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Skp2在结直肠癌中的表达及其与VEGF、MVD的关系*

2016-07-26徐少勇

胃肠病学 2016年6期
关键词:结直肠肿瘤

马 丹 张 丽 徐少勇

武汉大学中南医院消化内科1(430071) 湖北医药学院附属人民医院病理科2 消化内科3



Skp2在结直肠癌中的表达及其与VEGF、MVD的关系*

马丹1张丽2徐少勇3#

武汉大学中南医院消化内科1(430071)湖北医药学院附属人民医院病理科2消化内科3

背景:近年来结直肠癌的发病率和死亡率呈上升趋势,从基因水平诊断和治疗癌症已成为一种新兴的有效手段。目的:探讨S期激酶相关蛋白2(Skp2)在结直肠癌中的表达及其与血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、肿瘤微血管密度(MVD)的关系。方法:选取2014年3月—2015年3月湖北医药学院附属人民医院35例结直肠癌患者,以15例癌旁组织作为对照。采用免疫组化SP法检测Skp2、VEGF表达和MVD值,分析其与临床病理特征的关系。结果:结直肠癌组织中Skp2表达显著高于癌旁组织(P=0.000),且与肿瘤分化、淋巴结转移呈正相关(P<0.05),与性别、年龄、TNM分期无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结直肠癌VEGF表达和MVD值显著高于癌旁组织(P=0.019,P=0.002),且与结直肠癌淋巴结转移和TNM分期相关(P<0.05)。结直肠癌Skp2表达与VEGF表达、MVD值均呈正相关(r=0.569,P=0.000;r=0.481,P=0.017)。结论:结直肠癌组织Skp2异常高表达可能与肿瘤血管生成有关,Skp2、VEGF表达和MVD值可作为判断结直肠癌恶性程度的重要指标。

关键词结直肠肿瘤;S期激酶相关蛋白质类;血管内皮生长因子类;微血管密度

Expression of Skp2 and its Relationship with VEGF and MVD in Colorectal CarcinomaMADan1,ZHANGLi2,XUShaoyong3.1DepartmentofGastroenterology,ZhongnanHospitalofWuhanUniversity,Wuhan(430071);2DepartmentofPathology,3DepartmentofGastroenterology,People’sHospitalofHubeiUniversityofMedicine,Shiyan,HubeiProvince

Correspondence to: XU Shaoyong, Email: xsy@hbmu.edu.cn

Microvessel Density

结直肠癌是常见的消化道恶性肿瘤[1],目前治疗多采用手术切除辅以放化疗的方法,但术后易转移复发,病死率高。近年来,随着分子生物学技术的迅猛发展,从基因分子水平诊断和治疗癌症已成为一种新兴的有效治疗手段。

肿瘤内部血管的形成对肿瘤生长、侵袭、转移具有重要作用,是直径超过2 mm的实体肿瘤生长的必要条件[2]。S期激酶相关蛋白2(Skp2)因能特异性识别磷酸化的蛋白底物,介导其泛素化降解,调节细胞周期而广受关注[3]。血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)在血管生成中起有关键作用,微血管密度(MVD)是肿瘤微血管形成的重要指标。本研究采用免疫组化法检测结直肠癌中Skp2、VEGF表达和MVD值,并分析Skp2与VEGF、MVD之间的关系,旨在为结直肠癌的分子生物治疗提供新的靶点。

对象与方法

一、研究对象

收集2014年3月—2015年3月湖北医药学院附属人民医院手术切除的结直肠癌石蜡标本35例和癌旁组织15例(切缘距离癌组织至少10 cm),诊断经病理学检查证实。所有病例术前均未行放疗、化疗以及其他肿瘤相关治疗。其中男20例,女15例;年龄31~77岁,平均58岁;低分化腺癌7例,中高分化腺癌28例;根据TNM分期,Ⅰ+Ⅱ期8例,Ⅲ+Ⅳ期27例。入选患者均知情同意。

二、研究方法

Skp2兔抗人多克隆抗体、VEGF兔抗人多克隆抗体购自Santa Cruz公司,CD34兔抗人单克隆抗体购自Abcam公司,免疫组化试剂盒购自欣博盛生物科技有限公司。

采用免疫组化SP法,全部标本连续5 μm厚切片,微波抗原修复,3% H2O2消除内源性过氧化氢酶,10%山羊血清封闭1 h后,分别加入一抗Skp2、VEGF(工作浓度1∶50)和CD34(工作浓度1∶100),4 ℃过夜。DAB显色,苏木素复染1 min,脱水,透明,封片。以PBS代替一抗作为阴性对照。

结果判断:①Skp2:细胞核呈棕黄色为Skp2表达阳性,随机选取5个高倍(×400)视野,每个视野计数100个细胞,计算阳性细胞百分率作为Skp2表达[4]。②VEGF:细胞质呈棕黄色为VEGF表达阳性。高倍(×400)视野下,观察阳性细胞占视野细胞总数的百分比和染色强度。阳性细胞数:0分:无细胞染色;1分:≤25%;2分:26%~50%;3分:≥51%;染色强度:0分:未着色;1分:细胞内散在或少量浅黄色;2分:细胞内片状棕黄色;3分:细胞内弥漫棕褐色。阳性细胞数与染色强度之和为VEGF表达[5]。③MVD:先在低倍镜(×40和×100)下寻找微血管密集区“热点”,然后在高倍镜(×200)下精确计数。凡被染成棕黄色的血管内皮细胞或内皮细胞团,且与周围微血管、肿瘤细胞或其他组织分界明确均可作为一个血管计数,但管腔面积大于8个红细胞或管壁带有较厚肌层除外。选取3个视野,取其均值作为该病例的MVD值[6]。

三、统计学分析

结果

一、Skp2、VEGF表达和MVD值

结直肠癌和癌旁组织中Skp2表达分别为35.5%±12.9%、2.2%±0.7%,VEGF表达分别为4.3±0.8、0.8±0.4,MVD值分别为57.6±13.0、22.5±0.4。结直肠癌中Skp2、VEGF表达和MVD值均明显高于癌旁组织(P=0.000,P=0.019,P=0.002)(图1)。

二、Skp2、VEGF和MVD与结直肠癌临床病理特征的关系

Skp2蛋白高表达与结直肠癌分化程度和淋巴结转移相关(P<0.05),与性别、年龄、TNM分期无关(P>0.05);VEGF蛋白高表达和MVD值与淋巴结转移和TNM分期相关(P<0.05),与性别、年龄、肿瘤分化程度无关(P>0.05)(表1)。

三、Skp2表达与VEGF、MVD的相关性

Spearman等级相关分析显示,结直肠癌中Skp2表达与VEGF表达、MVD值均呈正相关(r=0.569,P=0.000;r=0.481,P=0.017)。

讨论

泛素-蛋白酶体途径介导的蛋白质降解是真核生物调节细胞内蛋白水平的重要生理机制之一,SCF复合体(Skp1-Cullin-F-box)是泛素连接酶的重要组成部分,Skp2是F-box蛋白家族成员之一,在泛素-蛋白酶体降解通路中起特异性识别降解底物的作用[7]。研究表明,Skp2在多种恶性肿瘤中的表达明显升高[8-10]。结直肠癌中Skp2过度表达,可识别磷酸化p27并引导其降解,从而使细胞从G1期进入S期,调控肿瘤的生长。此外,Skp2还与肿瘤侵袭、转移密切相关[7]。

Skp2(×400) A:结直肠癌;B:癌旁组织; VEGF(×400) C:结直肠癌;D:癌旁组织; CD34(×200) E:结直肠癌;F:癌旁组织

特征例数Skp2表达(%)P值VEGF表达P值MVDP值性别 男2034.7±13.70.2094.0±0.70.88252.6±10.00.290 女1542.7±11.04.9±0.867.5±13.3年龄(岁) ≤50840.3±17.20.3574.6±0.80.24757.8±13.50.929 >502734.0±11.54.1±0.957.3±13.2分化程度 中-高2833.4±12.60.0134.2±0.90.19156.9±10.10.665 低749.5±7.04.8±0.759.9±22.6淋巴结转移 无825.3±6.10.0453.6±0.50.00053.2±7.80.007 有2742.2±6.95.0±0.666.9±13.7TNM分期 Ⅰ+Ⅱ期837.5±12.50.0903.2±0.40.00046.5±9.60.015 Ⅲ+Ⅳ期2734.2±8.25.5±0.862.3±10.8

肿瘤的生长、侵袭、转移均与血管有关,VEGF为血管生成过程中最关键的刺激因子。研究发现,结直肠癌中VEGF表达与MVD值呈高度正相关,两者的过度增高与恶性肿瘤复发率高和总生存率低密切相关[11]。目前Skp2是否能促进肿瘤血管新生及其机制均未见相关报道。Skp2可激活Sp1激动子,增加Sp1基因转录[12],在非小细胞肺癌、胃癌、前列腺癌等恶性肿瘤中Sp1转录因子表达较正常组织增高,并增强VEGF表达[13]。此外,Skp2还可激活c-Myc的转录[14],结直肠癌中c-Myc癌基因通过增强缺氧诱导因子(HIF)-1α、VEGF表达来促进肿瘤血管新生[2,15]。有文献证实以Skp2过表达转染子使Skp2过表达后,MMP-2、MMP-9表达上调,肺癌细胞A549侵袭能力增加[16];胃癌细胞MGC830沉默Skp2后,MMP-2和MMP-9表达下调[10]。而MMP-2和MMP-9在肿瘤血管新生中发挥重要作用[17]。上述研究结果说明Skp2可通过上调VEGF表达促进结直肠癌血管新生。

本研究发现,Skp2在结直肠癌中高表达,其表达与结直肠癌淋巴结转移和分化程度密切相关,与Li等[4]、Uddin等[18]的研究结果基本一致;VEGF在结直肠癌中高表达,MVD值升高,两者与淋巴结转移和TNM分期相关。此外,本研究还发现结直肠癌Skp2表达与VEGF、MVD呈正相关。推测在结直肠癌的发生、发展过程中,Skp2可能参与肿瘤血管生成的调控,有望成为结直肠癌抗肿瘤血管生成新的治疗靶点。后续研究将利用RNAi基因干扰技术沉默结直肠癌细胞中Skp2基因的表达,并观察肿瘤血管生成的情况,综合多方面实验数据,进一步探讨Skp2在结直肠癌中的作用。

参考文献

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7 Wang G, Chan CH, Gao Y, et al. Novel roles of Skp2 E3 ligase in cellular senescence, cancer progression, and metastasis[J]. Chin J Cancer, 2012, 31 (4): 169-177.

8 Yokoi S, Yasui K, Mori M, et al. Amplification and overexpression of SKP2 are associated with metastasis of non-small-cell lung cancers to lymph nodes[J]. Am J Pathol, 2004, 165 (1): 175-180.

9 Tian YF, Chen TJ, Lin CY, et al. SKP2 overexpression is associated with a poor prognosis of rectal cancer treated with chemoradiotherapy and represents a therapeutic target with high potential[J]. Tumour Biol, 2013, 34 (2): 1107-1117.

10Wei Z, Jiang X, Liu F, et al. Downregulation of Skp2 inhibits the growth and metastasis of gastric cancer cellsinvitroandinvivo[J]. Tumour Biol, 2013, 34 (1): 181-192.

11Des Guetz G, Uzzan B, Nicolas P, et al. Microvessel density and VEGF expression are prognostic factors in colorectal cancer. Meta-analysis of the literature[J]. Br J Cancer, 2006, 94 (12): 1823-1832.

12Tapias A, Ciudad CJ, Roninson IB, et al. Regulation of Sp1 by cell cycle related proteins[J]. Cell Cycle, 2008, 7 (18): 2856-2867.

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14Li X, Bian Y, Takizawa Y, et al. ERK-dependent downregulation of Skp2 reduces Myc activity with HGF, leading to inhibition of cell proliferation through a decrease in Id1 expression[J]. Mol Cancer Res, 2013, 11 (11): 1437-1447.

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17Dao Thi MU, Trocmé C, Montmasson MP, et al. Investigating metalloproteinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 mechanosensitivity to feedback loops involved in the regulation ofinvitroangiogenesis by endogenous mechanical stresses[J]. Acta Biotheor, 2012, 60 (1-2): 21-40.

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(2015-10-19收稿;2015-11-27修回)

DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1008-7125.2016.06.005

Background: In recent years, the incidence and mortality of colorectal carcinoma have been increasing rapidly. Diagnosing and treating cancer at gene level have become a new effective approach. Aims: To investigate the expression of S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2) and its relationship with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor microvessel density (MVD) in colorectal carcinoma. Methods: Thirty-five colorectal carcinoma patients from March 2014 to March 2015 at People’s Hospital of Hubei University of Medicine were enrolled. Fifteen para-cancerous tissue samples were served as controls. The expressions of Skp2, VEGF and MVD value were determined by immunohistochemical SP, and their relationships with clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed. Results: The expression of Skp2 in colorectal carcinoma was significantly higher than that in para-cancerous tissue (P=0.000), and was correlated with tumor differentiation and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05), but not with gender, age and TNM stage (P>0.05). Expression of VEGF and MVD value were significantly higher than those in para-cancerous tissue (P=0.019,P=0.002), and were correlated with lymph node metastasis and TNM stage (P<0.05). Expression of Skp2 was positively correlated with the expression of VEGF and MVD value in colorectal carcinoma (r=0.569,P=0.000;r=0.481,P=0.017). Conclusions: The abnormal high expression of Skp2 is involved in the angiogenesis of colorectal carcinoma. Skp2, VEGF expressions and MVD value may be served as important markers for malignancy degree of colorectal carcinoma.

Key wordsColorectal Neoplasms;S-Phase Kinase-Associated Proteins;Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors;

*本课题由湖北省科技厅自然基金资助项目资助(2011CDB127)

#本文通信作者,Email: xsy@hbmu.edu.cn

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