中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白与心血管疾病相关性的研究进展
2017-01-17朱继红
陈 文,朱继红
·新进展·
中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白与心血管疾病相关性的研究进展
陈 文,朱继红*
心血管疾病(CVD)严重危害公众健康,因此,研究具有CVD预测价值的标志物具有重要意义。中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)是近年发现的重要的CVD标志物。研究发现,NGAL直接参与CVD的发病,且可独立预测急性心肌梗死(AMI)和心力衰竭(HF)的预后。本文分别对NGAL与冠心病(CHD)、AMI、HF的新近研究进行归纳和分析,发现NGAL在评估CVD的病情严重程度及预测CVD的预后方面具有临床应用价值。
心血管疾病;中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白;冠心病;心肌梗死;心力衰竭
中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白(NGAL)又名脂质运载蛋白-2、蛋白酶-3或噬铁蛋白,是脂质运载家族的成员之一,是在人中性粒细胞β颗粒中发现的一种糖蛋白,由KJELDSEN等[1]于1993年在研究人中性粒细胞内的基质金属蛋白酶9(MMP-9)时率先发现。业已证明,NGAL在肿瘤进展[2]、抑制细菌感染[3]、细胞凋亡[4]、氧化应激[5]等过程中起重要作用。除中性粒细胞外,上皮细胞、肾小管细胞、肝细胞在炎症或损伤时也会释放NGAL[3]。研究发现,脂肪细胞中也高表达NGAL,认为NGAL可能参与肥胖相关的胰岛素抵抗[6]。目前,对NGAL的关注点主要集中在其对急性肾损伤(AKI)的预测价值,NGAL是早期、敏感的AKI标志物,在血清肌酐水平升高前48~72 h,NGAL水平已在血清、尿液中明显升高[7-8]。此外,在慢性肾脏病(CKD)患者中,NGAL能确切反映肾脏损害的程度,是CKD进展的独立风险指标[9-10]。但是,研究显示,NGAL在血管重构及动脉粥样硬化(AS)斑块不稳定中起关键作用[11],AS患者的内皮细胞、平滑肌细胞及巨噬细胞高表达NGAL,急性心肌梗死(AMI)患者心肌细胞也高表达NGAL[12],其他研究发现,心力衰竭患者心肌细胞高表达NGAL[13]。在人群研究中,DANIELS等[14]发现,血浆NGAL是社区老年人全因死亡率及心血管疾病死亡率的独立预测因子。LINDBERG等[15]在普通人群中研究血浆NGAL与全因死亡率及心血管不良后果发生率的相关性时也得出相似结论。这些研究结果为NGAL作为潜在的心血管疾病标志物提供了必要的支持。目前已有较多研究报道各类心血管疾病与NGAL的关系,包括急性心力衰竭(AHF)[16]、慢性心力衰竭(CHF)[17-18]、冠心病(CHD)[19-21]等。本文对NGAL与CHD、AMI、CHF、AHF等严重心血管疾病的相关性的研究进展进行综述,以阐明NGAL在心血管疾病中的应用价值。
1 NGAL与CHD
CHD的病理基础是AS斑块的形成,其是在脂质代谢紊乱的基础上形成的血管内皮损伤,进而导致的慢性持续性炎性反应性血管疾病。研究发现,NGAL参与了AS斑块形成过程,其机制与抑制MMP-9降解相关[22]。基质金属蛋白酶(MMPs)是一组肽链内切酶,主要的生物学功能是降解细胞外基质蛋白质,其与AS密切相关。PARKS等[22]证实,MMP-9参与AS斑块局部炎性细胞的浸润,在此过程中,MMP-9可降解AS斑块内皮细胞基底膜,导致内皮细胞防御功能下降,进而损伤血管壁;同时,MMPs与炎性因子相互激活,形成正反馈环路,且MMPs可降解胶原纤维,削弱纤维帽,从而影响AS斑块稳定。LANCELOT等[23]证实,MMPs在人颈AS斑块局部表达。而在缺乏MMP-9的载脂蛋白E基因敲除小鼠模型中,AS斑块的损害程度明显减轻[24]。NGAL是在研究MMP-9时被发现,二者之间在功能上存在密切联系,NGAL可与MMP-9的前体pro-MMP-9结合形成二聚体——NGAL/pro-MMP-9,此二聚体与金属蛋白酶组织抑制因子(TIMP-1)结合形成NGAL/pro-MMP-9/TIMP-1,此三元复合物再与其他MMPs结合,可将pro-MMP-9激活为MMP-9,使MMP-9活性升高数倍[25]。显然,NGAL对这些复合物起调节作用,其能抵消复合物中TIMP-1抑制MMP-9活性的作用。因此,NGAL可使MMP-9降解减少,延长MMP-9蛋白水解时间,增强MMP-9的胶原蛋白水解活性,参与AS、AMI的病理进展。在AMI、冠状动脉粥样硬化的人体组织或动物模型均可见到NGAL、MMPs高表达[12]。此外,有研究发现,胰岛素抵抗患者NGAL水平升高[6],提示NGAL可能还与胰岛素抵抗相关,引起代谢紊乱进而促进心血管疾病的发生。在临床研究中,目前已有数篇文献报道了血清NGAL水平在CHD患者中明显升高[19-21]。ZOGRAFOS等[19]的研究连续纳入73例首次经血管造影确诊的CHD患者,其血清NGAL水平明显高于正常冠状动脉患者〔29.0(25.2,36.8)ng/ml vs.22.4(17.3,32.0)ng/ml,P=0.004〕;同时血清NGAL水平和病变血管支数也具有显著相关性(rs=0.390,P=0.01);多变量分析显示,血清NGAL水平与CHD的严重程度独立相关。CHOI等[20]也有相似发现,研究组NGAL水平明显高于控制组〔(82.6±38.7)ng/ml vs.(43.8±27.8)ng/ml,P<0.001〕,多元Logistic回归分析显示NGAL水平与CHD独立相关。此外,AKYEL等[21]发现,血浆NGAL水平与单纯性冠状动脉扩张(ICAE)有显著相关性,25例ICAE组患者的NGAL水平明显高于22例正常冠状动脉组〔(65.1±13.0)ng/ml vs.(53.7±19.0)ng/ml,P=0.006〕,同时,不同冠状动脉病变支数患者的NGAL水平也有显著差异〔1、2、3支冠状动脉病变患者NGAL水平分别是(58.1±13.0)、(70.9±9.0)、(71.1±11.0)ng/ml,P=0.015〕,1支冠状动脉病变患者的NGAL水平最低。虽然ICEA与通常理解的CHD并不一样,但ICEA常合并AS斑块及狭窄[21],提示NGAL可能在ICEA及CHD的发病机制中起相同作用。
2 NGAL与AMI
以前,人们认为AMI是由冠状动脉血管腔发生物理性阻塞引起的,然而,60%~70%的AMI是由非封闭AS斑块导致的[26-27]。现已有证据显示,AS斑块的物理性破坏触发了血栓形成,最终导致AMI[28]。血栓形成的2个主要触发因素就是AS斑块帽的破裂和血管内皮损伤[29]。AS斑块内部的炎症能破坏其稳定性,促进其破裂[30]。NGAL能抑制平滑肌细胞和基质的生长,增强MMP-9的活性,最终使AS斑块破裂触发AMI。HEMDAHL等[12]发现,人体AS组织、小鼠的AMI细胞和AS组织均高表达NGAL和MMPs。NGAL除与AMI发病相关外,与AMI患者的预后也有相关性[31-34]。SAHINARSLAN等[31]发现,与稳定性CHD相比,AMI患者血浆NGAL水平显著升高〔(146±23)ng/ml vs.(101±53)ng/ml,P<0.001〕,NGAL>127 ng/ml时,AMI的发生率增加12倍〔OR=12.2,95%CI(2.3,64.0),P=0.003〕。AKCAY等[32]有相似的发现,其将急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)组与胸痛行选择性PCI组比较,STEMI行PCI组患者NGAL水平明显升高;以中位NGAL水平将患者分为高NGAL组和低NGAL组,高NGAL组的再入院率、1年病死率及主要不良心血管事件(MACEs)发生率显著升高;ROC曲线下面积为0.76〔95%CI(0.62,0.89)〕,显示出NGAL对预后的预测价值。LINBERG等[33]在行PCI的STEMI患者中发现,高水平NGAL患者的病死率及MACEs发生率更高,在调整混杂因素后,NGAL仍对病死率〔HR=2.00,95%CI(1.16,3.44),P=0.01〕及MACEs〔HR=1.51,95%CI(1.00,2.30),P=0.05〕具有独立预测价值。HELANOVA等[34]对674例行PCI的STEMI患者研究时得出相似的结果,并发现可通过NGAL简单识别高危患者,NGAL>110 pg/ml时,1年病死率约为20%;联合NGAL和心肌梗死溶栓治疗(TIMI)评分可更好地预测STEMI患者的1年病死率。
3 NGAL与心力衰竭
3.1 NGAL与CHF CHF已成为日益严重的公共卫生问题,关于CHF预后标志物的研究也是近年来的热点,NGAL便是其中之一[17-18]。基础研究发现,CHF心肌细胞高表达NGAL[13]。NGAL作用于CHF的机制尚不明确,有研究认为,NGAL的铁转运作用可能参与其中[3]。NGAL的特性之一是其具有捕捉和消耗铁载体的能力[3]。CHF患者中铁缺乏的发病率为30%~40%,铁缺乏是CHF非常重要的合并症[35]。有研究对CHF合并铁缺乏的患者应用静脉补铁药物,结果改善了美国纽约心脏病协会(NYHA)分级和心功能,提高了患者生活质量[36]。因此,纠正铁缺乏被认为是治疗CHF的一个重要靶点。目前,临床研究发现,NGAL与CHF预后相关[17-18]。BOLIGNANO等[17]将46例不同心功能等级的CHF患者与健康者比较发现,CHF患者血浆NGAL水平显著升高〔458.5(62.5,1 212.4) ng/ml vs.37.8(15.9,46.5)ng/ml,P=0.000 1〕;NGAL水平随CHF临床严重程度的增加而升高,NYHA Ⅳ级患者NGAL水平最高(P=0.000 1);在2年随访中,NGAL>783.0 ng/ml患者病死率更高〔HR=4.08,95%CI(1.29,12.96)〕,这是第一次研究NGAL与CHF患者预后的关系,但有样本量小、混杂因素较多等局限性。VAN DEURSEN等[18]分别对CHF合并CKD与CHF不合并CKD患者进行研究发现,两组NGAL水平不仅与心功能分级有显著相关性,也与全因死亡率的增加独立相关〔CHF合并CKD:r=1.97,95%CI(1.41,2.77),P<0.001;CHF不合并CKD:r=2.05,95%CI(1.20,3.50),P=0.008〕,这是第一次在不合并CKD患者中研究NGAL与CHF患者的预后关系,与常用的估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶抑制物C比较,血浆NGAL对CHF患者病死率的预测价值更高。NGAL表现出比eGFR等具有更高的预测价值可能是因为肾小管对缺氧损伤非常敏感,早期肾脏灌注不足时肾小管即出现损伤,但此时肾脏皮质尚完整,eGFR正常,因此NGAL比eGFR能更好地反应早期肾灌注不足[8,37-38];另外,肾小管损伤时肾小管损伤标志物升高而肌酐却处于参考范围[39],可能是CHF使肾灌注不足导致肾小球滤过率代偿性增加[40],事实上,肾脏血流量减少30%~40%并不会明显影响肾小球滤过功能[41],而此时肾小管已经因为缺氧受损。尿NGAL也与CHF患者预后相关[42],有研究对2 130例CHF患者的尿液进行分析发现,肾小管损伤标志物与全因死亡率及再住院率独立相关[42]。但是,也有研究得出不同的结论,CORONA*队列研究共纳入1 415例CHF患者,未调整COX比例回归模型时结果显示,NGAL和主要终点(全因死亡、再住院率等)显著相关,然而,当调整eGFR、C反应蛋白(CRP)和N-端脑钠肽(NT-proBNP)后,NGAL预测全因死亡率及再住院率的危险比显著下降,不再具有预测意义,因此该研究认为血浆NGAL对CHF患者的预后价值有限[43]。
3.2 NGAL与AHF NGAL是AKI的标志物,发生AHF时,肾脏灌注急剧下降出现心肾综合征,此时血浆或尿中NGAL水平显著升高[7-8]。因此NGAL可能与AHF的危险分层及预后有关。AGHEL等[44]发现,AHF患者的NGAL水平增高程度与肾功能恶化(WRF)具有相关性,WFR组NGAL水平明显高于非WFR组〔194(150,292) ng/ml vs.128(97,214)ng/ml,P=0.001〕,NGAL>140 ng/ml时,WFR发生的风险增加7.4倍。GALLANT研究是一项前瞻性、多中心研究,目的是评估NGAL单独或联合脑钠肽(BNP)时对AHF患者发生不良临床后果(病死率、再入院率)的预测价值,结果显示,AHF患者出院时的NGAL水平对临床结果具有很强的预测价值,其效应强于BNP〔NGAL:HR=19.91,95%CI(3.47,114.19);BNP:HR=2.33,95%CI(0.93,5.79)〕;当NGAL低(<100 ng/ml)、BNP高(>300 ng/ml)时,风险比并不升高;但当BNP低、NGAL高时,风险比升高;当BNP和NGAL均高时,风险比显著升高〔HR=16.9,95%CI(2.3,195.9),P=0.006〕[16]。
4 小结及展望
综上所述,关于NGAL与心血管疾病之间相关性的研究已取得一定进展,其将是十分有潜力的心血管疾病生物学标志物。但是,目前研究尚不充分,如研究中仅发现不同冠状动脉病变支数患者的NGAL水平具有显著差异,NGAL水平越高,冠状动脉病变支数越多,但尚不能取得明确的截断值来反应冠状动脉病变的实际程度[21]。另外,NGAL水平在AMI等心血管疾病急性发作时明显升高[31-34],但还需随访经治疗后病情稳定患者的NGAL水平,若NGAL水平降低则反证其与病情严重程度呈正相关。期望未来的研究能更深入地阐明NGAL在心血管疾病进程中的作用机制,证明其对心血管疾病的诊断和预测价值,为临床工作提供有利的帮助。
作者贡献:陈文进行文献的收集、整理,撰写论文;朱继红负责文章的质量控制和审校,对文章整体负责,监督管理。
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(本文编辑:崔丽红)
RecentDevelopmentsinNeutrophilGelatinase-AssociatedLipocalinandCardiovascularDisease
CHENWen,ZHUJi-hong*
DepartmentofEmergency,PekingUniversityPeople′sHospital,Beijing100044,China
*Correspondingauthor:ZHUJi-hong,Professor,Chiefphysician;E-mail:zhujihong64@sina.com
Cardiovascular disease(CVD)seriously endangers public health.Therefore,it is of great significance to study the predictive markers of CVD.Recent studies showed that neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is an important marker for CVD.NGAL is directly involved in the pathogensis of CVD,and it also can independently predict the prognosis of acute myocardial infarction(AMI)and heart failure (HF).In this paper,the recent studies on NGAL and coronary heart disease (CHD),NGAL and AMI,NGAL and HF were respectively summarized and analyzed.We concluded that NGAL has clinical value in evaluating the severity of CVD and predicting the prognosis of CVD.
Cardiovascular diseases;Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin;Coronary disease;Myocardial infarction;Heart failure
北京市科技计划项目(Z161100000516045)
R 54
A
10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2017.06.y53
2017-02-25;
2017-06-22)
100044 北京市,北京大学人民医院急诊科
*通信作者:朱继红,教授,主任医师;
E-mail:zhujihong64@sina.com
陈文,朱继红.中性粒细胞明胶酶相关脂质运载蛋白与心血管疾病相关性的研究进展[J].中国全科医学,2017,20(27):3323-3327.[www.chinagp.net]
CHEN W,ZHU J H.Recent developments in neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and cardiovascular disease[J].Chinese General Practice,2017,20(27):3323-3327.