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症状性颅内外动脉粥样硬化性大动脉狭窄管理规范
——中国卒中学会科学声明(2)

2017-01-11中国卒中学会科学声明专家组

中国卒中杂志 2017年2期
关键词:硬化性氯吡颈动脉

中国卒中学会科学声明专家组

(接上期)

3 症状性颅内外动脉粥样硬化性狭窄治疗进展

症状性颅内外动脉粥样硬化性狭窄的治疗是一项综合的管理措施,包括危险因素的有效控制、抗栓药物的选择及手术干预。下面就几项存在争议的方面进行重点说明。

3.1 症状性颅内动脉狭窄双联抗血小板治疗时限及方案选择 氯吡格雷用于急性非致残性脑血管事件高危人群的疗效(Clopidogrel and Aspirin versus Aspirin Alone for the Treatment of High-risk Patients with Acute Non-disabling Cerebrovascular Event,CHANCE)研究在5170例具有高复发风险急性轻型缺血性卒中或TIA患者中比较了氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林双联抗血小板治疗与阿司匹林单药治疗的有效性与安全性,结果显示相对于阿司匹林单药组,双联抗血小板治疗组90 d卒中发生的相对风险减低32%(8.2%vs11.7%,RR0.68,95%CI0.57~0.81,绝对危险度降低3.5%)且未增加出血风险[76]。1年的随访结果显示,双联抗血小板组卒中复发275例(10.6%),阿司匹林单药组卒中复发为362例(14.0%)(HR0.78,95%CI0.65~0.93,P=0.006),出血事件差异两组无显著性[77]。对于伴有症状性颅内动脉狭窄的TIA和轻型缺血性卒中患者,来自CHANCE数据库的亚组分析显示,伴有颅内动脉粥样硬化的患者,阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷治疗组3个月时发生卒中事件的HR为0.79(0.47~1.32),单抗组HR为1.12(0.56~2.25),交互分析P=0.522,提示伴有颅内动脉狭窄的非致残性脑血管事件高危患者,双联抗血小板不能有效降低3个月时卒中复发风险,但此项亚组分析病例数较少,此结论仍不肯定,需要进一步验证[78]。氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林与单独使用阿司匹林对于减少急性症状性脑动脉或颈动脉狭窄患者的栓塞研究(Clopidogrel Plus Aspirin Versus Aspirin Alone for Reducing Embolisation in Patients with Acute Symptomatic Cerebral Carotid Artery Stenosis,CLAIR)入组发病7 d内症状性颅内外大动脉狭窄且经颅多普勒(transcranial Doppler sonography,TCD)监测发现有微栓子信号(microembolus signal,MES)的患者,包括缺血性卒中[美国国立卫生研究院卒中量表(National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale,NIHSS)评分≤8分]或TIA,随机分为氯吡格雷(300 mg负荷量,继以75 mg,qd)联合阿司匹林(75~160 mg,qd)组和阿司匹林(75~160 mg,qd)组,疗程7 d[79]。研究结果:治疗2 d和7 d时,联合治疗组较单用阿司匹林组MES阳性率和微栓子数目显著下降。弥散加权像(diffusion-weighted imaging,DWI)上急性梗死灶的数量、NIHSS评分、简易精神状态量表(the Mini-Mental State Examination,MMSE)、改良Rankin量表(modified Rankin Scale,mRS)评分在两组之间差异无显著性。亚组分析显示,对70例单纯颅内动脉狭窄患者,联合治疗组较单用阿司匹林组显著降低了2 d、7 d MES阳性率。对于伴有颅内外大动脉狭窄的TIA和轻型缺血性卒中患者给予短期内氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林治疗较阿司匹林单独治疗可显著减少微栓子监测信号,且未增加出血风险。支架和积极药物管理预防颅内动脉狭窄患者卒中复发(SAMMPRIS)研究中[80-81],入组了451例发病30 d内的TIA或卒中患者,伴有症状性颅内动脉狭窄70%~99%,随机分为强化内科治疗组与强化内科治疗+经皮血管成形并支架置入术(percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting,PTAS)组,其中氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林治疗持续90 d,强化内科治疗包括:阿司匹林325 mg,qd,联合氯吡格雷75 mg,qd,持续90 d、收缩压<140 mmHg(糖尿病患者<130 mmHg)、LDL<70 mg/dl、生活方式的改善,主要终点事件包括入组后或血管再通治疗后30 d内的卒中或死亡,或30 d后发生流域内卒中事件。30 d卒中或死亡发生率为5.8%,1年时为12.2%,2年时为10.1%,3年时14.9%,低于以往的华法林与阿司匹林联合治疗症状性颅内疾病的试验(WASID)研究中的发生率(在30 d和1年时卒中或死亡的发生率分别为10.7%和25%)[82]。

针对颈动脉,氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林降低症状性颈动脉狭窄栓子(Clopidogrel and Aspirin for Reduction of Emboli in Symptomatic Carotid Stenosis,CARESS)研究纳入了230例伴有症状性颈内动脉狭窄的TIA和缺血性卒中患者,并对107例发现微栓子的患者进行随机分组,51例给予联合氯吡格雷(75 mg/d)和阿司匹林(75 mg/d)7 d,56例给予阿司匹林(75 mg/d)7 d,结果显示双抗治疗减少微栓子发生的效果显著优于阿司匹林单抗治疗[83]。双联抗血小板组入组7 d时的MES阳性率为43.8%,单抗组为72.7%,相对风险下降39.8%,95%CI13.8~58.0,P=0.0046。

推荐意见:基于上述研究,下列几种情况,可考虑进行双联抗血小板治疗:①症状性颅内外狭窄,具有卒中高复发风险(ABCD2≥4分)的急性非心源性TIA或轻型缺血性卒中(NIHSS≤3分),24 h内可给予:氯吡格雷300 mg负荷+阿司匹林150~300 mg负荷(第1天),氯吡格雷75 mg/d+阿司匹林100 mg/d(第2~21天),氯吡格雷75 mg/d(第22~90天)(B级证据,Ⅱa类推荐)。②发病7 d内症状性颅内外大动脉狭窄且经颅多普勒超声(transcranial Doppler,TCD)监测发现有MES的患者,包括缺血性卒中(NIHSS≤8分)或TIA,可给予氯吡格雷(300 mg负荷量,继以75 mg,qd)+阿司匹林(75~160 mg,qd),疗程7 d(B级证据,Ⅱa类推荐)。③发病30 d内症状性颅内动脉狭窄,狭窄率70%~99%,可给予阿司匹林325 mg,qd+氯吡格雷75 mg,qd持续90 d(B级证据,Ⅰ类推荐)。

3.2 症状性颅内动脉狭窄其他抗血小板药物的选择 研究数据表明,在中国人群中58.8%CYP2C19 LOF等位基因为[*2和(或)*3]携带者[84],即如果患者由于个体差异不适合服用氯吡格雷,需要寻找替代治疗方案。

西洛他唑与阿司匹林对缺血性卒中二级预防作用的比较研究(Cilostazol versus Aspirin for Secondary Ischemic Stroke Prevention,CASISP)和西洛他唑卒中二级预防研究(Cilostazol for Prevention of Secondary Stroke Ⅱ,CSPS Ⅱ)表明,在亚洲缺血性卒中和TIA人群中,与阿司匹林相比,西洛他唑在预防血管性事件发生方面不亚于阿司匹林,且不增加出血风险,但西洛他唑组相对于阿司匹林组停药率显著增加,应用西洛他唑后头痛、头晕和心动过速等不良反应发生较阿司匹林使用后常见[85-86]。对于症状性颅内动脉狭窄患者,西洛他唑可能会减慢狭窄的进展。西洛他唑对症状性颅内动脉狭窄的研究(Trial of Cilostazol in Symptomatic Intracranial Arterial Stenosis,TOSS)是一项多中心、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照研究[87],入组了135例年龄35~80岁,发病2周内的缺血性卒中且伴有症状性大脑中动脉M1段或基底动脉狭窄的患者;随机给予西洛他唑100 mg,bid联合阿司匹林100 mg,qd或阿司匹林100 mg,qd治疗,颅内动脉狭窄应用MRA联合TCD评估,主要终点事件为发病后6个月症状性颅内动脉狭窄的进展,结果显示西洛他唑组颅内动脉狭窄的进展较对照组低(P=0.008)。后续的研究(TOSS-2)应用相同的入组标准,研究了457例患者,随机分组西洛他唑100 mg,bid联合阿司匹林75~150 mg或氯吡格雷75 mg联合阿司匹林75~150 mg,连续服用7个月[88]。主要终点事件为颅内动脉狭窄的进展,次要终点事件为MRI上新发梗死灶、并发心血管事件、主要出血事件。结果显示两组间主要、次要终点事件差异均无显著性。

应用阿司匹林或替格瑞洛治疗急性卒中或TIA的预后(Acute Stroke or Transient Ischaemic Attack Treated with Aspirin or Ticagrelor and Patient Outcomes,SOCRATES)研究为国际多中心、随机、双盲、平行组优效性试验[89]。入组发病24 h内急性缺血性卒中或TIA患者13 199例,年龄≥40岁,NIHSS评分≤5分或ABCD2≥4的患者,排除心源性栓塞及接受静脉或动脉溶栓的患者。1∶1随机进入替格瑞洛(第1天180 mg负荷剂量,第2~90天90 mg,bid)或阿司匹林组(第1天300 mg,第2~90天100 mg/d),疗效随访90 d及安全性随访120 d。主要终点是入组后发生任何类型的卒中、心肌梗死和死亡的复合终点事件。结果显示,经过90 d的治疗,替格瑞洛组主要终点事件442例(6.7%),阿司匹林组为497例(7.5%)(HR0.89,95%CI0.78~1.01,P=0.07)。替格瑞洛组缺血性卒中发生385例(5.8%),阿司匹林组为441例(6.7%)(HR0.87,95%CI0.76~1.00)。主要出血事件在替格瑞洛组为0.5%,阿司匹林组为0.6%,两组比较差异无显著性。该研究结果提示,替格瑞洛治疗急性缺血性卒中或TIA患者的疗效与阿司匹林相当且不增加出血风险。

推荐意见:对于症状性颅内外动脉粥样硬化性缺血性卒中需要进行抗血小板治疗的患者,如果存在明确证据表明抗血小板药物抵抗或者其他原因导致的药物不耐受或禁忌证,可以考虑给予西洛他唑或替格瑞洛治疗,但其疗效仍需进行临床研究证实(B级证据,Ⅰ类推荐)。3.3 颅内外动脉狭窄个体化降压治疗 对于缺血性卒中患者的降压治疗,目前有指南推荐既往未接受降压治疗的缺血性卒中或TIA患者,发病数天后如果收缩压≥140 mmHg或舒张压≥90 mmHg,应启动降压治疗[90]。然而,对于症状性颅内外动脉狭窄患者,降压的策略仍存在争议。WASID研究亚组分析显示,收缩压≥160 mmHg的患者流域内缺血性卒中或其他缺血性卒中复发风险显著升高[91]。来自中国颅内动脉粥样硬化(Chinese Intracranial Atherosclerosis,CICAS)的研究亚组共分析了2426例急性缺血性脑血管病患者[92],根据美国预防、检测、评估与治疗高血压全国联合委员会第七次报告(The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention,Detection,Evaluation,and Treatment of High Blood Pressure,JNC 7)的标准将住院期间血压情况分组为正常、高血压前期、高血压Ⅰ期、高血压Ⅱ期,主要终点事件包括死亡、出院时功能预后和1年的功能预后。结果显示在重度狭窄组和闭塞组,血压升高与出院时、1年的不良结局(mRS 3~5分)相关,校正后差异无显著性。对于症状性颈动脉狭窄的患者,有学者应用颈动脉闭塞外科研究(Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study,COSS)中91例未接受手术治疗且诊断为症状性颈动脉闭塞和低血流动力性脑缺血[93],比较平均血压≤130/85 mmHg或维持更高的血压两组之间同侧缺血性卒中复发风险。结果显示在41例平均血压≤130/85 mmHg的患者中3例发生同侧缺血性卒中事件,在50例血压>130/80 mmHg的患者中13例发生脑缺血(HR3.742,95%CI1.065~13.152,时序检验P=0.027),此结果提示降低血压可能会降低此类患者的缺血风险。

椎动脉血流评估T I A和卒中风险(Vertebrobasilar Flow Evaluation and Risk of Transient Ischemic Attack and Stroke,VERiTAS)是一项多中心队列研究[69-70],入组发病60 d内患TIA或缺血性卒中的患者,伴有颅内外椎动脉或基底动脉狭窄(≥50%)或闭塞,应用QMRA的方法分析椎基底动脉脑血流,分析发现血流量下降患者卒中复发风险升高,且对于低血流量患者降低血压可能会增加缺血风险。

推荐意见:对于症状性颅内外动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者进行降压治疗可能降低脑缺血风险,但对于发病机制为低血流动力学的病例需制订个体化的降压方案(B级证据,Ⅱb类推荐)。

3.4 颅内外动脉狭窄他汀治疗对斑块稳定性的影响 众多研究显示,他汀类药物的应用可有效降低缺血性卒中的复发风险,且已被作为一级推荐写入缺血性卒中二级预防指南。近年来,随着HRMRI的出现,临床上对颈动脉斑块的性质及稳定性有了进一步的认识。多数研究将颈动脉斑块内的脂质核面积或体积的变化作为临床药物试验的主要终点事件之一。这些研究发现,通过他汀类药物治疗,不仅低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol,LDL-C)水平下降,而且斑块负荷在一定时间内有所改善。

一项使用HRMRI针对欧美人群颈动脉斑块的研究结果显示[94],通过瑞舒伐他汀药物治疗2年后,患者的LDL-C水平明显下降,同时发现富含脂质的坏死核(lipid-rich necrotic core,LRNC)所占管壁比例相对于基线期下降了41.4%(P=0.005)。瑞舒伐他汀对中国动脉粥样硬化患者的治疗评价(Rosuvastatin Evaluation of Atherosclerotic Chinese Patients,REACH)研究是一项开放标签的、前瞻性自身对照研究,Du等[95]通过高分辨MRI评价颈动脉斑块变化情况,旨在探讨常规剂量瑞舒伐他汀对中国颈动脉粥样硬化斑块患者的治疗作用。该研究纳入了43例18~75岁的颈动脉狭窄为16%~69%的患者(其中10例患者有脑血管病史),主要观察终点为斑块脂质核心的缩小,次要观察终点为斑块体积及其他指标的变化。最终32例患者完成了检查,3个月时接受瑞舒伐他汀平均日治疗剂量11 mg,LDL-C水平降低47%,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein cholesterol,HDL-C)升高10%。治疗3个月后斑块中LRNC显著缩小,从治疗前平均(111.5±104.2)mm3下降到(103.6±95.8)mm3,平均下降7.3%(P=0.044),并减少斑块处血管外膜和斑块内血管新生,1年和2年随访显示效果持续存在。而另外一些研究发现[96-97],在辛伐他汀治疗后1年,动脉粥样硬化斑块的颈动脉管壁面积(wall area,WA)、管腔面积(lumen area,LA)、管壁厚度(wall thickness,WT)均明显改善,其中颈动脉LA变化最明显(下降15%,P<0.001);而在辛伐他汀治疗的第2年,虽然血脂水平下降,但斑块的WA、LA、WT却有略微增大。部分研究显示烟酸治疗颈动脉狭窄效果尚不肯定[98-99]。

对于症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化狭窄的患者,SAMMPRIS研究比较了单纯强化内科药物治疗和颅内动脉支架治疗联合强化内科药物治疗在症状性颅内动脉狭窄患者中卒中再发的预防作用,强化内科药物治疗包括:阿司匹林325 mg,qd联合氯吡格雷75 mg,qd持续90 d,收缩压(systolic blood pressure,SBP)<140 mmHg(糖尿病患者<130 mmHg),LDL<70 mg/dl(使用瑞舒伐他汀20 mg)。结果显示,颅内动脉支架治疗后30 d内主要终点事件发生率较高(14.7%),而单纯药物治疗组发生率低(5.8%)。研究分析:手术组事件高发及单纯药物治疗组终点事件发生率较低可能与手术治疗组的外在干预导致易损斑块的再次破裂,以他汀类药物为基础的强化内科治疗能稳定易损斑块和改善患者脑血流灌注有关。

推荐建议:对于症状性颅内外动脉粥样硬化性缺血性卒中,强化他汀治疗,LDL-C<1.8 mmol/L或降幅超过50%,可降低血管事件再发的风险(A级证据,Ⅰ类推荐)。对于症状性颅内外动脉粥样硬化性狭窄患者,应用强化他汀长期治疗可稳定斑块成分和逆转斑块体积(B级证据,Ⅱa类推荐)。他汀药物对颅内动脉斑块的影响,目前尚无研究证据。

3.5 支架/手术治疗选择 颅内动脉支架治疗一直以来都饱受争议,自从SAMMPRIS研究结果公布以后,此项治疗方法不被推荐作为首选治疗方案。如何有效地筛选需要介入治疗的高危患者成为目前的研究热点。一项来自中国的多中心症状性颅内动脉狭窄支架治疗的登记研究,共入组sICAS患者(狭窄率为70%~99%)300例,且伴有较差的侧支循环。主要终点事件为术后30 d内的卒中、TIA、死亡,次要终点事件为血管再通成功率。其中球囊支架159例,球囊扩张+自膨式支架141例。结果显示术后30 d内的卒中、TIA、死亡发生率为4.3%,手术成功率为97.3%,球囊支架较球囊扩张+自膨式支架有更低的残余狭窄率[100]。此项研究提示在中国人群中对严重症状性动脉粥样硬化性颅内动脉狭窄(symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis,sICAS)患者进行血管内支架治疗的安全性和有效性是可接受的,球囊支架较自膨式支架残余狭窄率可能更低。术前对患者的脑灌注和侧支循环状态进行评估可能有效筛选患者,提高获益率。

对于无症状性颅外颈动脉狭窄的患者是否需要接受手术治疗,支架与颈动脉内膜剥脱术的优劣一直存在争议。1978年,Thompson等[101]发表了一篇无症状颈动脉狭窄颈动脉内膜切除术(carotid endarterectomy,CEA)的系统研究,此研究入组132例无症状颈动脉狭窄患者,共进行了167个CEA,术后2例发生TIA,2例卒中,在长达184个月的随访中,4.5%的患者出现TIA,2.3%出现卒中,2.3%死亡;而其另外选择了138例无症状颈动脉狭窄患者,未进行手术治疗,观察其预后,随访期内,26.8%出现TIA,17.4%发生卒中,2.2%死亡。提示接受CEA手术治疗的患者可明显获益。随后无症状颈内动脉粥样硬化研究(Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study,ACAS)和无症状颈动脉外科试验研究(Asymptomatic Carotid Surgery Trial,ACST)的系列研究结果提示,对于无症状重度狭窄患者而言,CEA较药物治疗更加有益。

对于CEA和颈动脉支架置入术(carotid artery stenting,CAS)的疗效比较,前期的临床研究认为,带有捕获和回收栓子装置的颈动脉支架系统可作为具有中高危内膜剥脱术并发症风险的患者的替代治疗方案。近期公布了两项针对CAS和CEA的随机对照研究结果,让我们对手术方式的选择有了新的思考。颈动脉支架与内膜剥脱术对非症状性颈动脉狭窄的随机对照研究(Randomized Trial of Stent versus Surgery for Asymptomatic Carotid Stenosis ACT-1)入组了1453例非症状性颈动脉狭窄的患者(定义为入组前180天无卒中、TIA或一过性黑蒙发作)[18],主要终点事件为术后30 d内的死亡、卒中或心肌梗死,及1年内同侧卒中事件的发生,分析方法为非劣效性,范围为3个百分点。结果显示:对于主要复合终点事件,CAS不劣于CEA。CAS组事件发生率3.8%,CEA组为3.4%,P=0.01;术后30 d卒中率CEA组为1.4%,较CAS组2.8%低,但无统计学意义;术后5年内同侧卒中比例CEA组为0.5%/年,CAS组为0.4%/年,差异无显著性。

比较内膜剥脱术和支架对颈动脉再通治疗效果的研究(Carotid Revascularization Endarterectomy versus Stenting Trial,CREST)入组症状性颈动脉狭窄和非症状性颈动脉狭窄患者[102],前期随访4年的结果显示,无论是围术期还是随访期内的任何时间,CAS组和CEA组间主要复合终点事件、心肌梗死、死亡和同侧卒中发生率差异均无显著性。近期公布了其10年的随访结果,共分析了2502例患者,主要复合终点事件两组间差异无显著性,CAS组事件发生率为11.8%(95%CI9.1~14.8),CEA组为9.9%(95%CI7.9~12.2),HR为1.10(95%CI0.83~1.44)。术后同侧卒中发生率CAS组为6.9%(95%CI4.4~9.7),CEA组为5.6%(95%CI3.7~7.6),差异无显著性,HR为0.99(95%CI0.64~1.52)。10年的随访结果较之前无变化。

推荐意见:①对于症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄(狭窄程度70%~99%,病灶长度≤15 mm,目标血管直径≥2.0 mm)的患者,在内科标准治疗无效或侧支循环代偿不完全[美国介入和治疗神经放射学学会/介入放射学学会(American Society of Interventional and Therapeutic Neuroradiology/Society of Interventional Radiology,ASITN/SIR)侧支循环分级<3级]的情况下,血管内治疗可以作为内科药物治疗辅助治疗手段(B级证据,Ⅱa类推荐)。②对于无症状的颈动脉严重狭窄患者,可选择颈动脉内膜剥脱术或支架治疗作为药物治疗的辅助手段(A级证据,Ⅰ类推荐)。③对于近期发生TIA或6个月内发生缺血性卒中合并同侧颈动脉颅外段严重狭窄(70%~99%)的患者,可选择颈动脉内膜剥脱术或支架治疗作为药物治疗的辅助手段(A级证据,Ⅰ类推荐)。

4 未来研究方向

随着精准医学时代的到来,易损血管(包括易损斑块、病理状态血流动力学)的个体化评估已成为症状性颅内外动脉粥样硬化性疾病领域的新挑战。

动脉粥样硬化易损斑块的评估目前有很多方法,对于颅外动脉粥样硬化斑块的评估,已经有了一套相对成熟的评估方法,然而这些方法是否能扩展至颅内动脉粥样硬化斑块的评估仍需进一步验证。另外,在一些颈动脉斑块的研究中,已经证实他汀类药物可能逆转斑块或使其趋于稳定,然而,这些药物对颅内斑块的作用仍需要开展多中心的随机对照研究进行证实。

颅内动脉粥样硬化性狭窄后血流动力学的评估是进行血管内治疗干预的关键评估指标。建立一个标准化的血流动力学评估方法是进行下一步临床研究的前提和基础。基于无创技术的计算机血流动力学分析是未来的发展趋势,然而目前的研究方法仍存在一定局限性。与传统方法比较,超级计算机技术可能更真实地模拟脑血流情况。随后,在血流动力学指标指导下的临床干预,将会使症状性颅内动脉粥样硬化性疾病的治疗方案更加优化。

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