同位语从句与中心词的句法关系
2016-05-30闫跃
闫跃
同位语从句与中心词之间的逻辑语义联系在结构上的体现有以下两种：
第一种是同位语从句可作以中心词为主语，以系动词be为谓语的表语从句。
I agree with the old saying that absence makes the heart grow fonder.
俗话说，离别增情意，我也同意这种说法。
（依句意：The old saying is that absence makes the heart grow fonder.）
第二种是同位语从句可充当中心词对应动词在主动语态中的宾语从句。
The police reported that the drugs had been found appeared in the press yesterday.
昨天某媒体报道警方报告已经找到毒品。
（依句意：The police reported that the drugs had been found.）
对于同位语从句的语法分析固然适用于大部分情况，但同位语从句与中心词的句法关系并不只此两种。对于第一种情形，如果同位语从句不是由that引导，那么中心词与同位语除了可以用be动词连接外，二者之间亦存在用动词refer to连接的情形，此时同位语从句就变成为宾语从句。
Then arose the question where we were to get the machines needed.
这时就产生了这样一个问题：我们到哪儿去找所需要的机器。
（依句意：The question referred to where we were to get the machines needed.）
对于第二种情形，所列举的例句仅涵盖同位语从句可以转化为中心词对应动词的单一宾语从句的情况，但这种宾语从句还应包括在双宾语中用作直接宾语的从句。
Presidents bodyguards serve as a reminder that he is no ordinary guy out for a walk.
总统的保镖们使人们意识到他不是个出来散步的普通人。
（依句意： Presidents bodyguards remind people that he is no ordinary guy out for a walk.）
作为构成同位语从句的必要条件，除上述情形外，同位语从句与中心词之间的逻辑语义关系还存在以下类型：
1. 同位语从句可作中心词的对应动词在主动语态中作谓语的主从复合句的主语从句，如appearance，occurrence。
Critics say earnings guidance supports short-term business thinking. But others say ending it could give the appearance that a company is trying to hide bad news.
批评者说盈利预期会刺激企业短视的商业思维。但是另一些人则声称停止发布业绩指引会使该公司看起来在企图隐藏坏消息。
（依句意：It appears that a company is trying to hide bad news.）
Credit insurance will protect your business in the occurrence that customers fail to pay their invoices.
在出现有顾客未能支付采购清单款项的情况下，信用保险会对你的商业会起到保护作用。
（依句意：It occurs that customers fail to pay their invoices.）
2. 由保留疑问意义的连接代词或连接副词引导的同位语从句，若中心词表示一确定概念，如命令、请求、建议等，同位语从句与中心词不能由系动词be直接连接，也不可直接充当中心词对应动词的宾语，而要在系动词be与同位语从句之间加入一个表示“关于”意义的介词，或者用一个不表示“什么、是否”这一疑问概念的成分替换该连接代词或连接副词，使同位语从句转化成中心词对应动词的宾语从句。
The order when we should return has not reached us.
我们什么时候返回的命令还未到。
（依句意：The order is about when we should return.或They order we should return at a certain time.）
3. 介词宾语从句略去介词最常见的是在形容词后面，这就使得原名词从句取得了超出名词性质的状语功能，因其表示形容词属性的相关方面，可称方面状语从句。同位语从句在某些情况下就可作由中心词对应的形容词作表语的主从复合句的方面状语从句，如awareness，eagerness。
But there is a growing awareness that this is not enough.
但人们越来越意识到这还是不够的。
（依句意：People are growingly aware that this is not enough.）
I can understand their eagerness that you should be the main speaker.
我理解他们希望你作主要发言人的殷切心情。
（依句意：They are eager that you should be the main speaker.）
4. 还有一种从句与中心词在语法上不存在上述三种关系，该中心词之前一般有一个表示全部否定的限定词，连同后面的从句构成一种相对固定的句式，但后面的从句同样称为同位语从句，这类句式主要有：have no diea ...，have no doubt that ...和there is no doubt that ...。
They have no idea where they should be this afternoon.
他们一点也不知道今天下午应该呆在什么地方。
I have no doubt that we shall be able to do something for you.
我确信我们能帮你做些什么。
There was no doubt that he was a fine scholar.
毫无疑问他是一位优秀的学者。
综上所述，同位语从句与中心词的句法关系存在以上若干情况，了解二者的句法关系有助于正确区分同位语从句与其他类型的从句，进而从语法结构这一层面加深我们对这一名词从句的认知。
[练习]
选择恰当的连接词补全下列句子。
1. The question he was absent from the conference really puzzled us.
A. why B. that
C. where D. if
2. They expressed the hope they would come over to China soon.
A. what B. who
C. that D. when
3. The possibility the majority of the labour force will work at home is often discussed.
A. whether B. how
C. that D. when
4. We are not looking into the question he is worth trusting.
A. when B.that
C. where D. Whether
5. That question we need it has not been considered.
A. that B. how
C. where D. whether
6. The order we should send a few people the other groups was received yesterday.
A. that； to help
B. whether； help
C. that； helped
D. whether； helping
[参考答案]
1～6 ACCDDA
