冰层弯曲强度和弹性模量与等效冰温的试验关系
2017-01-06王建康曹晓卫王庆凯闫利辉
王建康++曹晓卫++王庆凯++闫利辉++李志军
摘要:采用原位悬臂梁方法对内蒙古乌梁素海淡水冰层进行弯曲强度与弹性模量测定。应用材料力学理论,在假设冰层为均质各向同性材料;梁的根部刚性连接;没有水浮力支承条件下,计算冰层弯曲强度与弹性模量。同时试验时冰层温度垂直剖面。首先用冰层中间处温度,建立弯曲强度和弹性模量与冰温之间的初始关系;然后将冰温垂直剖面分布式带入弹性模量与冰温的初始关系式中,得到弹性模量垂直剖面,据此确定冰层弯曲破坏时中性轴的近似位置。在利用中性轴近似位置处冰温,再次建立弹性模量与冰温之间的关系,利用迭代思想确定更加精确的中性轴位置。迭代四次之后,得到中性轴精确位置。将中性轴精确位置处的冰温作为冰层的等效温度,并依次建立弯曲强度和弹性模量同等效冰温的试验关系。分析结果表明,温度从-1831 ℃到-7726 ℃,弯曲强度在43612 kPa到75031 kPa之间,弹性模量在362 GPa到671 GPa之间。它们的总体走势是随着冰温的降低,弯曲强度和弹性模量呈现增加趋势。
关键词:冰层;原位悬臂梁;中性轴;温度;弯曲强度;弹性模量
中图分类号:TV311文献标志码:A文章编号:16721683(2016)06007506
Experimental relationship between flexural strength,elastic modulus of ice sheet and equivalent ice temperature
WANG Jiankang,CAO Xiaowei,WANG Qingkai,YAN Lihui,LI Zhijun
(State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering,Dalian University of Technology,Dalian 116024,China)
Abstract:Experiments on Flexural Strength and Elastic Modulus of natural freshwater of Ulansuhai Lake in Inner Mongolia were conducted by in situ cantilever beam method.Applying the mechanics of materials method,under the conditions of assuming that the ice is homogeneous and isotropic,the rear of beam is rigidly connected,and there is no water buoyancy supported,the flexural strength and elastic modulus of ice sheet and ice sheet temperature vertical profile were calculated.First,the initial relationship between bending strength,elastic modulus and ice temperature in the middle of ice cantilever was established.Then the formula of the ice temperature vertical profile was brought into the initial relationship between the elastic modulus and the ice temperature,and then the elastic modulus vertical profile distribution was available.According to this,the approximate position of the neutral axis was determined when the ice had flexural failure.Using ice temperature at the approximate position of the neutral axis,the relationship between the elastic modulus and the ice temperature was established again.The more accurate position of the neutral axis could be determined by the iteration method.After four iterations,the position of the neutral axis was accurate.The ice temperature at the precise location of the neutral axis was used as the equivalent temperature of the ice layer.The experimental relationship between bending strength,elastic modulus and equivalent ice temperature was established.Analysis results showed that the temperature ranged from 1.831 ℃ to 7.726 ℃,the flexural strength ranged from 436.12 kPa to 750.31 kPa and the elastic modulus ranged from 3.62 GPa to 6.71 GPa.The overall trends of flexural strength and elastic modulus were basically increasing with decreasing temperature.
Key words:ice sheet;situ cantilever beam;neutral axis;temperature;flexural strength;elastic modulus
[JP2]在冰区水工结构及桥梁、采油平台及破冰船设计、建造和服役过程中,冰荷载是不得不要考虑到的环境外力。计算冰荷载,要已知冰层的各项力学参数。冰层弯曲强度和弹性模量是倾斜结构物冰力计算的重要参数[1]。国际上对于冰弯曲[24]、压缩[5]的力学性质进行过研究。国内张明元、隋吉学等对于冰的弯曲强度[68]、李志军等对冰的压缩强度[9]与剪切强度[10]进行过研究。对于淡水冰弯曲强度的研究,所应用的方法基本为实验室三点弯曲法[1112]。而原位悬臂梁方法,尽管冰层接近自然,但其试样大,劳动力强度大,在上世纪末国内有所应用[13]。悬臂梁试验通常假设冰是均质各向同性材料,根部刚性连接且没有水浮力的弹性梁;然后根据弹性理论计算弯曲强度与弹性模量,因此计算结果与实际有所偏差。原因是天然冰层温度垂直剖面大多数不是常数,其对应冰层弯曲强度与弹性模量垂直剖面也不是恒值,因此冰层弯曲时的中性轴位置不在冰层中间。
基于此种情况,本文研究选择黄河宁蒙段附近乌梁素海,在2016年1月18日至26日,选择了温差较大的5天,进行9根现场原位悬臂梁力学试验,并用铂电阻温度链实时记录气-冰温-水-泥温度剖面。利用力学试验和温度实测数据、弹性梁弯曲理论和迭代计算思想,确定出每次试验时冰层弯曲时中性轴位置。最终将中性轴位置处的温度作为冰层等效温度,建立冰层弯曲强度以及弹性模量和冰层等效温度的试验关系。这样虽然仍然具有一定的缺陷性,但可为评估冰层的实际力学指标提供一种新思路。对冰区水工结构,南水北调输水工程中[1416]浮式或固定式破冰结构物,如正倒椎体[17]和破冰船[18]的设计、物理模拟试验[19]等提供数据。
1原位悬臂梁弯曲试验
现场悬臂梁试验是在天然冰盖上切割出梁的三个边,保持第四个边与冰层连接,形成悬臂梁,然后在梁的自由端施加荷载。对河冰来讲,根部应力集中的影响较为明显,Timco[20]的试验结果表明,现场悬臂梁法与三点弯曲法得到的河冰弯曲强度值之比为1∶2,其原因就是悬臂梁根部应力集中造成的。为了尽量减弱悬臂梁根部应力集中的影响,在悬臂梁根部用10 cm的麻花钻在冰面打出两个洞,然后沿着圆的切线方向切割出两条平行的线,使悬臂梁根部连接处为圆弧状。
选择在冰面无明显裂纹的地方切割出悬臂梁的试样,梁宽b与冰厚h之间的比例在1~2之间,梁长l与冰厚h的比例在7~10之间。本次试验时,冰厚在35~38 cm之间,因此梁宽b切割40 cm左右,梁长l在350 cm左右,每两根悬臂梁之间的间距约为10 cm。切割悬臂梁试样的同时,组装好加载装置和测力仪器,如图1所示。考虑到冰的弯曲破坏形式分为上翘和下弯两种方式,因此,试验的加载方式有上拉和下压两种。由于切割悬臂梁时会带来尺寸上的误差,每次试验过后再对梁的具体尺寸进行测量。
根据弹性理论,矩形截面悬臂梁的弯曲强度为
4结论
(1) 根据现场实测数据,悬臂梁试验时冰层温度垂直剖面有两种类型:一种为直线型,一种为抛物线型;他们均可由二次多项式统一表达。
(2)悬臂梁试验时,取中性轴位置处温度作为冰层等效温度比选择冰层中部温度作为等效温度更加合理。冰层温度垂直剖面为直线型分布时中性轴位置比抛物线型分布时更加靠近冰面。
(3) 试验测得淡水冰层的弯曲强度与弹性模量,在受冰温影响的同时,也受到应变速率以及其它的环境因素的影响。温度从-1831 ℃到-7726 ℃之间,淡水冰层弯曲强度和弹性模量随冰温降低呈现出增加趋势。弯曲强度最小值与最大值分别为43612 kPa 和75031 kPa,弹性模量最小值与最大值分别为362 GPa 和671 GPa。
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