背诵“口诀”决胜高考完形
2016-07-02王晓霞
王晓霞
高考英语“完形填空”主要考察考生的综合学习能力,其中包括识词能力、阅读和理解能力、逻辑推理和判断能力等。笔者尝试把一些实用的方法和技巧编成口诀用以解读高考完形填空试题。
“完形填空不容易,摆正心态是前提,认真读和仔细选,心里不能太着急。”描述了应试的心态。很多学生在考试中一遇到“完形”就乱了方寸,主要表现为:急于求成,匆忙答题,没有篇章意识;忽略语篇首尾段, 割裂文章上下文;字词辨别不清,逻辑关系不明,往往是思维定式,生搬硬套。因此,摆正心态,坦然面对就显得十分重要。
“读全文明大意,整体把握要牢记,关键词和首尾段,这些信息很关键。”强调整体感知和对文章从语义上的整体把握。考生首先要有整体意识,不能见空就填、主观臆断。首先,跳跃空格,通读文章,抓住首尾句,体会文章的主题。其次,判断文章体裁,梳理文章脉络。各类体裁的文章都有着它自身的特点,如果是记叙文,考生就要了解文章的描述形式,是顺序、倒叙还是二者兼而有之,弄清它的六要素:时间、地点、人物、事件、发展和结果。如果是议论文,就要弄明白论点是什么,文章用什么方法围绕论点展开论证,是“归纳法(分——总)、演绎法(总——分)还是(总——分——总)”,是通过“正反对比”还是“列举实例”等等。只有抓住了贯穿始终的主线,才能把握作者行文的走向,调整并定位自己的解题思路,从而做出最终的判断。
“字词句篇环环扣,认真推敲找联系,词义搭配和复现,句法逻辑也要看。文化背景和常识,语篇情景之构建,都能帮你定答案。”从“词、句、篇”概括描述了做“完形填空”的方法和技巧。
一、在词汇层面上,词语辨析、固定搭配和词汇复现是选出最佳答案的三种技巧
1.词语辨析主要包括词义辨析和词形辨析。
例如:Given the right tools, we can train our brains to act like what they did when
we were younger. All thats 50 is the practice designed just for the purpose: a few exercises for the mind. 备选:A. required B. inquired C. acquired D. requested答案:A解析:考查形近词辨析。acquire“获得”;inquire“询问,打听”;request“请求,要求”;require“需要”。根据句意“所需要的就是为了这个目的而设计的练习”可知required合适。
2.固定搭配主要以动词的搭配和介词习语为主。
例如:“You can get a computer to 51 multiple-choice assessments, but you cannot get the computer to produce of assess essays, can you?” asked Michael.(2008江西) 备选: A. point out B. take out C. hand out D. print out 答案:D 解析:考查动词短语的辨析。point out意思是“指出”;take out是“带(某人)去(某处),获得”;hand out意为“分发”; print out意思是“打印出”。结合句意,答案应选D。
3.词汇复现包括原词复现、同义词复现。
例如:From the time each of my children started, I packed their lunches. Since I was 34 making lunch for his younger brother, I 35 one for Mare, too.(08全国卷) 34备选: A. once B. again C. still D. even 35备选:A. packed B. fetched C. bought D. filled 答案:34. C 35. A 解析:34考查副词词义辨析。 once“曾经”;again“再,又”;still“仍,还”;even“甚至”。此处意为Mare的弟弟在上学,我还要给他包午餐,故选C。 35属于原词复现。pack“包”;fetch“拿来”;buy“买”;fill“装满”。在文章的第一段就提到了“我”每天要给孩子们包午餐,所以此处的句意是:再给Mare的弟弟包午餐时,也给Mare包了一个,故选A。
二、在单句层面上,做题的技巧是句子结构和逻辑
1.句子结构。
例如:I had an auto-repair man once, who, on these intelligence tests, could not 38 have scored more than 80. (NMET2002) 备选:A. always B. possibly C. certainly D. frequently 答案 B 解析:这个句子中,介词短语以插入语的形式把定语从句割裂开来,进而使得整个句子松散影响整体理解,因而考生首先要在脑海中理清句子结构才能有一个准确的理解。
2.逻辑关系主要包括并列、对比、转折、时间、条件、让步、原因和结果等。
例如:“Youre right, Josh. He may have a small build, 46 he certainly well knows
his job…….备选: A. but B. however C. so D. therefore答案:A解析:考察句子的逻辑关系。前面提到,他可能有瘦小的体格,而后文讲,但是,他很了解自己的工作,前后应是转折关系。
三、在语篇层面上,可以把文化常识、语篇结构和情景构建归纳为解决问题的技巧
1.文化常识。
例如:She was competing against very talented girls, and she knew it would be difficult for her to be selected. Two hours later, the 19 read a list of the girls of for a second tryout.备选: A. editor B. boss C. candidate D. judge 答案:D解析:根据常识可知,在竞赛时,宣布第二轮选拔赛名单的人最有可能的“裁判员”,故选D。
2.语篇结构。
例如:Supporters claim that there are many benefits of service learning. Perhaps most importantly, students are forced to think beyond their own interests and become aware of the needs of others. Students are also able to learn real-life skills that include responsibility, problem-solving, and working as part of a team. 45 , students can explore possible careers through service learning.备选: A. Gradually B. Finally C. Luckily D. Hopefully答案:B 解析:根据第一个好处的 “most importantly”到第二个好处的 “also”可以推断出连接最后一个好处的副词应选 “finally”。
3. 情景构建。
例如:“They are experienced laborers who know how to spread the weight of the rocks they carry . See how the man positions the rock just at the slope of his 43 . Some of the rocks weight is set 44 his head, some on the right hand and some on the left hand. His body isnt bent. His legs are well 45. ” (08江西)43备选: A. shoulder B. back C. chest D. arms 44备选:A. on B. against C. toward D. under45备选:A. supported B. grasped C. placed D. strengthened答案:43.A 44. B 45. C 解析:43、44、45三空所在的这个段落给我们表述了搬用工人“搬运石头”的情景。作为有经验的搬运工,他们知道如何均衡石头的重量。他们把石头放在肩膀上,石头抵着头,一部分重量在左手上,一部分重量在右手上,身子不是弯着的,双腿的放置也很合适。
本文通过口诀的方式来解读高考完形填空,希望能对考生们有所裨益。
(作者单位:河南省郑州市第十二中学)