都市大桥，奈梅亨，荷兰

建筑设计：奈伊与普利松建筑工程公司

Architects: Ney & Poulissen Architects Engineers

都市大桥，奈梅亨，荷兰

De Oversteek， Nijmegen， the Netherlands， 2013

建筑设计：奈伊与普利松建筑工程公司

Architects: Ney & Poulissen Architects Engineers

1　实景/Bridge view

这座大桥的设计是一场表演，它戏剧性地回应了瓦尔河、泛洪区和两处堤岸壮美的自然环境。都市大桥为这里的景观带来了结构、等级和方向感。大桥的拱券作为主要特征，横跨在河流两岸，并加强了河道的存在感。不像纯粹横跨在水面上的功能性结构，桥洞的拱券尊重了河道的宽度，并由此确认了河岸的位置。甚至在冬季，高涨的水面淹没了泛洪区，这座桥洞的拱券也仍旧是瓦尔河所在位置及其独特个性的有力证明。

大桥的设计建立在结构逻辑的基础上，作为设计出发点的基本原则是以作用力决定几何形式。我们并没有从形式本身出发考虑大桥的造型，而是根据作用力设计出大桥的外形。力学属性由此成为设计的手段。一旦确定了基础的几何形式，就有可能研究出这种形式如何“构成”或实现。对于新建一座大桥的需求为设计一座21世纪的拱券桥梁提供了契机，而拱券桥梁正是西方文明的现代象征。瓦尔河大桥作为对应的设计表现形式和“属于其自身时代的纪念建筑”，在形式与工程设计方面甚至提出了更高的期待。

“都市大桥”出入口匝道的设计来源于许多与自然相关的材料和建造方法。它涉及到一系列传统技艺（现浇混凝土与砖砌技术），带来了手工艺的质感。出入口匝道的设计、材料、尺度和细部都与拱券大桥本身不同，以人体尺度为标准经过精心设计。新的大桥以整体方式进行设计，利用了一整套与总体规划、施工技术和概念设计等相关的当代知识。这座大桥的建设是将工程学与城市规划和建筑学进行最优化综合之后、经过充分考虑过程所形成的结果。这一设计过程的主要目的就是要使结构的有效性在外观上可见。大桥没有任何多余的“伪造物”，它符合物理原理并逻辑清晰。其结果就是形式上的自然美感。拱桥的主跨长达285m，包含拱桥和出入口匝道的结构总长达1.2km。

在入口高架桥上使用砖块的动机来源于对大桥的重要性、建设成本、维护运营及结构设计等若干相关因素的考虑。设计出乎意料地提供了一系列能够保持城市大桥特征的设计契机。即，砖是奈梅亨建筑传统的一部分，而大桥上使用的混凝土拱券结构则参考了传统稳定性加固的结构（几个世纪以来在历史桥梁和结构设计中一直沿用的结构和稳定性原则）。砖块的使用和这些建造的方式确保了设计和几何形式具有相当的灵活性。楼梯、隧道、眺望台或其他高品质空间的设计与建造、整体栏杆和桥台等部分的设计，情况则有所不同，它们需要专门的解决方案，都可以利用材料的自然特征、以简单的方式进行处理。砖及其建造方法能让结构不同的各个局部得到综合的解决方法，并形成统一的整体。这就意味着整体设计。

砖在大桥建设中的使用很有价值——不仅因为技术的原因，也出于对审美、可持续发展和城市设计的考虑，这种材料能够将大桥融入城市环境——因为它们采用了相同的材料，因此能够形成一个单一整体。这座都市大桥拥有与奈梅亨其他标志性建筑相同的基因。它们在概念上的联系至关重要。大桥共使用了550，000块以瓦尔河河泥烧制的弗拉明戈红砖。（徐知兰 译）

2　总平面/Site plan

3　实景/Bridge view

项目信息/Credits and Data

客户/Client: 荷兰BAM皇家集团/BAM

建筑用途/Building's Purpose: 城市桥梁/City bridge

建筑面积/Usable Floor Area: 47，500m2

砖材类型/Brick Type: 饰面砖、粘土铺地砖/Facing bricks，clay pavers

建造周期/Construction Period: 2011.03 – 2013.11

摄影/Photos: Ruud Peijnenburg （fig.1）， Stijn Bollaert （fig.3-5）

The design of the bridge stages a theatrical response to the majestic nature of the Waal River， the floodplain and the two embankments. The urban bridge brings structure， hierarchy and orientation to the landscape. The arch， which is the main feature， both confirms and spans the river. Unlike a purely functional span across the water， the arch respects the width of the river and thus endorses the location of its banks. Even in winter， when the water levels are higher and the floodplain overruns， the arch remains convincing proof of the location and identity of the Waal. The design of the bridge is based on a structural logic that takes， as its starting point， the principle that the geometry is determined by the forces at work. We do not choose forms for their own sake， but use the forces to develop a shape. The forces thus become a design tool. Once the basic geometry can be fixed， the "composition" or materialization of this form can be investigated. The need for a new bridge provided the opportunity to create a 21st-century arch bridge，a contemporary icon of Western culture. The Waal Bridge as a counterpart and "monument of its time" raises expectations even higher in terms of formal and engineering ambitions.

The ramps of "De Oversteek" are designed from a range of materials and construction methods that relate to nature. It involves traditional techniques （cast in situ concrete and brick masonry） that create a feeling of craftsmanship. The design， materials， dimensions and detailing of the ramps， unlike the arch bridge， are elaborated on a human scale. The new bridge is designed with an integral approach，using a combination of contemporary knowledge on master planning， construction techniques and conceptual design. The bridge is the result of a well thought-out process of optimization combining engineering with urbanism and architecture. A principle aim of the design process is to make the structural efficiency visible. There are no added "counterfeits". The bridge is coherent and logical in relation to physic laws. Natural beauty is a consequence. The main span of the arch bridge is 285m long； the total length of the structure， the arched bridge including the approach ramps， is 1.2km.

4　铺砖细部/Detail of the brick craftsmanship

5　主要结构/The dominant structure of the bridge

The motivation to use brick for the approach viaducts of the bridge had several reasons dealing with status， costs， maintenance and structure. The decision unexpectedly created a number of design opportunities that were entirely in keeping with the characteristics of a city bridge. Brick is part of Nijmegen's architectural tradition， and the concrete vault structures used in the bridge refer to traditional stability-enhancing structures（the structural and stability principles applied in historic bridges and structures for centuries）. The brick and building methods would ensure considerable flexibility in design and geometry. Exceptional situations calling for specific solutions for staircases， underpasses， the creation and building of balconies or other quality places，design of integrated balustrades， abutments，etc. could be dealt with simply， using the natural characteristics of the material. The brick and her building methods would allow various structural features to be solved integrally and merged into a uniform whole. This means integral design.

The use of brick was valuable not just for technical reasons， but also in terms of aesthetics，sustainability and urban design. The material would make the bridge part of the city: they had the same materiality， and so would form a single unite. The city bridge had the same DNA as other iconic parts of Nijmegen. The conceptual link was important. 550，000 bricks type flamenco made of clay of the River de Waal were used.

6　剖面/Section

评论

张雷：这个桥梁本应是工程技术逻辑主导下的设计任务，当代的技术条件在这方面并不存在任何障碍。建筑师对连续拱结构索拱结构的组合体，自然而合理的解释和回应了航道与河滩，交通与游憇的城市空间构成要素的相关性。

建筑师显然更加关心如何使桥梁这让的基础设施构筑物成为人性化的场所。墙面通向河滩的通道激活了桥梁与自然的关系，从而使得连续拱结构的底面和桥墩作为新的空间场所的界面显得非常重要。设计将约翰·拉斯金于工业革命初期提议的命题——传统工艺结合现代技术，重新引入我们的视野，并且赋予其新的都市公共空间意义。

作为装饰的弧面砖墙和精心雕琢的混凝土结构表面，唤起当代人对古老砖石砌筑的记忆。

Comments

ZHANG Lei: This bridge was supposed to be a project under the guidance of engineering and technological logic， with no obstacles in contemporary technical conditions. The architects naturally and rationally explained the combination of segmented arch-structure and cable arch-structure which responded to the relevance of the elements in urban space consisting of channels， river shores， transportation and entertainments.

Obviously， architects were more concerned with a humanized infrastructure of the bridge. The tunnel that led the wall to the flood land activated the relationship between the bridge and the nature， so as to emphasize the importance of the continuous arch structure of the bottom surface and the piers to be the interface of new space. The design brought to our attention responds to the subject proposed by John Ruskin in the early stage of the industrial revolution， namely， the combination of traditional technology with modern technology， attaching to it a new significance of urban public space.

The arc-surfaced brick wall ornament and decorative surface of concrete structure aroused the memory of contemporary people of long-standing masonry.

青锋：这实际上是一座属于混凝土与钢的桥，主要结构材料以及形态特质都来自于钢与混凝土的整体性。砖的作用是符号性的，主要用于呼应城市建筑传统以及桥下流淌的河流 – 烧制砖的泥土就来自于河道。在这个意义之上，砖的地位是附加的装饰。在一个大跨度桥梁中，这或许是不可避免的，当代交通设施对强度与可靠性的要求对于砖来说显然过于苛刻。或许我们应该重新考虑砖的角色，如果主动避免将砖的装饰效用与结构效用混淆在一起，那么砖是否可以获得更明晰的应用？作为一种朴实的材料，砖不应该成为误解的来源，即使是作为装饰。

QING Feng: In actuality， this bridge is constructed using concrete and steel. Its main structural materials and morphological characteristics stem from the integrity of the above two materials. The brick acts as a symbol to echo traditional urban architecture， and as the brick came from the clay in the river which flows beneath it. The brick can be considered as additional decoration， which is common for a long-span bridge， as modern transportation requires a certain integrity and reliability that is obviously too high for bricks alone. Maybe we should reconsider the role of bricks in the contempoary era. If we begin to avoid mixing the decorative and structural， could the impact of bricks become clearer？ As a simple material， bricks should not be a cause confusion， despite merely playing a decorative role.