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华北中部造山带南缘洛宁东部太华变质杂岩SIMS锆石U—Pb年龄及其地质意义

2017-01-12陈泓旭王浩彭涛张慧吴春明

地球科学与环境学报 2016年6期
关键词:锆石华北变质

陈泓旭++王浩++彭涛++张慧++吴春明

文章编号:16726561(2016)06082213

摘要:太华变质杂岩出露于华北克拉通中部造山带南缘,整体呈近EW向展布。洛宁地区的太华变质杂岩岩性多样,保留了至少3个阶段的变质矿物组合。作为前人研究的补充,报道了该地区东部含榴斜长角闪片麻岩和长英质片麻岩的SIMS锆石UPb定年结果,证实该区太华变质杂岩至少保留了3期地质事件的年龄。其中两期岩浆年龄(2.32~2.33 Ga和2.18 Ga)表明,太华变质杂岩与华北中部造山带中—北段各杂岩一样,共同经历了华北克拉通的地壳再造过程;另一期变质年龄(1.94~195 Ga)表明,太华变质杂岩的变质作用开始时间比该造山带中—北段大部分杂岩区早了约01 Ga,变质作用延续时间也长了约01 Ga。这再次说明华北中部造山带古元古代末的构造变质事件是一个漫长且复杂的过程。

关键词:地质年代学;太华变质杂岩;斜长角闪片麻岩;长英质片麻岩; SIMS锆石UPb 年龄;构造变质事件;华北中部造山带

中图分类号:P597文献标志码:A

SIMS UPb Ages of Zircon and Tectonic Significance of Taihua

Metamorphic Complex in the Eastern Luoning, the Southern

Terminal of TransNorth China Orogen

CHEN Hongxu, WANG Hao, PENG Tao, ZHANG Hui, WU Chunming

(College of Earth Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China)

Abstract: Located in the southern terminal of the Palaeoproterozoic TransNorth China Orogen (TNCO), garnetbearing felsic and amphibolitic gneisses in the eastern Luoning terrane within the nearly EWstriking Taihua metamorphic complex, preserve three generations of metamorphic mineral assemblages, i.e., the prograde, peak and retrograde metamorphic stages. The prograde assemblages (M1) comprise of hornblende+plagioclase+quartz inclusions preserved in the garnet porphyroblasts. The metamorphic peak assemblages (M2) are represented by the garnet porphyroblasts as well as the matrix minerals (plagioclase+hornblende+quartz+zircon±biotite±Kfeldspar). The retrograde assemblages (M3) are the finegrained “whiteeye socket” symplectitic assemblages formed between the relict garnet porphyroblasts and the adjacent matrix minerals, consisting of plagioclase+hornblende+quartz. In order to complement our previous research, SIMS UPb dating results of zircons separated from the felsic and amphibolitic gneisses are reported here, which show that (a) the Luoning complex records two magmatic episodes (2322.33 Ga and 2.18 Ga), suggesting that the southernmost terminal of the TNCO is also involved in the crust reworking; and (b) the peak metamorphic event took place at 1.941.95 Ga in the Luoning complex, implying that the Precambrian metamorphism of the Luoning Taihua complex not only occurs earlier (~100 Ma) than, but also lasts longer than that of most of the other metamorphic terranes within the middle and northern TNCO. Combined with the literature data concerning the different discrete terranes within the TNCO, it is therefore certified that the tectonometamorphic event of the Palaeoproterozoic TNCO is a long and complex history.

Key words: geochronology; Taihua metamorphic complex; amphibolitic gneiss; felsic gneiss; SIMS zircon UPb age; tectonometamorphic event; TransNorth China Orogen

0引言

华北克拉通前寒武纪结晶基底构造单元的划分以及不同单元之间的拼合机制、拼合时代一直受到国内外地质学家的广泛关注[112]。结合岩石组合、变质作用压力(P)温度(T)时间(t)轨迹、地球化学以及地质年代学资料,Zhao等将华北克拉通基底划分为3个基本单元:东部陆块(Eastern Block)、西部陆块(Western Block)以及两者碰撞形成的近南北向华北中部造山带(TransNorth China Orogen)[1,3]。华北中部造山带主要由新太古代—古元古代的结晶基底组成,包括承德、冀北、宣化、怀安、恒山、阜平、五台、吕梁、赞皇、中条、登封和太华等地区。

大量地质年龄数据表明,华北中部造山带结晶基底主要形成于2.6 Ga之后[2,1314]。中部造山带中—北段主要岩石构造单元有:①少量代表古老陆壳基底残余物的2.7~2.8 Ga灰色片麻岩;②248~255 Ga的花岗岩类和TTG片麻岩(英云闪长岩奥长花岗岩花岗闪长岩);③古元古代火山沉积岩系列和片麻岩,包括约2.3 Ga的恒山片麻岩,211~217 Ga的恒山、吕梁和中条片麻岩以及约2.05 Ga的阜平南营片麻岩;④1.92~2.19 Ga的角闪岩相高压麻粒岩相变质基性岩墙;⑤变质时代为1.80~189 Ga的变质杂岩;⑥175~180 Ga造山后或非造山期的基性岩墙[1525]。出露于华北中部造山带南缘的太华变质杂岩也记录了相应的4期岩浆年龄和1期变质年龄[2644], 但其变质年龄主要集中在约195 Ga。

太华变质杂岩区与华北中部造山带中—北段其他杂岩区类似,也记录了顺时针的含有近等温降压(ITD)阶段典型的造山带PT演化轨迹,那么其拼贴和造山过程的持续时间是多久?为此,本文报道了洛宁太华变质杂岩东部地区的地质年代学研究成果,为探讨华北中部造山带的变质演化过程提供新资料。

1地质背景概况

太华变质杂岩传统上被称为“太华群”[45],出露于华北中部造山带南缘(图1),整体呈NW—SE向展布,上覆有未变质的熊耳群火山岩[46],主要分布于小秦岭、崤山、洛宁、嵩县、熊耳山、鲁山和舞钢等地区。目前,关于太华变质杂岩变质演化和地质年代学方面的研究表明,太华变质杂岩记录了顺时针含有近等温降压阶段PT演化轨迹,普遍记录了1.80~197 Ga的变质年龄[3241]和4期岩浆事件年龄[2737,3944,47]。鲁山和陕县的斜长角闪(片麻)岩的原岩和TTG片麻岩形成于2.72~2.85 Ga[27,29,3637,43]和2.48~2.57 Ga[38]。华山和洛宁的斜长角闪(片麻)岩原岩和TTG片麻岩等主要形成于2.30~2.34 Ga[3033,3941,47]。此外,鲁山的钾质花岗岩和二长岩等记录了2.13~2.19 Ga的岩浆事件[42,44]。

图中标记有各变质杂岩区记录的1.80 Ga至约1.97 Ga变质年龄[33]。变质杂岩区缩写标识:AL为阿拉善;CD为承德;DF为登封;EH为冀东;ES为鲁东;FP为阜平;GY为固阳;HA为怀安;HS为恒山;Hs为华山;JN为集宁;LL为吕梁;Ln为洛宁;Ls为鲁山;MY为密云;NH为冀北;QL为祁连;SJ为吉南;SL为辽南;TH为太华;WD为乌拉山—大青山;Wg为舞钢;WL为辽西;WT为五台;WS为鲁南;XH为宣化;Xs为崤山(陕县);ZH为赞皇;ZT为中条。图件引自文献[3]

洛宁太华变质杂岩(图2)主要岩性包括斜长角闪(片麻)岩、黑云斜长片麻岩、长英质片麻岩、TTG片麻岩以及片麻状花岗岩等,普遍经历了角闪岩相麻粒岩相的变质作用[3233,48]。斜长角闪(片麻)岩以“透镜体”或“夹层状”产于TTG片麻岩或黑云斜长(角闪)片麻岩之中,局部呈现“布丁状”。前期工作表明,洛宁斜长角闪岩和泥质片麻岩均经历了角闪岩相麻粒岩相的变质作用,记录了顺时针含有近等温降压阶段的PT演化轨迹,并保留了194~197 Ga变质年龄和2.30~2.34 Ga的代表斜长角闪岩原岩的岩浆年龄数据[3233]。先前研究对象主要局限于洛宁中—西部,东部地区的样品采用的是LAICPMS锆石UPb定年技术。作为先前研究工作的补充,本文主要对洛宁太华变质杂岩东部地区的含榴斜长角闪片麻岩和含榴长英质片麻岩进行了高分辨率SIMS锆石UPb定年,识别出洛宁太华变质杂岩记录的变质时代以及多期岩浆事件。

2岩相学特征

本文对洛宁太华变质杂岩东部地区的含榴斜长角闪片麻岩(样品C15和C31)和含榴长英质片麻岩(样品C14)进行了岩相学研究。含榴斜长角闪片麻岩和含榴长英质片麻岩呈斑状变晶结构,具片麻状构造。变斑晶为石榴石,其裂隙发育,边部呈港湾状,发育“白眼圈”状反应结构。

含榴长英质片麻岩(样品C14)主要矿物为石榴石、斜长石、钾长石、石英、黑云母及角闪石等,保留了3个期次的变质矿物组合。进变质矿物组合(M1)以石榴石内部的细小包裹体(角闪石Hbl1、斜长石Pl1和石英Qz1)为代表。变质峰期矿物组合(M2)为石榴石变斑晶及基质矿物斜长石、钾长石,以及少量黑云母、角闪石、锆石(Grt2+Hbl2+Pl2+Kfs2+Bt2+Qz2+Zr2)。退变质反应形成了石榴石的港湾状边部,生成的后成合晶矿物(M3)主要为围绕石榴石边部分布的斜长石及少量角闪石和石英(Hbl3+Pl3+Qz3)[图3(a)]。

Amp为角闪岩,Pl为斜长石,Kfs为钾长石,Grt为石榴石,Bt为黑云母;下标数字为岩石编号

图3洛宁东部含榴长英质片麻岩和斜长角闪片麻岩显微岩相特征

Fig.3Photomicrographs of Garnetbearing Felsic and

Plagioclaseamphibolite Gneisses in the Eastern Luoning Terrane

含榴斜长角闪片麻岩(样品C15)中保留了变质峰期和退变质阶段的矿物组合。由于石榴石变斑晶裂隙发育,在退变质阶段,石榴石沿裂隙分解程度较高[图3(b)]。变质高峰期矿物组合(M2)由石榴石变斑晶及基质矿物角闪石、斜长石、石英、锆石组成(Grt2+Hbl2+Pl2+Qz2+Zr2)。退变质反应发生在石榴石边部和裂隙处,生成的后成合晶矿物组合(M3)主要为斜长石、角闪石和石英(Hbl3+Pl3+Qz3)。

含榴斜长角闪片麻岩(样品C31)中保留了3个阶段的变质矿物组合。进变质矿物组合(M1)主要呈细小包裹体(角闪石Hbl1、斜长石Pl1和石英Qz1)保留于石榴石内部。变质峰期矿物组合(M2)包括石榴石变斑晶和基质矿物角闪石、斜长石、黑云母、石英、锆石(Grt2+Hbl2+Pl2+Bt2+Qz2+Zr2)。退变质矿物组合(M3)主要由石榴石变斑晶分解形成的斜长石和细粒角闪石及石英组成(Hbl3+Pl3+Qz3),显示为“白眼圈”状反应结构[图3(c)]。Chen等对其变质演化PT轨迹进行了研究[33],本文仅补充锆石年龄数据。

3SIMS锆石UPb定年

3.1分析方法

锆石分选由廊坊市宇能矿物分选技术服务有限公司运用常规的重选和磁选技术完成。将锆石样品颗粒和锆石标样Pleovice[49]、Qinghu[50]粘贴在环氧树脂靶上,然后抛光使其暴露一半晶面。对锆石进行透射光和反射光显微照相以及阴极发光(CL)图像分析,以检查锆石的内部结构,帮助选择适宜的测试点位。样品靶在真空下镀金以备分析。

元素U、Th、Pb的测定在中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所CAMECA IMS1280二次离子质谱仪(SIMS)上进行,详细分析方法见文献[50]。这3件洛宁太华变质杂岩中锆石的变质增生边略窄,在分析时采用20 μm×30 μm和10 μm×15 μm两种束斑。锆石样品与锆石标样以3∶1比例交替测定。UThPb同位素比值用标准锆石Plesovice(年龄为337 Ma)[49]校正获得。标准样品Qinghu(年龄为159.5 Ma)[50]作为未知样,以监测数据的精确度。普通Pb校正采用实测204Pb值。由于测得的普通Pb含量非常低,假定普通Pb主要来源于制样过程中带入的表面Pb污染,以现代地壳的平均Pb同位素组成[51]作为普通Pb同位素组成进行校正。各样品锆石UPb同位素分析结果见表1。

3.2结果分析

含榴长英质片麻岩(样品C14)的锆石形态不规则,多为短柱状,长度为100~200 μm,长宽比约为2∶1,少数达3∶1[图4(a)]。对样品中22颗锆石进行了25个分析点的UPb同位素测试,从年龄谐和曲线来看,UPb年龄沿谐和曲线分布,按年龄由老到新的顺序可分为3组[图5(a)]。第一组分析点均位于具有核边结构的、颜色较浅的核部,Th和U含量(质量分数,下同)分别为(122~290)×10-6和(279~1 012)×10-6,w(Th)/w(U)值为0.29~0.44,显示岩浆锆石特征,加权平均年龄为(2 323±10)Ma,平均标准权重偏差(MSWD)为2.3(分析点为4个)[图5(b)];第二组分析点主要位于核部,锆石有部分熔融重结晶现象,年龄集中在2 133~2 187 Ma之间,上交点年龄为(2 177±15)Ma,MSWD值为0.4(分析点为19个),代表了一期岩浆事件;第三组分析点位于具有核边结构的锆石边部(变质增生边),Th和U含量分别为(8~10)×10-6和(580~790)×10-6,w(Th)/w(U)值为0.01~002,显示变质锆石特征[5254],加权平均年龄为(1 937±11)Ma,MSWD值为0.6(分析点为2个),代表样品的变质年龄。

含榴斜长角闪片麻岩(样品C15)的锆石形态不规则,多为浑圆状,少数呈长柱状。锆石粒径为50~150 μm,少数大于100 μm。部分锆石颗粒发育核边结构[图4(b)],核部有微弱的岩浆成因环带,边部为变质增生边。对样品中21颗锆石进行了25个分析点的测试,根据测试年龄结果可分为两组[图5(c)]。第一组发育韵律环带,Th和U含量分别为(104~418)×10-6和(211~659)×10-6(第1个分析点的U含量为1 339×10-6,已被去掉),w(Th)/w(U)值为0.28~0.69,显示岩浆锆石特征;样品发生Pb丢失,上交点年龄为(2 327±25)Ma,MSWD值为1.9(分析点为18个),代表其原岩年龄。第二组分析点位于变质增生边,Th和U含量分别为(23~81)×10-6和(1 501~2 342)×10-6,w(Th)/w(U)值为0.01~0.05,显示变质锆石特征,上交点年龄为(1 951±14)Ma,MSWD值为3.6(分析点为7个),代表样品的变质年龄。

含榴斜长角闪片麻岩(样品C31)的锆石形态不规则,多数为浑圆状,少数呈短柱状。锆石粒径为50~150 μm。阴极发光图像显示锆石发育核边结构,核部发育较宽缓的岩浆韵律环带,边部发育颜色较浅的变质增生边[图4(c)]。对样品中13颗锆石进行了22个分析点的测试。从年龄谐和曲线来看,UPb年龄沿谐和曲线分布,按年龄由老到新的顺序可分为两组[图5(d)]。第一组分析点均位于核部,Th和U含量分别为(31~782)×10-6和(190~1 326)×10-6,w(Th)/w(U)值为

016~059,由

于锆石样品发生Pb丢失,其不一致曲线上交点年龄为(2 177±22)Ma,MSWD值为0.78(分析点为18个),可能代表一次岩浆事件的年龄;第二组分析点位于边部,Th和U含量分别为(52~171)×10-6和(307~945)×10-6,w(Th)/w(U)值为0.16~021,加权平均年龄为(1 942±10)Ma,MSWD值为0.54(分析点为4个),代表样品的变质年龄[图5(b)]。

这3件洛宁太华变质杂岩样品记录了3组年龄数据:2.32~2.33 Ga、2.18 Ga、1.94~1.95 Ga。其中,约2.32 Ga可代表片麻岩的原岩年龄,2.18 Ga可推断出一期岩浆事件,约1.94 Ga指示洛宁太华变质杂岩的变质时代。

4讨论

洛宁太华变质杂岩中含榴斜长角闪片麻岩和长英质片麻岩普遍发育具有核边结构的锆石,其核部发育岩浆韵律环带,并得到两组年龄数据(232~233 Ga和218 Ga)。在同属于太华变质杂岩区的华山地区,王国栋等对华山斜长角闪(片麻)岩进行锆石UPb定年,获得其原岩年龄为228~233 Ga[3941]。Huang等对洛宁铁炉坪的TTG片麻岩进行锆石UPb定年,计算出其结晶年龄为230~232 Ga[30]。蒋宗胜等对洛宁斜长角闪片麻岩的研究恢复了其原岩年龄(230~2.34 Ga)[3233]。因此,与华山太华变质杂岩相似,洛宁斜长角闪片麻岩的原岩年龄和TTG片麻岩的结晶年龄为2.30~2.34 Ga,表明太华变质杂岩记录了一期2.30~2.34 Ga的岩浆事件。Kroner等对恒山花岗片麻岩进行SHRIMP锆石定年,也获得一期2.32~2.36 Ga的岩浆年龄[55]。这也说明太华变质杂岩和华北中部造山带其他区域一样,记录了一期2.30~2.36 Ga的岩浆事件。

对于洛宁太华变质杂岩保存的2.18 Ga岩浆事件,太华变质杂岩的部分地区也有记录。Huang等对洛宁干树沟的钾质片麻岩定年得到2.07~2.19 Ga的岩浆年龄,对华山地区灞源TTG片麻岩的研究计算出2.16 Ga的岩浆年龄[3031]。Zhou等对同属于太华变质杂岩区的鲁山地区钾质花岗岩和正长岩定年获得2.13~2.19 Ga的岩浆年龄[42,44]。显然,太华变质杂岩也保留了一期2.07~2.19 Ga的岩浆事件。这也与华北中部造山带的登封[31]、中条[56]、恒山—五台—阜平[5760]等地区记录的2.1~2.2 Ga岩浆事件一致。

综上所述,太华变质杂岩普遍记录了4期岩浆事件(2.72~2.85、2.48~2.57、2.30~2.34、2.07~2.20 Ga)。这与华北中部造山带其他地区的研究结果一致,说明太华变质杂岩与华北中部造山带中—北段各杂岩区共同经历了华北克拉通的多期地壳生长与再造的过程。本文研究的3件洛宁太华变质杂岩样品均记录了一期1.94~1.95 Ga的变质年龄。结合鲁山[3537]、华山[3941]、洛宁[3233]等地区关于太华变质杂岩的研究,结果表明太华变质杂岩普遍记录了一期1.80~1.97 Ga的变质年龄。结合本文及Chen等对华北中部造山带各变质杂岩区变质年龄[33]的总结(图1),结果表明华北中部造山带记录了一期1.80~1.97 Ga的变质年龄。此外,华北中部造山带中—北段约1.9 Ga的变质年龄主要在恒山—五台—阜平地区[6163]以及吕梁和冀北部分地区[8]有所记录,而太华变质杂岩区均记录了大于19 Ga的变质年龄数据,可知华北中部造山带南缘的变质作用起始时间比该造山带中—北段大部分杂岩区早了约0.1 Ga,延续时间也长了约0.1 Ga。最近,Qian等对五台和恒山角闪岩分别进行了SHRIMP锆石UPb定年,发现五台和恒山角闪岩分别记录了1.95 Ga和1.92 Ga的变质年龄[61]。因此,华北中部造山带可能是一个持续时间长达约150 Ma的早元古代俯冲碰撞造山带。

5结语

与洛宁中—西部地区相似,洛宁东部地区保留了3期变质矿物组合,记录了至少两期岩浆事件(232~2.33 Ga和2.18 Ga)和一期变质事件(1.94~1.95 Ga)。这说明太华变质杂岩卷入了华北克拉通东部陆块与西部陆块之间的碰撞造山过程,而且比华北中部带中—北段其他变质杂岩区造山事件开始的时间更早,持续时间也更长。这再次说明华北中部造山带古元古代构造变质事件的确是一个漫长的复杂构造过程。

中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所离子探针中心李献华、李秋立、刘宇、凌潇潇老师在试验及数据分析中给予了帮助,在此一并表示感谢。

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