腰椎小关节骨关节炎宏观及微观改变的研究进展
2017-01-12祝恺谭军张紫豪李文锋
祝恺 谭军 张紫豪 李文锋
综述
腰椎小关节骨关节炎宏观及微观改变的研究进展
祝恺 谭军 张紫豪 李文锋
脊柱;腰椎;骨关节炎,脊柱;综述
腰椎小关节 ( facet joint or zygapophyseal joint,FJ ) 是整个脊柱惟一的滑膜关节,与同节段椎间盘共同构成一个功能单位-三关节复合体[1]。相较于其它大的负重关节( 比如膝关节、肩关节等 ),国内外学者对 FJ 的研究较少。近些年,由于发现 FJ 与其它脊柱退变性疾病如椎间盘退变、腰椎滑脱等,尤其与腰背痛的密切关系[2-8],学者们对 FJ 退变的研究逐渐增多。FJ 退变最主要的病理过程是骨关节炎 ( osteoarthritis,OA ) 的发生、发展,笔者就FJOA 的研究进展作一综述,从宏观和微观两个层面进行归纳和总结。
一、FJOA 的宏观结构变化
已有众多研究结论表明,FJOA 始于关节软骨、滑膜及关节囊。早期表现为关节软骨面由浅及深的纤维化、点蚀、微裂、剥脱,进一步发展为软骨下骨侵蚀,晚期阶段表现为骨赘形成和软骨下骨的重塑、硬化、骨囊肿形成等,而关节间隙变窄是贯穿始终的形态性改变[9-11]。
1. 小关节分区:研究 FJOA 的宏观结构首先有必要了解小关节的分区。Tischer 等[12]根据形态学观察将完整摘除的小关节的关节面大体分为 5个区域:上、下、腹内侧、背外侧及中心区。Simon 等[13]结合三维 CT 重建、地形图分析、矢量坐标系统等将关节面分为内侧、外侧、上、下及中心区,这种分区在解剖形态学上更为准确。
2. 关节软骨:如前所述,软骨损害被认为是 OA 的早期改变。Tischer 等[12]通过大体形态学观察发现,OA 软骨缺损主要发生在关节边缘,而中心区的软骨相对存留较好;上、下关节突的软骨缺损位置不同:上关节突大部分发生在上极,而下关节突可发生在关节面的各个边缘,但最严重的是在下极;无论上、下关节突,腹内侧和背外侧区的软骨缺损情况较轻;从节段来看,L5水平的小关节其关节软骨缺损情况最为严重。为了更加准确地评价软骨退变,Tanno 等[14]通过对尸体标本的测量,总结一种评价方法:关节囊内表面与关节表面的面积比 ( the capsule / facet index )。Abd Latif 等[15]则进行了方法学上的探索,作者认为通过软骨蠕变压痕实验结合有限元模型分析,可以更好地反映小关节软骨的生物力学特征。
3. 关节囊:关节囊主要承受小关节机械载荷动态变化时的压力、张力和剪切力,并可随着具体的载荷模式来改变形态,这尤其体现在脊柱旋转活动中[16-17]。Boszczyk等[18]发现退变小关节的后关节囊肥厚,并有明显的环绕式纤维软骨增生;作者解释这种现象是由于后关节囊为了适应脊柱旋转载荷对其下关节突附着部带来的压力所导致。Tanno 等[14]发现关节面的表面积随着关节软骨退变的严重程度而增加,而关节囊内表面的面积呈相反变化,也就是说,关节软骨的退变使关节囊缩窄,尤其是背侧部分,而后者又可以加快软骨退变的进展,形成恶性循环。
4. 软骨下骨:软骨下骨作为形态单元,连接透明软骨和骨松质;作为机械单元,可以减轻关节动态载荷过程中的冲击应力。Duan 等[19]采用质子密度加权的 MRI 来分析软骨下骨,发现下关节突软骨下骨的骨板较上关节突薄,而 FJOA 的软骨下骨板通常也是变薄的,其结构和密度变化可以反映关节炎的进展。Botter 等[20]通过研究大鼠OA 模型发现,软骨下骨板变薄与软骨损害并无相关性。Berteau 等[21]通过 micro-CT 及静态弹性模量的分析,发现软骨下骨矿化密度和孔隙率呈正相关,这两项参数比骨板厚度更能反映 OA 的改变。
5. 小关节骨赘:FJOA 骨赘形成不如软骨损害常见。Tischer 等[22]发现骨赘多见于上关节突的背外侧缘,这里是背侧关节囊附着部;而下关节突的骨赘较上关节突少见,多在下关节突的下极出现。作者还发现无论上、下关节突,腹内侧区的骨赘罕见,认为这主要与 FJ 活动的生物力学机制有关。
6. 小关节半月盘:FJ 上、下关节面之间存在有蒂连于关节囊的半月盘样结构,主要由滑膜皱襞组成,按其组织结构可分为滑膜性、脂肪性、纤维性三种类型,第一种常见,最后一种罕见。在退变小关节中半月盘结构明显,表面粗糙不平,边缘呈分叶状或者磨损状,组织纤维化。这些半月盘的主要作用是增大关节面接触面积,弥补关节面之间的吻合不全和填补关节腔空隙。Kos 等[23]认为在脊柱屈伸、扭转活动中,上下小关节对关节盘的突然卡压是导致腰背部疼痛的重要因素。
二、FJOA 的微观变化
1. 细胞学改变:Bleil 等[24]用番红 O 染色检测 FJOA软骨细胞的蛋白多糖含量,用 caspase 3表达来评定软骨细胞的凋亡。发现退变软骨细胞的蛋白多糖含量减少,caspase 3阳性软骨细胞的比率增加,这种变化最多见于软骨面表层的中间区域。作者还发现软骨下骨板被纤维组织侵袭,紧邻骨板的骨髓纤维化,而纤维组织的边缘可观察到破骨细胞的增加。Netzer 等[25]通过研究腰椎管狭窄患者的 FJOA,发现骨软骨交界区出现大量鹅卵石样的成骨细胞,这些成骨细胞内有胶原纤维沉积,未发现有多核破骨细胞的存在;另外还发现,CD34阳性的血管结构出现在骨衬细胞的邻近,CD68阳性巨噬细胞均匀分布在成骨细胞及血管结构区域。结合上述发现,作者指出骨软骨交界处的新骨形成是 OA 组织病理学上的主要特点;作者进一步研究了软骨下骨的细胞学变化,表现为富含 CD68阳性巨噬细胞的骨髓组织内,TRAP 阳性单核细胞及多核破骨细胞增多。Appel 等[26]通过免疫组织化学分析,发现在OA 的小关节中,骨保护素、骨钙素及骨保护素配体阳性的破骨细胞比例减少。作者认为新骨形成可能是 FJOA 的生理性修复功能。Boszczyk 等[27]通过对细胞外基质 ( 包括胶原蛋白 / 糖胺聚糖 / 蛋白聚糖 ) 的免疫组织化学研究,发现退变节段的小关节其背侧关节囊呈现软骨性化生的特点,最明显处位于超出小关节固有空间的关节囊附着部。
2. 分子水平改变:Igarashi 等[28]应用 ELISA 和 CLEIA技术研究 FJOA 的关节囊和滑膜中的炎性因子,发现α-TNF 主要出现在滑膜组织中,IL-6多量出现在软骨组织中,但滑膜组织也可见,而 IL-1β 在滑膜和关节软骨中均为少量存在。Xu 等[29]则进一步研究了 FJOA 的炎性机制,认为关节软骨和滑膜组织中的 MMP-1( IL-1β 诱导 )过表达,可能是导致小关节退变的炎性机制;作者还在体外实验中证实了软骨细胞中 MMP-1mRNA 对 IL-1β 的刺激反应呈时间和剂量依赖性。Boszczyk 等[18]通过对比腰椎和胸椎的背侧小关节囊中的分子组成,发现 II 型胶原、6-硫酸软骨素、蛋白多糖和连接蛋白只在腰椎小关节囊中检测到,而且主要分布于关节囊的附着部,尤其是关节囊绕过下关节突的后缘处。作者认为这种分子组成及分布特点体现了腰椎小关节囊的生物力学特点。Kim 等[30]则对退变小关节囊做了更为详尽的分子水平的检测,包括:促炎因子 ( INF-γ、IL-1β、IL-17、TNFα、IL-1α 等 )、抗炎因子 ( IL-10、IL-13)、疼痛相关因子 ( iNOS、Cox-2、EP 家族 )、MMP 家族 ( 软骨降解 )、TIMPs 家族 ( 抗软骨降解 )、VEGF ( 血管生长因子 )、NGF / TrkA ( 调节神经生长 ) 等,作者分别从 mRNA 和蛋白水平证实了这些分子的表达呈现不同程度的上调。值得注意的是,在上述系列因子中有两种亚型例外,其中 TIMPs-1的表达没有上调,EP2表达反而是下降的。Kim 总结上述发现后推断 FJOA与腰背痛的内在联系:( 1) 退变关节囊过表达疼痛相关因子,可能导致背根神经节对疼痛刺激的敏感性增加;( 2)伴随血管生成涌入的炎性因子会进一步加重 FJ 退变和疼痛;( 3) 血管生成本身也促进了新的感觉神经纤维长入,而引起疼痛敏感性增加。对于 FJOA 所致的腰背痛的机制,Surace 等[31]做出了相似的研究结论。Pecchi 等[32]则发现机械应力、IL-1β、细胞外脂素和烟酰胺磷酸核糖转移酶 ( nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase,NAMPT ) 可以刺激关节软骨细胞过表达和释放 NGF,这可能与关节炎性疼痛有密切联系,而关节软骨的机械负荷的增加可能介导这种联系。
三、总结
目前,关于 FJOA 的宏观改变的研究,主要包括解剖形态学、生物力学、病理生理学、影像学几大方面。尤其是随着影像学技术和计算机技术的飞速发展,使我们在方法学上可以更加准确、全面地评价 FJOA,从而为进一步的微观研究打下基础。在细胞及分子学层面,我们能深入探究 FJOA 的发生、发展机制,从而为预防、治疗 FJOA提供科学依据。对于 FJOA 的分子机制研究,主要集中在疼痛介质及炎性因子两方面,这显然反映出研究者们对于FJOA 引起的临床症状的关注。然而容易忽略的是,相比于其它脊柱单位 ( 椎间盘、椎管、椎间孔、椎体等 ),对FJ 的研究还远远不足;将 FJOA 放到整个脊柱退变的模式和进程中来看,FJOA 与其它脊柱退变性疾病有着千丝万缕的联系,其中某些研究结论充满矛盾。比如 FJOA 和椎间盘退变,究竟哪种退变是始动因素或者主要因素[33-35]?再比如对于 FJOA 所致的腰痛的诊断及治疗仍有诸多争议[7-8,36-39]。因此,对于无症状性 FJOA 和有症状性 FJOA的演变机制及差异,可能是下一步应该集中关注的领域。
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Progress of research on macroscopic and microscopic changes of lumbar facet joint osteoarthritis
ZHU Kai,TAN Jun, ZHANG Zi-hao, LI Wen-feng.
Department of Spine Surgery, Shanghai East Hospital of Tongji University,Shanghai, 200120, China
s】Lumbar facet joint ( FJ ) is a unique synovial joint of the spine, which forms a functional unit-“three joint complex” with the intervertebral disc of the same spinal segment. The primary pathological process of FJ degeneration is the development of osteoarthritis ( OA ). At present, the research methods on macroscopic changes of FJOA mainly include anatomical morphology, biomechanics, pathophysiology and imaging. With the rapid development of imaging technology and computer technology, we have heen able to evaluate FJOA more accurately and comprehensively, so as to lay the foundation for further micro-research. At the cellular and molecular level, we can investigate the mechanisms of FJOA, which may provide scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of this disease. Many previous researches have focused on pain mediators and inflammatory factors revealed the close relationship between low back pain and FJOA. The mechanisms and differences in the evolution of asymptomatic and symptomatic FJOA should be considered in future studies.
Spine; Lumbar vertebrae; Osteoarthritis, spine; Review
TAN Jun, Email: dr.tan@189.com
10.3969/j.issn.2095-252X.2017.10.009
R684.3
200120 上海,同济大学附属东方医院脊柱外科 ( 祝恺、谭军 );100048 北京,解放军总医院第一附属医院骨科 ( 张紫豪、李文锋 )
谭军,Email: dr.tan@189.com
2016-11-25)
( 本文编辑:王萌 )