火眼金睛识标志，类聚群分学倒装

安徽省宿州第二中学　杜 聪　梅 梅



火眼金睛识标志，
类聚群分学倒装

安徽省宿州第二中学杜 聪梅 梅

倒装（Inversion）是英语语法的一个重要组成部分，了解、掌握倒装句各种句式的用法，不仅能提高我们对英语语言的欣赏能力，而且对我们英语表达能力的提高也大有裨益。

一、什么是倒装

在英语中，句子的语序通常是主语在前，谓语在后，但有时由于语法或修辞的需要，将谓语的一部分（通常是助动词或情态动词）或全部提到主语前面，这样的语序叫作倒装。倒装分为两种：

1.完全倒装

整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装。

强调部分+谓语动词（vi）+主语。例如：

Away went the boy!

2.部分倒装

只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语前面叫部分倒装。

强调部分+助动词、情态动词或系动词be等+主语+谓语。例如：

Never will he forget his first time to take a plane.

二、寻找标志，巧学倒装

1.寻找完全倒装的标志，巧学全部倒装的句型

（1）在here，there引导的句子中，谓语是be，exist等表示状态的不及物动词时，应使用完全倒装句型。例如：

There seems something wrong about it.

Here are some books for you，Wang Lin.

（2）在here，there引导的句子中，谓语是come，go等时，应使用完全倒装句型。例如：

There goes the bell.

Here comes the bus.

若主语是人称代词，则不用完全倒装。例如：

Here you are.

（3）在副词now，then，thus引导的句子中，谓语动词是come，follow，begin，end等时，应使用完全倒装句型。例如：

Now comes your turn.

Then followed a shot of gun.

Thus ended the party.

（4）在in，out，up，down，away，off等作状语置于句首，谓语动词是come，go，rush，run等不及物动词的句子中时，应使用完全倒装句型。例如：

In came a little boy.

Away ran the prisoner.

Off went the horses.

若主语是人称代词，则不用完全倒装。例如：

In he came and the lecture began.

Up it flew.

（5）在地点状语置于句首，谓语动词是be，stand，sit，lie等时，应使用完全倒装句型。例如：

From the distance came a doctor.

On the ground lay a sick goat.

In the front of the classroom stood a teacher.

2.寻找不完全倒装的标志，巧学部分倒装的句型

（1）在以hardly，scarcely，rarely，little，seldom，never，nowhere，by no means等否定或半否定意义的词位于句首表示强调的句子中时，应使用部分倒装句型。例如：

Hardly can you understand the text.

Scarcely did he live in the countryside.

Never before have I met him.

Nowhere could we find the book.

（2）not until引导的时间状语或从句出现在句首时，主句应使用部分倒装句型。例如：

Not until midnight did it stop raining.

Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted.

（3）“no sooner...than...”，“hardly（scarcely）...when...”（一……就……）中的no sooner，hardly或scarcely位于句首时，主句应使用部分倒装句型。例如：

No sooner had they got to the classroom than they started to study.

Hardly had he entered the house when it began to rain.

（4）“not only...but also...”位于句首但不连接主语时，应使用部分倒装句型。例如：

Not only can he speak English but also French.

注1：若连接两个分句时，第一个分句用部分倒装，第二个分句不倒装。例如：

Not only did he speak correctly，but also he spoke fluently.

注2：若连接两个主语时不倒装。例如：

Not only the teacher but also his students have been to the Great Wall.

（5）only放在句首且修饰介词短语、副词或状语从句时，主句应使用部分倒装句型。例如：

Only in this way can we learn English well.

Only then did I realize the importance of English study.

Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know.

注：如果only位于句首但修饰的是主语，则不用倒装。例如：

Only women can use this room.

（6）so（用于肯定句），neither/nor（用于否定句）放在句首，表示前面的情况也适用于另一人（或事物）时，应使用部分倒装句型。例如：

He is interested in English.So am I.

—Do you know Jack quarreled with his brother?

—I don't know，nor do I care.

（7）在so/such...that结构中，so或such放在句首时，主句应使用不完全倒装句型。例如：

So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.

3.寻找特殊倒装的标志，巧学特殊倒装的句型

有些倒装句型的构成不是将谓语动词或助动词前置，而是将特殊的内容前置，常见的有以下几种：

（1）as（尽管）引导让步状语从句时，通常将句中的表语、状语或动词提到句首，从而构成特殊倒装句型，此时as还可以换成though。例如：

Yong as he was，he was already manager of a big hotel.

Child as she is，she has been to many places.

Much as I like the car，I will not buy it.

Try hard as he will，he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

（2）在if引导的虚拟条件句中，若从句中的谓语含有were，should，had时，可以将这些词提至句首，省略if，从而构成特殊倒装句型。例如：

Were she here，she would support the plan.

Should anyone call，tell him to wait for me here.

Had I been informed earlier，I could have done something.

（3）有时为了使上下文衔接紧密，或为了给表语以更突出的位置，通常把表语或状语提前，主语和谓语完全倒装，这种特殊倒装句型可称为平衡倒装句。例如：

He was born poor and poor he remained all his life.

Very grateful we are for your help.

（4）有时一个情态动词或助动词后的动词原形也可能移到句子前面来，构成特殊倒装。例如：

But however long it takes，solve it we must.

That day will not come very quickly or easily，but come it surely will.

三、运用倒装结构，完成句子

1.Not only＿＿（护士想要）a pay increase，they want reduced hours as well.

2.No sooner＿＿Mo Yan stepped on the stage than the audience broke into thunderous applause.

3.Only when you can find peace in your heart＿＿（你才可以保持）good relationships with others.

4.At no time＿＿（他们违反）the rules of the game.It was unfair to punish them.

5.Not until he went through real hardship ＿＿（他意识到）the love we have for our families is important.

Key：1.do the nurses want 2.had 3.will you keep 4.did they break 5.did he realize