环境工效综合影响因素及机理研究

林燕丹　艾剑良　王玮　董孟迪　邱婧婧

摘要：本研究前期通过对波音、空客全系列驾驶舱设计进行文献调研和在空客、波音实际驾舱内的进行实地飞行调研和测量，提取了可能影响飞行员视觉工效的关键环境因素，针对调研结果设立了实验目标。同时，建立驾驶舱照明三维沉浸式半物理仿真平台评估系统，用以评估机舱照明状况。在这一实验平台的基础上，设计与开展一系列的视觉工效学实验，获得在多个环境参数变化下，驾驶舱内视觉疲劳、作业绩效及对视觉信息获得的准确程度随参数变化的实验数据库，建立基于关键环境因素变化的视觉舒适、视觉疲劳和作业绩效的评估模型。 在前期研究成果基础上，本研究在上一年度进一步完善实验平台，搭建驾驶舱简易模型，编写驾驶舱照明环境视觉工效试验软件作为工效学实验研究的工具，同时在白天和黑夜场景下开展了一系列多角度驾驶舱光照环境和多眼位眩光试验。 本课题组汇总了前期开展的13项驾驶舱视觉工效学研究，总结了色温、眩光源亮度、眩光源视场角、眩光源立体角、目标周围背景亮度、目标类型、目标亮度、目标颜色、目标视张角、目标振动方向、目标振动频率、目标振动振幅、目标位置、观察距离 、频闪、亮度阶跃、环境光类型、环境亮度和实验时段各因素对被试主观评价、视觉作业绩效和反应时的影响程度。在此基础上构建驾驶舱环境评估模型，总共分为安全告警、探测反应和舒适偏好三个子模块，安全告警模块主要包含非视觉生理安全、眩光安全和信息可读性等。在安全告警模块中将提出安全范围的区间。探测反应模块主要是考察速率-准确率这一变量，它受到亮度对比度、座舱人工照明背景亮度、立体角度等因素的影响。此模块将建立速率-准确率与影响因素函数模型，并引入外界眩光源、恶劣天气条件光参数、飞机振动等控制变量。舒适偏好模块主要受照度、色温、眩光源和噪音等因素影响。驾驶舱环境评估模型的构建将分别以各子模块为因变量建立子模型，同时以总体评分为因变量建立总模型。

关键词：环境工效；振动；眩光；视觉绩效；舒适性

Abstract：The previous study reviewed the cockpit design of All Boeing and Airbus airplane by literature research and field measurements. It extracted key environmental factors that could affect the pilots visual ergonomics. Based on the survey results， the experiment goals had been setup. Meanwhile， a three-dimensional immersive cockpit lighting semi-physical simulation platform evaluation system has been established to assess the cabin lighting conditions. Based on this experimental platform， we designed and carried out a series of visual ergonomics experiments， obtained data including visual fatigue in the cockpit， the operating performance， the accuracy of the visual information to establish the evaluation model of visual comfort， visual fatigue and job performance according to the key environmental factors. Based on the preliminary findings， this year we improved the experimental platform including building a simple model of the cockpit， programming a cockpit lighting environment visual ergonomics software. The effects of vibration on visual performance had been investigated in the experiment. And a series of multi-angle cockpit lighting conditions and multiple eye position glare experiments in the daytime and night scenes had been carried out. We summarized the 13 cockpit visual ergonomics studies we have conducted， extracting the key factors including the color temperature， the field angle of the glare source， the solid angle of the glare source. And their effects on visual task performance reaction time were also examined. Based on these results， a cockpit environmental assessment model was built. It was divided into three sub-modules： security alarm， detection reaction and comfort preferences. The security alarm module consists mainly of non-visual physiological safety， security and information glare legibility. In this sub-model， a safety zone range was proposed. Detection module is to investigate the variable of rate- accuracy. It was affected by brightness， contrast， background luminance of cockpit artificial lighting and other factors. This module would establish a function model of rates - accuracy and introduced factors of outside the glare source， optical parameters harsh adverse weather condition， aircraft vibration control variables. Comfort preferences module is mainly affected by factors illuminance， color temperature， glare and noise sources. The cockpit environmental assessment model would include the three sub- modules.

Keywords：Environmental Ergonomics； Vibration； Glare； Visual performance； Comfort