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火眼金睛识标志,类聚群分学倒装

2016-06-23安徽省宿州第二中学

青苹果 2016年6期
关键词:助动词句首主句

安徽省宿州第二中学 杜 聪 梅 梅



火眼金睛识标志,
类聚群分学倒装

安徽省宿州第二中学杜 聪梅 梅

倒装(Inversion)是英语语法的一个重要组成部分,了解、掌握倒装句各种句式的用法,不仅能提高我们对英语语言的欣赏能力,而且对我们英语表达能力的提高也大有裨益。

一、什么是倒装

在英语中,句子的语序通常是主语在前,谓语在后,但有时由于语法或修辞的需要,将谓语的一部分(通常是助动词或情态动词)或全部提到主语前面,这样的语序叫作倒装。倒装分为两种:

1.完全倒装

整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装。

强调部分+谓语动词(vi)+主语。例如:

Away went the boy!

2.部分倒装

只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语前面叫部分倒装。

强调部分+助动词、情态动词或系动词be等+主语+谓语。例如:

Never will he forget his first time to take a plane.

二、寻找标志,巧学倒装

1.寻找完全倒装的标志,巧学全部倒装的句型

(1)在here,there引导的句子中,谓语是be,exist等表示状态的不及物动词时,应使用完全倒装句型。例如:

There seems something wrong about it.

Here are some books for you,Wang Lin.

(2)在here,there引导的句子中,谓语是come,go等时,应使用完全倒装句型。例如:

There goes the bell.

Here comes the bus.

若主语是人称代词,则不用完全倒装。例如:

Here you are.

(3)在副词now,then,thus引导的句子中,谓语动词是come,follow,begin,end等时,应使用完全倒装句型。例如:

Now comes your turn.

Then followed a shot of gun.

Thus ended the party.

(4)在in,out,up,down,away,off等作状语置于句首,谓语动词是come,go,rush,run等不及物动词的句子中时,应使用完全倒装句型。例如:

In came a little boy.

Away ran the prisoner.

Off went the horses.

若主语是人称代词,则不用完全倒装。例如:

In he came and the lecture began.

Up it flew.

(5)在地点状语置于句首,谓语动词是be,stand,sit,lie等时,应使用完全倒装句型。例如:

From the distance came a doctor.

On the ground lay a sick goat.

In the front of the classroom stood a teacher.

2.寻找不完全倒装的标志,巧学部分倒装的句型

(1)在以hardly,scarcely,rarely,little,seldom,never,nowhere,by no means等否定或半否定意义的词位于句首表示强调的句子中时,应使用部分倒装句型。例如:

Hardly can you understand the text.

Scarcely did he live in the countryside.

Never before have I met him.

Nowhere could we find the book.

(2)not until引导的时间状语或从句出现在句首时,主句应使用部分倒装句型。例如:

Not until midnight did it stop raining.

Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.

(3)“no sooner...than...”,“hardly(scarcely)...when...”(一……就……)中的no sooner,hardly或scarcely位于句首时,主句应使用部分倒装句型。例如:

No sooner had they got to the classroom than they started to study.

Hardly had he entered the house when it began to rain.

(4)“not only...but also...”位于句首但不连接主语时,应使用部分倒装句型。例如:

Not only can he speak English but also French.

注1:若连接两个分句时,第一个分句用部分倒装,第二个分句不倒装。例如:

Not only did he speak correctly,but also he spoke fluently.

注2:若连接两个主语时不倒装。例如:

Not only the teacher but also his students have been to the Great Wall.

(5)only放在句首且修饰介词短语、副词或状语从句时,主句应使用部分倒装句型。例如:

Only in this way can we learn English well.

Only then did I realize the importance of English study.

Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know.

注:如果only位于句首但修饰的是主语,则不用倒装。例如:

Only women can use this room.

(6)so(用于肯定句),neither/nor(用于否定句)放在句首,表示前面的情况也适用于另一人(或事物)时,应使用部分倒装句型。例如:

He is interested in English.So am I.

—Do you know Jack quarreled with his brother?

—I don't know,nor do I care.

(7)在so/such...that结构中,so或such放在句首时,主句应使用不完全倒装句型。例如:

So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.

3.寻找特殊倒装的标志,巧学特殊倒装的句型

有些倒装句型的构成不是将谓语动词或助动词前置,而是将特殊的内容前置,常见的有以下几种:

(1)as(尽管)引导让步状语从句时,通常将句中的表语、状语或动词提到句首,从而构成特殊倒装句型,此时as还可以换成though。例如:

Yong as he was,he was already manager of a big hotel.

Child as she is,she has been to many places.

Much as I like the car,I will not buy it.

Try hard as he will,he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

(2)在if引导的虚拟条件句中,若从句中的谓语含有were,should,had时,可以将这些词提至句首,省略if,从而构成特殊倒装句型。例如:

Were she here,she would support the plan.

Should anyone call,tell him to wait for me here.

Had I been informed earlier,I could have done something.

(3)有时为了使上下文衔接紧密,或为了给表语以更突出的位置,通常把表语或状语提前,主语和谓语完全倒装,这种特殊倒装句型可称为平衡倒装句。例如:

He was born poor and poor he remained all his life.

Very grateful we are for your help.

(4)有时一个情态动词或助动词后的动词原形也可能移到句子前面来,构成特殊倒装。例如:

But however long it takes,solve it we must.

That day will not come very quickly or easily,but come it surely will.

三、运用倒装结构,完成句子

1.Not only__(护士想要)a pay increase,they want reduced hours as well.

2.No sooner__Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.

3.Only when you can find peace in your heart__(你才可以保持)good relationships with others.

4.At no time__(他们违反)the rules of the game.It was unfair to punish them.

5.Not until he went through real hardship __(他意识到)the love we have for our families is important.

Key:1.do the nurses want 2.had 3.will you keep 4.did they break 5.did he realize

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