chongqing and UK are more closely.

In March 1, 2000, the new British Consulate-General in Chongqing was established. The establishment was based not only on the long history of relationship between Chongqing and UK, but on the needs of new foreign policies towards China. It also indicated China’s commitment to the development of Western China and its strategic design of “bringing-in” and“going-out” after Chongqing became the municipality directly under the central government. Since its establishment, under the leadership of the successive 5 Consuls-General, British Consulate-General in Chongqing has played an important role in promoting inter-governmental contacts, inter-enterprise cooperation and non-governmental contacts. The Trade and Investment Section, the Cultural and Educational Section and the Visa Section have also made great contributions to the convenience of bilateral cooperation on economy and trade, science, education and culture. The obtaining of these great achievements is because British Consulate-General in Chongqing needs it to open its markets for more British enterprises while Chongqing needs to seek for more capital and technologies through British Consulate-General in Chongqing and to train more talents. As such, there exists the possibilities of creating a win-win situation between two sides.

All in all, ever since the late of the 19th century, British Consulate and Embassy in Chongqing has played a vital role in the development of Sino-UK relations, especially in promoting the economic and trade contact and cultural and educational exchanges between UK and provinces and municipalities of Southwestern China. From the research on historic changes of British Consulate and Embassy in Chongqing, the friendly cooperation between UK and Chongqing will certainly be strengthened and the development of future Sino-UK relations will either be promoted.

现位于解放碑大都会的英国总领事馆