砖的乌托邦，巴塞罗那，西班牙

建筑设计：巴塞罗那Map13建筑事务所

砖的乌托邦，巴塞罗那，西班牙

建筑设计：巴塞罗那Map13建筑事务所

1　外景/Exterior view

位于巴塞罗那圣安德鲁区的法布拉依制衣工厂有着跌宕的历史。建于19世纪，这里生产的纺织品曾销至整个欧洲。工厂的运营早已停止，如今这个场地已被用作文化中心，并且是2013年Eme3国际建筑节的承办场地之一。

令“砖的乌托邦”与众不同的不仅仅是它的尺度，还有在建造中所使用的形式探索方法。在确定户外开放空间的长、宽、高后，利用三维设计软件RhinoVAULT将其几何形体精确计算生成。由于其几何形体仅受压力而不受拉力，结构的细长比可以靠拢到允许范围的最极限。圆顶薄壳的厚度范围在65～118mm之间变动。

建造过程本身是分步骤进行的。首先，一个完全重现RhinoVAULT生成形式的硬纸板模具被制造出来。紧接着依照模具的轮廓曲线，建立起一个铁质网格框架，而后建筑师与学生共同将手工制造的薄砖块沿着结构体铺砌2～3层。最后，在激昂的鼓声和工程师们迫切注视的目光中，格架被移除。结构安稳屹立。建造费用仅有3000欧元，这本身已是值得喝彩的成就。

“在‘砖的乌托邦’项目中我们成功整合了传统与创新”，设计师洛佩兹说，“一方面我们使用了一种从2000年前至今一直被人类应用于建造的材料，并且采取了千百年来加泰罗尼亚地区广泛使用的建造技法；另一方面我们也利用了最新的可以使用的软件和几何算法。”

选择正确的砖块类型在这种建造中至关重要，尤其是砌筑的第一层。这第一层使用轻质砖块“悬空”建造起来，有时甚至仅依靠侧面速凝灰浆的承载而处于悬挑状态。这里采用了约15mm厚的传统薄砖，也可以使用同样很轻质却有更大侧表面积的40mm空心砖，使得建造过程中的黏着更为牢固。在该项目中用于第一层建造的是尺寸为280mm×140mm×15 mm的传统手工砖。这些砖的重量不一定相同，但每块约为1kg。这种薄砖砌块所具有的由色彩差异性及表面加工所带来的空间温暖感和审美价值，是难以用工业砖实现的。

第二层则使用工业生产、尺寸为280mm×140mm×40mm的空心砖，这种砖块也保持轻质（每块1.5kg）以避免对第一层造成额外的重压。价格也是选择这种砖的影响因素之一，由于预算紧张、提供砖块的赞助商无法提供涵盖所有建造层的砖块。

第三层也就是最后一层，并未覆盖整体结构，而是仅存在于最大的拱形之。因此建筑的其他部分仅有两层砖覆盖（总共65mm厚）。这里应用的是尺寸为280mm×140mm×43mm、每块重 3kg、有手工纹理的实心砖。第三层的重量并非负面因素，反而有助于抵抗破坏性局部荷载、实现良好的稳定性。

第一、二层大概各使用了4100块砖，而第三层使用了大约1400块。

2013年秋，仅仅4个月后，这个临时展亭被拆除。而留下的是有雄心的、创造性的、精心记录过的研究，以及关于一座拱的记忆，这座拱从过去展开跨越到未来。（陈茜 译）

2　砖穹丘/Brick dome

The factory Fabrai Coats in the Sant Andreu district of Barcelona has an eventful past. Built in the 19th century， it once produced textiles for all of Europe. The operation was shut down long ago. Nowadays the site is used as a cultural centre， and among other things hosted the Eme3 International Architecture Festival in 2013.

What made Brick-topia unusual was not merely the size， but also the form-finding methods used to build it. After defining the length， width and height of the open air space， the exact geometry was computed using the three-dimensional design software Rhino VAULT. Becausethe geometry was subject exclusively to compressive and not to tensile stresses， the slenderness of the construction could be teased out to the very limits of the possible. The dome shell thickness varied from 65 to 118 millimeters – a record.

The construction itself progressed in steps. First， a mould was built of cardboard， recreating the form computed by Rhino VAULT. An iron lattice was then erected， following the mould's contours and curves， after which the architects and students layered the two to three tiers of the thin，handcrafted bricks up along the structure. Finally，with a drum roll and under the anxious eyes of the engineers， the lattice was removed. The structure held. The construction costs came to 3000 euros –an accomplishment itself worthy of applause.

"In Brick-topia we have succeeded in unifying tradition and innovation"， says López. "On the one hand we fell back on a building material that humans have been using for 2000 years， and furthermore on a construction technique that has been traditional in Catalonia for centuries； on the other we made use of the newest available software and geometrical algorithms."

Selecting the right bricks is crucial in this kind of construction， especially for the first layer. The first layer is built "in space" using light bricks， which will be cantilevering for some moments depending only on the fast-setting mortar capacity to hold it from its edges. Traditionally thin bricks approximately 15 mm thick are used， but also hollow bricks of 40mm are suitable， as they are also light and have more surface at the edge， improving the adherence during the construction process.The bricks used in the project for the first layer were traditional handmade bricks， 280×140×15mm. Their weights may vary，but it was approximately 1 kg per piece. The quality of these thin-tiles in terms of spatial warmth and aesthetics by color variety and finishing， is hardly achieved by industrialized bricks.

The second layer was made with hollow industrialized bricks， 280×140×40mm， still light（1.5 kg per piece） to prevent an excess of weight on the first layer. The price of these pieces was also a reason for its election as the budget was tight and the sponsorship of the companies offering bricks could not cover every layer.

The third and final layer was not applied to the whole construction. It was only built over the biggest vault， with the rest of the building only two layers thick （a thickness of 65mm in total）. Solid bricks were used， with dimensions 280×140×43mm，3kg weight each and a handmade texture. The weight of the third layer， instead of being a handicap， helps reaching the stability against possible destabilizing punctual loads.

Approximately 4100 bricks were used for each of the first two layers and 1400 for the third one.

In the autumn of 2013， after only four months of completion， the temporary pavilion was taken down again. What remains is the ambitious，innovative and meticulously documented research and the memory of a vault that spans the past and the future.

3　砖穹丘/Brick dome

4　纵剖面/Longitudinal section

5　夜景/Night view

项目信息/Credits and Data

客户/Client: Eme3国际建筑节/Eme3 International Architecture Festival

建筑用途/Building's Purpose: 国际建筑节临时展馆/ International Festival of Architecture， temporary pavilion

建筑面积/Usable Floor Area: 150m2

砖材类型/Brick Type: 手工薄砖，空心砖及实心砖/Thin handmade tiles， hollow and solid bricks

建造周期/Construction Period: 2013.05 – 2013.06

摄影/Photos: Manuel de Lózar y Paula López

评论

华黎：这个带有实验性的建造，其基本做法仍来自于加泰罗尼亚拱的传统，加泰罗尼亚拱的基本特征是轻盈，不同于罗马拱或中东拱的厚重，它基于多层编织的原理，使其更像一个壳体，而非只能承受压力的传统意义上的拱。其建造的过程也相对轻盈，即减少模板的用量及人工。这个项目的意义在于尝试了加泰罗尼亚拱的传统做法对于复杂形态的适应性。形体的复杂性以及跨度都不同于传统常见的情形，从几何形体的生成到模板的制作都运用了时下的数字技术。新手段赋予老方法以新的可能性，以及形式上更大的自由度。如何古为今用，这也是所有传统建造手段在今天都需要面对的一个普遍话题。

Comments

HUA Li: This experimental structure was inspired by traditional Catalan vaults. These types of vaults are characterized by their lightweight nature， in contrast to the thickness of traditional Roman vaults and vaults found in the Middle East. This structure is modelled on the concept of a multi-layer， interwoven shell， instead of a conventional approach which can only bear loads. In addition， the construction process is relatively simple， eliminating excessive manpower requirements and the use of modules. Bricktopia intends to answer the question of whether the traditional Catalan vault is adaptable in a complex form. The complexity of its form and span differ from common conventions， and the creation of the geometric shape as well as the production of the template was all made possible through employing modern digital techniques. The innovative methods employed have created new possibilities to built upon the old method， increasing the flexibility of form. How can the past serve the present？ This is a common challenge that traditional construction methods must tackle these days.

青锋：当混凝土的可塑性成为现代主义最有力的表现手段，砖构的可塑性在门德尔松与阿姆斯特丹学派之后却被大多数人遗忘了。限制我们的，更多不是技术、效用的合理性，而是风格范式与正统理念。在这些限制中，危害最大的理念之一是“时代”，时间的自然流逝被线性历史观视为喜新厌旧的合法基础。“砖的乌托邦”得以避免这种桎梏，我们看到拱顶这种伟大的元素还有更多有待开发的形态，而新的三维设计软件与传统的砖材之间可以实现完美的协作。这并不是怀旧，而是避免将可供利用的源泉不假思索地弃之不顾。一个乌托邦可以不随时间而改变，这被很多人视为缺陷，但是如果它能借此摆脱“时代”的偏见，或许也是一个令人充满遐想的优势。

QING Feng: While the malleability of concrete has become the most powerful expression for modernism， many people have forgotten about the same malleability of brickwork， dating from the school of thought of Erich Mendelssohn and Amsterdam. It is not the rational technique and effectiveness that is restraining，rather it is the form of style and faithfulness to orthodoxy. One of most dangerous ideas among the above restraints is "time"， because the passage of time has been regarded as a legitimate basis for abandoning the old in favor of the new in the linear view of history. The case of Brick-topia has thrown off such shackles， as we can observe the form of the vault， an important element， continuing to be developed，thanks to the perfect combination of 3D design software and conventional brick materials. This is not a nostalgic concept， but this avoids a waste of an exploitable resource. A utopia remains unaffected by the passage of time， therefore， many people would deem it as a defect. However， if the utopia can free itself from the prejudice of "time"， it could perhaps be advantageous.

Brick-topia， Barcelona， Spain， 2013

Architects: Map13 Barcelona

6　内景/Interior view