依那普利叶酸片对H型高血压左室肥厚患者心血管事件及心功能指标的影响
2017-01-16李媛媛
赵 娅,李媛媛,石 韵
·临床医学· ·论著·
依那普利叶酸片对H型高血压左室肥厚患者心血管事件及心功能指标的影响
赵 娅,李媛媛,石 韵
目的 研究依那普利叶酸片对H型高血压左室肥厚患者心血管事件及心功能指标的影响。方法 选取2012年9月至2013年9月收入我院的H型高血压左室肥厚患者100例为研究对象,分为治疗组和对照组,每组各50例。对照组口服依那普利,治疗组口服依那普利叶酸片,2组均治疗12个月。治疗前后检测患者血浆同型半胱氨酸(Hcy)水平、心功能及左室射血分数、主要心血管事件发生率及不良反应发生情况。结果 治疗前,2组患者收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后,2组SBP、DBP均显著降低(P<0.05),且治疗组降压效果更加明显。治疗前,2组患者血浆Hcy水平比较未见统计学差异(P>0.05),治疗后,2组血浆Hcy水平均显著降低(P<0.05),且治疗组降低更加明显。治疗后,治疗组和对照组患者E/A值,分别由0.65±0.09和0.64±0.13上升到0.93±0.14和0.77±0.12,治疗前后,2组E/A值比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,与对照组相比,治疗组患者E/A值显著升高,2组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,治疗组和对照组的左室射血分数(LVEF)值分别由64.64±1.19和65.11±1.47上升到69.43±1.40和66.95±1.38,治疗前后2组LVEF差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,与对照组相比,治疗组LVEF值显著升高,2组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。患者随访时间2~12个月,平均随访时间(7.53±3.74)个月。随访过程中,对照组出现7例主要心血管事件,其中4例脑卒中,2例心肌梗死,1例心血管病死亡,无主要心血管事件生存率为86.0%。治疗组共发生3例主要心血管事件,其中2例脑卒中,1例心肌梗死,无主要心血管事件生存率为94.0%。与对照组比较,治疗组无主要心血管事件生存率显著提高,2组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 依那普利叶酸片降压及降低血浆Hcy、逆转左室肥厚作用更强,心血管事件发生率更低,其疗效显著强于依那普利,有效保护心脏。
依那普利叶酸片;H型高血压;左室肥厚;心血管事件;心功能
H型高血压为血浆同型半胱氨酸(homocysteine,Hcy)水平升高的高血压,在所有高血压患者中,H型高血压患者占3/4以上[1]。在人体蛋氨酸代谢途径中,同型半胱氨酸会形成蛋氨酸循环中间产物含硫氨基酸,其可在叶酸存在条件下重新合成蛋氨酸;因此,当机体缺乏叶酸时,Hcy代谢受到抑制,引起血液中Hcy浓度增加,当血浆Hcy水平超过10 μmol/L即为高血浆同型半胱氨酸血症[2]。研究表明,高血浆同型半胱氨酸血症及高血压并发左室肥厚(left ventricularhypertrophy,LVH)为心血管疾病的独立危险因素[3],与心血管事件发生率密切相关。LVH主要产生原因为:高血压患者外周血管阻力或血容量增加,使心脏负担加重,引起心脏肥厚,使心脏发生功能异常[4]。依那普利叶酸片为新型复合抗高血压药物,为国家首个批准治疗H型高血压的药物,其配方均取得了国家发明专利[5]。但对于依那普利叶酸片,近年来仅专注于降低Hcy水平及控制血压,其对左室肥厚患者心血管事件及心功能指标的影响研究甚少。本实验观察依那普利叶酸片对H型高血压左室肥厚患者心血管事件及心功能指标的影响,为治疗H型高血压及改善左室肥厚患者心功能,降低心血管事件发生率提供更有效的临床支持。
1 资料与方法
1.1 一般资料 选取2012年9月至2013年9月收入我院的H型高血压左室肥厚患者100例为研究对象,其中,男72例,女23例;年龄25~ 72岁,平均(59.37±8.03)岁。按治疗方法分为治疗组和对照组,每组各50例。研究符合中国临床试验研究法规及赫尔辛基宣言,且经过伦理委员会批准。组内所有患者于入选前签署知情同意书,知情同意书的获取的过程符合相关要求。2组治疗前一般资料比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。
1.2 纳入、排除标准 (1)纳入标准:①患者符合原发性高血压诊断标准[6],收缩压超过140 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)、舒张压超过90 mmHg;②符合H型高血压诊断标准,即患者为符合原发性高血压诊断标准,且Hcy浓度超过10 μmol/L;③符合左室肥厚诊断标准,男性患者左室质量指数超过125 g/m2或女性左室质量指数超过110 g/m2;④同意本次实验,并签署知情同意书。(2)排除标准:①为继发性高血压患者;②患有严重肝肾疾病患者;③患有不稳定型心绞痛及急性心脑血管事件或者患有消化、呼吸、血液、内分泌等严重原发性疾病,或影响其生存的其他疾病;④有痛风病史;⑤对本实验所用药物存在过敏反应及明确禁忌证的患者;⑥不同意本次实验,未签署知情同意书。
1.3 方法 (1)体格检查:入组前,所有患者停止使用降血压药物2周,以洗脱原有抗压药物的影响。待完全洗脱后,患者取坐位,安静休息10 min后,台式水银柱血压计测量右上肢血压,又同一测量人员连续测量3次,计算平均血压值,为基础血压。测量血压后60 s内测定患者心率,并由专人记录。详细询问患者病史,并进行实验室相关指标的检测。(2)服药方法:对照组口服依那普利(石药集团欧意药业有限公司,批准文号:国药准字H10980305)10 mg/次,1次/d;治疗组口服依那普利叶酸片(深圳奥萨制药有限公司,国药准字H20103723)10.8 mg/次,1次/d。2组均治疗12个月。
1.4 检测方法 (1)血浆Hcy水平:取血前,患者禁食12 h,取血日清晨7点,使用普管采集患者4 ml肘静脉血,离心,分离血清,-20 ℃冰箱保存,7日内放入-80 ℃冰箱保存。血浆Hcy浓度采用循环比浊法测定,严格按照步骤操作要求进行。(2)超声心动图:采用超声诊断仪(美国GE公司,型号:ViVid S6)对患者心脏结构进行表征[7]:取左侧卧位,探头频率2.5 MHz,于胸骨旁左室长轴切面测定心动周期的室间隔厚度(IVST)、左室后壁厚度(LVPWT)、左室舒张末期内径(LVDd),和左室射血分数(LVEF),多普勒测定左室舒张功能,在心尖四腔切面记录二尖瓣血流频谱,二尖瓣舒张早期血流峰值(E峰cm/s),二尖瓣舒张晚期血流峰值(A峰cm/s),及E/A比值。每项数据测量3次。超声心动图测定当日,所有患者测量身高及体质量。按Devereux的公式进行计算[7]。
1.5 观察指标 所有患者随访1年,记录主要心血管事件(非致死性心肌梗死、脑梗死及心血管疾病死亡)发生率及不良反应发生情况。
1.6 统计学处理 采用EpiData软件进行双人输入及核实,并采用SPSS 19.0软件进行统计学分析。计量数据以均数±标准差(x±s)表示,组间比较采用t检验;计数资料以χ2检验。P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。
2 结果
2.1 血压变化比较 治疗前,2组患者收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)差异未见统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后,2组SBP、DBP均显著降低(P<0.05),且治疗组降压效果更加明显。见表1。
2.2 血浆Hcy变化比较 治疗前,2组患者血浆Hcy水平比较差异未见统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后,2组血浆Hcy水平均显著降低(P<0.05),且治疗组降低更加明显。见表2 。
表1 2组治疗前后血压变化比较(mmHg,x±s)
组别例数SBPDBP治疗前治疗后治疗前治疗后治疗组50161.56±8.03119.68±4.1797.54±6.5580.79±3.11对照组50160.89±7.94128.59±4.2697.82±6.8887.23±3.32t值0.9945.6950.6716.464P值>0.05<0.05>0.05<0.05
注:SBP为收缩压,DBP为舒张压。1 mmHg=0.133 kPa
表2 2组治疗前后血浆Hcy变化比较(μmol/L,x±s)
组别例数治疗前治疗后治疗组5027.59±7.3512.78±4.96对照组5026.32±7.5623.49±6.48t值1.3727.584P值>0.05<0.05
注:Hcy为血浆同型半胱氨酸
2.3 心功能变化比较 治疗后,治疗组和对照组患者E/A值,分别由0.65±0.09和0.64±0.13上升到0.93±0.14和0.77±0.12,治疗前后,2组E/A值比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,与对照组相比,治疗组患者E/A值显著升高,2组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗后,治疗组和对照组的LVEF值分别由64.64±1.19和65.11±1.47上升到69.43±1.40和66.95±1.38,治疗前后2组LVEF差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗后,与对照组相比,治疗组LVEF值显著升高(P<0.05)。见表3。
表3 2组心功能变化比较(x±s)
组别例数E/ALVEF治疗前治疗后治疗前治疗后治疗组500.65±0.090.93±0.1464.64±1.1969.43±1.40对照组500.64±0.130.77±0.1265.11±1.4766.95±1.38t值1.1354.9841.2275.348P值>0.05<0.05>0.05<0.05
注:E/A为二尖瓣舒张早晚期血流峰值比,LVEF为左室射血分数
2.4 心血管事件发生情况比较 患者随访时间12个月。随访过程中,对照组出现主要7例心血管事件,其中4例脑卒中,2例心肌梗死,1例心血管病死亡,无主要心血管事件生存率为86.0%。治疗组共发生3例主要心血管事件,其中2例脑卒中,1例心肌梗死,无主要心血管事件生存率为94.0%。与对照组比较,治疗组2组无主要心血管事件生存率显著提高,两组相比差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。
2.5 不良反应 随访过程中,治疗组6例出现干咳,对照组仅2例。所有患者均未因不能耐受而退出。所有患者均未出现过敏、肾功能异常、血管神经性水肿等不良反应。
3 讨论
作为中老年人的常见病、多发病,高血压易导致患者心脑血管损伤及肾功能异常,严重损害患者的健康[8]。研究表明,心血管病的两个独立危险因素为高血浆同型半胱氨酸及高血压,Hcy水平增加可引起高血压危险增加3倍以上[9]。高血压与高血浆同型半胱氨酸可协同增加高血压患者左心室肥厚,且肥厚程度与心功能损伤呈正相关[10]。Feng等[11]研究表明小鼠Hcy增加可引起高血压患者心脏重构及左心收缩功能异常。但对于高血浆同型半胱氨酸对患者心功能的影响为数不多。
依那普利叶酸片为新型抗高血压药物,主要包括依那普利及叶酸,依那普利为血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂,与依那普利相比,依那普利叶酸片具有促进血管舒张、降低血管阻力及降低血压的作用,叶酸可促进蛋氨酸循环,促进细胞合成甲基化半胱氨酸,使机体半胱氨酸水平恢复正常,降低心血管疾病及心功能异常的发生[12]。本研究表明,依那普利叶酸片可有效降低SBP、DBP及Hcy。本研究同时考察了患者的心功能,结果表明,治疗后,与对照组相比,治疗组患者E/A值显著升高,2组相比差异具有统计学意义。治疗组和对照组的LVEF值治疗前后差异具有统计学意义;治疗后,与对照组相比,治疗组LVEF值显著升高,2组相比差异具有统计学意义。表明依那普利叶酸片可显著改善心脏舒张及收缩功能,有效保护心脏。由于高血压可引起左室肥厚,而高血浆同型半胱氨酸可增加高血压患者左室肥厚的进展,进一步降低患者心功能。而对患者随访结果表明,患者随访时间12个月,经过依那普利叶酸片治疗后,患者心血管事件发生率显著降低。
综上所述,依那普利及依那普利叶酸片均能显著降低高血压患者的血压、逆转左室肥厚,但与依那普利相比,依那普利叶酸片降压及降低血浆Hcy、逆转左室肥厚作用更强,心血管事件发生率更低,其疗效显著优于依那普利,有效保护心脏。但本研究纳入病例较少,未能完全排除其他因素,仍需大量病例数目,多种研究方法证实。
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Zhao Ya, Li Yuanyuan, Shi Yun
(DepartmentofCardiology,ShanghaiKongjiangHospital,Shanghai200093,China)
Objective To investigate the effects of enalapril folic acid tablets on the cardiac function and cardiovascular events in patients with H-type hypertension.MethodsOne hundred cases of H-type hypertension were chosen as research subjects from the patients hospitalized in our hospital for treatment from September, 2012 to September, 2013, and were randomly divided into the treatment group and the control group, each consisting of 50 patients. The control group was given enalapril orally and the treatment group received enalapril folic acid tablets orally, all for a treatment of 12 months. Plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels, cardiac function and left ventricular ejection fraction, major cardiovascular events and adverse reactions were detected both before and after treatment.ResultsBefore treatment, no significant differences in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) could be seen in the patients of the 2 groups(P>0.05). After treatment, the DBP and SBP in the patients of the 2 groups were significantly decreased(P>0.05), with that of the treatment group decreased more prominently. Before treatment, there was no statistical significance in the plasma Hcy levels, when comparisons were made between the 2 groups(P>0.05). However, after treatment, the plasma Hcy levels of the 2 groups were all significantly decreased(P>0.05), with that of the treatment group decreased more significantly. After treatment, the E/A values of the treatment group and the control group were increased from (0.65±0.09) and (0.64±0.13) to (0.93 ±0.14) and (0.77±0.12), and statistical significance could be noticed, as the E/A value before treatment was compared with that after treatment(P<0.05). After treatment, the E/A value of the treatment group was significantly increased, as compared with that of the control group, and statistical significance could be seen, when comparisons were made between the 2 groups(P<0.05). After treatment, the LVEF values of the treatment group and the control group were increased from (64.64±1.19) and (65.11±1.47) to (69.43±1.40) and (66.95±1.38), and statistical significance could be noticed, as the LVEF value before treatment was compared with that after treatment(P<0.05). Following treatment, the LVEF value of the treatment group was significantly increased, as compared with that of the control group, and statistical significance could also be found, when comparisons were made between the 2 groups(P<0.05). The patients had medical follow-ups for as long as 2 to 12 months, with an average follow-up time of (7.53 + 3.74) months. During the said follow-up time, the control group had 7 cases of cardiovascular events, of which 4 were cerebral apoplexy, 2 were myocardial infarction and 1 was cardiovascular death. Patient survival without major cardiovascular events was 86.0%. In the treatment group, there were 3 cases of major cardiovascular events, of which 2 were cerebral apoplexy, 1 was myocardial infarction. Patient survival without major cardiovascular events was 94.0%. As compared with that of the control group, the survival rate of the treatment group was significantly improved, and statistically significance could be noted, when comparisons were made between the 2 groups (P<0.05).ConclusionEnalapril folic acid tablets could more effectively reduce blood pressure, plasma Hcy and reverse left ventricular hypertrophy, and reduce incidence of cardiovascular events, and it was more superior to enalapril in the treatment efficacy, and at the same time it could effectively protect the heart.
Enalapril folic acid tablets; H type hypertension; Left ventricular hypertrophy; Cardiovascular event; Cardiac function
200093 上海,上海市杨浦区控江医院心内科
R541.3
A
10.3969/j.issn.1009-0754.2016.06.013
2015-11-18)