离子型稀土资源高效利用技术

杨斌 杨幼明

摘 要：本研究是针对我国离子型稀土产业环境污染问题，提出采用无氨浸矿与无皂化萃取分离方案，实现离子型稀土资源绿色高效提取、清洁分离。课题从离子型稀土矿山渗流场理论及应用、离子型稀土数字矿山、离子型稀土新型浸矿剂、无氨氮排放-水系循环稀土洁净萃取分离技术集成三个主要方面展开研究。 通过近两年研究，在离子型稀土矿山渗流场理论及应用方面，已建立离子型稀土原地浸矿开采的一维稳定渗流模型，确定了单宽渗流量与渗透系数和特征参数C1的相关性，定量描述了特征参数C1的绝对值随底板坡度 、注液井压力水头h1、水平间距L关系；解析了离子型稀土矿土浸泡后的强度特性及其物理性质随时间变化而产生的差异；掌握了渗流过程微颗粒迁移规律以及土样渗透系数随水力梯度的变化规律。 通过收集不同稀土矿山矿区的地质资料和补充实测，建立全矿区矿床地质数据库，为矿山地形地质模型、矿体实体模型等提供基本数据；并据此建立地表模型、围岩模型、矿床模型，基本实现矿山三维地质建模，可以真实形象的显示地表模型、地层、构造、矿体；创建了矿体块体模型和品位模型，实现了矿床块段建模及储量统计；设计了一套无线传感器自动控制注液的物联网方案，对智能注液可实施性进行了论证；确定数据采集方案和统计影响因素权重，建立了离子型稀土矿山滑坡危险性评价模型；制定了龙南稀土足洞试验矿区开采方案；并提出品位实时动态显示方案和经济效益分析方案、室内相似模拟实验方案。 通过可溶性盐的遴选与实验验证，结合离子型稀土矿浸出液流出曲线，筛选出可用于离子型稀土矿山的无氨复合浸矿剂，稀土浸出率达100%，且成本低，实现了矿山资源提取无氨化。 利用P507萃取稀土、N235萃取酸的特性，设计了P507-N235无皂化萃取分离稀土方案。优化后的有机相成分为：30-35%P507+25-30%N235+0-20%熿化煤油+45-25%环己烷。测定了复全萃取体系稀土萃合物的组成为REA3？（R3N？HA）？3R3NHCl；研究了复合萃取剂对稀土元素的萃取分离规律，证明了体系中稀土元素呈“正序萃取”，符合“镧系收缩”规则。 进行了复合萃取剂负载稀土反萃取研究，发现水能反萃负载有机相中的轻稀土.利用草酸沉淀，制备出砂状稀土化合物。

关键词：离子型稀土；氨氮；数字矿山；浸矿剂；萃取分离；无皂化

Abstract：This program， focusing on the pollution problem of IRE industry， proposed non-ammonium leaching technology and non-saponification extraction-separation process which have realized cleaner production and high-efficiency extraction of IRE. With more than 2 years of research， an one-dimensional steady seepage model for in-situ leaching and extraction of IRE was established. Thus， the relationship of the unit rate of seepage flow， permeability coefficient and feature parameter C1 has been revealed. The effects of bottom-board gradient， injection-well pressure h1 and horizontal interval L on the feature parameter C1 have been quantitatively described. The effect of time on the strength characteristics and physical properties of IRE mine after leaching has been analyzed. Moreover， the mechanism of microparticle migration and the change rule of permeability coefficient with hydraulic gradient in seepage process have been mastered. Based on the supplemental measured data and collected geologic information of different mining area， geological database of all IRE ore deposit was established. Thus， the database could provide basic data for topographical and hypostatic models which can help to build three-dimensional geological model and visually display the structure of the ground surface， stratum and ore body. Furthermore， block model and ore grade model were set up to calculate ore reserve. The IOT scheme of automatically controlled flooding with wireless sensor was designed， and the feasibility of intelligent flooding was also proved. Non-ammonia compound agent used to leach RE was selected from several soluble salts by comparing with the leaching solution effluent curves during the process of leaching RE. Comparing with ammonium sulfate， the non-ammonia compound agent has lots of advantages such as high RE leach yield and low cost. So， non-ammonia extraction of RE from the ores has been realized. Non-saponification extraction and separation of RE used P507 and N235 as extractant was developed based on the characteristics of P507 extracting RE and N235 extracting acid from the leaching solution. During the extracting process， Stripping of RE from the loaded organic phase was studied. Results showed that light RE in the loaded organic phase can be stripped with water. Arenaceous RE compound was prepared using RE oxalic acid precipitation as material.

Key words：Ion-absorbed rare earth ore； ammonia-nitrogen； digital mine； leaching reagent； extraction-separation； non-saponification

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