用15N肥料标记法研究潮土中玉米氮肥的利用率与去向

山 楠， 杜连凤， 毕晓庆， 安志装， 赵丽平， 赵同科*

(1 中国农业大学资源与环境学院， 北京 100193; 2 北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所， 北京 100097)



用15N肥料标记法研究潮土中玉米氮肥的利用率与去向

山 楠1, 2， 杜连凤2， 毕晓庆2， 安志装2， 赵丽平2， 赵同科2*

(1 中国农业大学资源与环境学院， 北京 100193; 2 北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所， 北京 100097)

玉米;15N; 氮肥利用率; 盆栽培养

1　材料与方法

1.1试验点概况

1.2试验设计

1.3样品测定方法

玉米收获后取样，植株样烘干后称重，粉碎后测定15N同位素含量; 土壤样品风干后磨细，过0.15 mm筛，用于测定15N同位素。玉米植株和土样15N含量测定(质谱法)在河北省农林科学院遗传生理研究所用改进型ZHT-03质谱计(北京分析仪器厂)测定，测量精度0.1%。

1.4数据统计分析

氮素利用率主要计算方法[16]:

土壤全氮中来自标记15N肥料氮的百分数(Ndff， %)=土壤全氮的15N原子百分超/标记15N肥料原子百分超×100;

土壤全氮中来自15N肥料的氮量 (Ndff， g/pot)=土壤全氮含量(g/pot)×土壤全氮中来自肥料的百分数(%Ndff);

土壤中氮肥残留率(%)=土壤全氮中来自15N肥料的氮量(g/pot)/氮肥用量(g/pot)×100;

植株全氮中来自标记15N肥料氮的百分数(Ndff， %)=植株中15N肥料原子百分超/标记的15N肥料原子百分超×100;

植株全氮中来自15N肥料氮量 (Ndff， g/pot)=植物吸收的全氮含量(g/pot)×植物全氮中来自肥料的百分数(%Ndff);

肥料氮素回收率(%)=植物对15N肥料吸收的氮量(g/pot)/15N肥料施用量(g/pot)×100;

氮素总损失率(%)=(1-植株对氮肥回收率-土壤中氮肥残留率)×100;

肥料氮素损失量(g/pot)=氮肥用量(g/pot) ×氮素总损失率(%)。

试验数据采用Excel 2003和SPSS 17.0进行统计分析。

2　结果与分析

2.1玉米对氮素的吸收利用

表1　不同N肥水平下玉米植株地上部对肥料15N的吸收

注(Note): Ndff—肥料氮Nitrogen derived from fertilizer; Ndfs—土壤氮Nitrogen derived from soil; 同列不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)Different small letters in the same column mean significant difference at 0.05 level among treatments.

2.2土壤氮素残留规律

表2　不同氮肥水平下肥料15N在土壤中残留

注(Note): Ndff—肥料氮Nitrogen derived from fertilizer; 同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)Values followed by different small letters in the same column are significantly different at 0.05 level among treatments.

2.3氮素损失状况

3　讨论

3.1玉米对氮肥的吸收利用特性

注(Note): 同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著(P<0.05)Values followed by different small letters in the same column are significantly different at 0.05 level among treatments.

3.2玉米季的氮肥损失途径

4　结论

由此可见，氮素供应不足严重影响作物产量和氮肥的利用率。然而氮肥施用过量，不仅没有提高作物植株地上部生物量，反而造成氮肥的严重损失，降低氮肥利用率。该试验综合得出，N4处理，施肥量为N 88 mg/kg，作物对标记氮肥的吸收率为67.57%，标记氮肥土壤残留率为21.40%，标记氮肥损失率为11.04%，是较为科学合理的施肥量。

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Nitrogen use efficiency and behavior studied with15N labeled fertilizer in maize in fluvo-aquic soils

SHAN Nan1,2, DU Lian-feng2, BI Xiao-qing2, AN Zhi-zhuang2, ZHAO Li-ping2, ZHAO Tong-ke2*

(1CollegeofResourcesandEnvironmentalSciences,ChinaAgriculturalUniversity,Beijing100193,China; 2InstituteofPlantNutritionandResources,BeijingAcademyofAgricultureandForestrySciences,Beijing100097,China)

【Objectives】 In this study, an experiment was conducted for quantitative characteristics of nitrogen (N) fertilizer utilization and the fate of fertilizer N on “N uptake-soil residues-loss” in summer maize in Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry in 2013. 【Methods】 A pot experiment was carried out using15N-label method inside an artificial weather shed. Ten N fertilizer application rates were designed with three replicates: 0, 22, 44, 66, 88, 111, 133, 177, 222 and 266 mg/kg. The characteristics and nitrogen utilization of soil and maize plant were measured.【Results】 With the increase of N fertilizer applied, there was no significant difference in N fertilizer use efficiency, but showed a tendency of rising firstly and then falling. Agronomic efficiency of applied N-fertilizer and apparent N fertilizer recovery efficiency decreased significantly. The recovery ratio of15N was 9.01%-67.57% in maize season and the percentage of residual15N in soil was 21.40%-40.54%. Residual15N rates of different soil layers increased significantly with the increase of N fertilizer applied and decreased notably. Loss rates of15N increased significantly with the increase of N fertilizer applied and total15N loss ratio was 11.04%-50.45%. Compared with N 22, 44 and 66 mg/kg treatments, the soil N accumulation was reduced by 19.14%, 12.38% and 13.13% in N 88 mg/kg treatment, respectively. Moreover, the N loss rate was reduced by 39.41%, 7.88% and 13.88%, respectively. Compared with N 111, 133, 177, 222 and 266 mg/kg treatments, the plant N accumulation was increased by 5.88%-8.00% and the N recovery rate was increased by 9.06%-27.81% in N 88 mg/kg treatment. In the other hand, the soil N accumulation was reduced by 3.36%-17.30%, and the N loss rate during the maize growing period was reduced by 1.65%-13.57%.【Conclusions】 Under the condition of this experiment, proper rate of N applied in maize was recommended at 88 mg/kg, and N use efficiency was the highest with 67.57%, and the percentage of residual N and loss rate of N were the least with 21.40% and 11.04%, presenting less pressure to the environment.

maize;15N-label technique; nitrogen fertilizer utilization; pot experiment

2015-02-16接受日期: 2015-05-15

国家科技支撑计划项目(2012BAD15B01)资助。

山楠(1988—)， 女， 河北唐山人， 博士研究生， 主要从事农业环境方面的研究。 E-mail: sn.47@163.com

Tel: 010-51503584， E-mail: tkzhao@126.com

S143.1+4; S513.62

A

1008-505X(2016)04-0930-07