短文改错的技巧点拨
2016-05-30张小梅
张小梅
短文改错考查同学们正确使用词语和语法结构及语言综合能力的运用,及发现、判断、把握语篇中行文逻辑等能力。
高考重点从词法、句法、行文逻辑等角度考查短文改错。考查更加注重语言运用功能,取材范围更广泛,注重语言的综合应用能力。同学们在平时写作中常出现的错误是短文改错考查的重点。
短文改错的常见错误类型
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1.谓语动词的时态和语态。
2.句子结构和句子完整性。
3.名词单复数及主谓一致问题。
4.上下文语意和代词。
5.介词的固定搭配。
6.固定,习惯用法。
7.形容词和副词是否误用及其比较等级是否正确。
8.冠词的取舍与选择是否正确。
9.连词和从句引导词。
10.非谓语动词的形式是否正确。
例1 (2014新课标Ⅱ卷)假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处错误,每句中最多有两处,每处仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号(∧),并在其下面写出该加的词。
删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。
注意:1. 每处错误及其修改均仅限一词;
2. 只允许修改10处,多者(从第11处起)不计分。
My dream school starts at 8:30 a.m. and ends at 3:30 p.m. They are three lessons in the morning and two in the afternoon. We didnt need to do so many homework. Therefore, we have more time with after-school activities. For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.
My dream school look like a big garden. There are all kinds of the flowers and trees around the classroom buildings. We can lie on the grass for a rest, or sat by the lake listening music. The teachers here are kind and helpfully. They are not only our teachers but also our friends.
解析 第二句:They→There
表示“上午有三节课,下午有两节课”应使用there be句型。
第三句:didnt→dont
全文时态是以一般现在时为主,故应将didn't改为dont。
第三句:many→much
homework是不可数名词,故应用much修饰。
第四句:with→for
表示时间、金钱、空间等足够/足以(用于……)时,应使用介词for。
第五句:第一个hour→hours
“一个半小时”要说one and a half hours。
第六句:look→looks
主语My dream school(我梦想中的学校)是单数,其谓语动词也应使用第三人称单数形式。
第七句:删掉第一个the
all kinds of(各种各样的)后直接加可数名词复数或不可数名词,不用再加冠词。
第八句:sat→sit
We can lie...,or (can) sit...。
第八句:listening后加to
listen是不及物动词,按宾语时要加介词to。
第九句:helpfully→helpful
and连接两个形容词作表语,故应将副词helpfully改为形容词helpful。
点拨 同学们解短文改错类题时要遵循以下解题思路:①以词为中心,注意语意、行文逻辑和短语搭配等;②以句子为单位阅读,整句研读,逐句改错;③对照考点,推敲难点;④通读全文,最后复查。
[短文改错的解题步骤]
1. 从语篇入手,理解文章大意。
短文改错不是单句改错,每一句的语意表达、结构选择是受上下文制约的。如谓语动词时态的选择,代词的指代功能等都要依照上下文的线索进行判断。因此,同学们应立足于上下文,正确理解作者意图,把握短文的题材,从整体上把握全文。
2. 在理解大意的基础上,审查句子结构。
通读全文,了解文章大意、写作方式之后,应把主要注意力放在句子层次上,判断句子的表达是否符合行文逻辑,是否符合语法规范。从历年高考题来看,短文改错绝大多数题目还是句子层次的问题,侧重语言的准确性,所以,对句子结构正确与否的审查是关键的一步。
3. 从语法结构入手,进行语法改错。
在正误判断的基础上,根据语法规则改正句子中的错误之处。改错时应注意错误设计规律,如:共十处错误改动之处只能有—个词,或删掉(一词)或增(一词),或修改。
4. 通读全文。
错误改完之后要通读全文,以检查改错过程中是否有因上下文制约疏忽导致的误改。
例2 (2015年高考四川卷) Hello, boys and girls! Today, I am going to talk with what you should do when a fire alarm go off. If you hear the alarm, stand in line at the door and wait your teacher to lead you outside. Stay close to your teacher and classmate. Dont panic or get out of line, and trying to remain quiet and calmly. Soon the firefighters will come and put out a fire. If its a false alarm and there is no fire, your teacher will lead us back to the classroom. If you notice that when someone is missing and hurt, tell your teacher immediately.
解析 第二句:with→about
talk with sb.和某人交谈;talk about sth.谈论某事。
第二句:go→goes
主语是a fire alarm,谓语动词要用单数形式。
第三句:在wait后面加for
wait for sb. to do sth.等待某人做某事。
第四句:classmate→classmates
classmate是可数名词,根据语境可知不止有一个同学,所以要用复数形式。
第五句:trying→try
and连接的是两个并列的祈使句,前面是表示否定的祈使句,后面应是肯定的祈使句,所以要用动词原形。
第五句:calmly→calm
此处作系动词remain的表语,所以应用形容词,和quiet并列。
第六句:a→the
此处应该是特指上文提到的火灾险情。
第七句:us→you
人称代词错误。前文用的是人称代词your,所以此处也应该是you。
第八句:删掉when
引导词使用重复,that已经引导宾语从句,所以when多余,而且不符合语境。
第八句:and→or
此处是选择关系而不是并列关系。
点拨 注意短文改错的解题技巧:
1. 正确理解答题要求,搞清楚改什么(改动一个单词,不是两个,也不是改标点符号),怎么改(删除、补漏、纠错)。答卷一定要规范,各种符号不能缺少,形式和位置要正确。
2. 短文改错以句为单位设置错误。
3. 并非每句都有错,但若做题结果为多句无错,则说明可能有未被发现的错误,需进一步查找。
4. 拼写错误考点已被取消,不要把注意力用在寻找拼错的单词上,但应注意名词的单复数形式是否有问题。
5. 短文改错有别于单句改错,要重视文章的整体内容和前后照应。既要从单句入手检查语言错误,又要从全文着眼发现行文逻辑方面的问题。注意句与句之间的关系、前后文之间的联系和统一,这样才能将在单个句子中不易发现的错误,如连词运用不当、人称混乱、前后矛盾等问题全部找出来,进行全面改正。
6. 答题时,不仅要注意语法和用词方面的错误,还要注意篇章结构方面的错误。在不少情况下,判断是否有错误不能只看某个词语本身,甚至不能只看某个句子本身,而要弄清文章的含义及内在的逻辑关系等,再根据上下文去判断。
7. 要在弄清整篇内容的基础上,逐句寻查错误。可着重注意以下几个方面:
(1)看句子结构是否完整;
(2)看文中的习惯用法、固定搭配是否正确;
(3)看上下文的逻辑是否合理;
(4)看主谓是否一致,时态是否正确,冠词、代词、连词、关系代词和关系副词、名词的数和格、介词、形容词、副词使用是否得当。
8. 短文改错题集多项语法规则和多种语言技能于一身,在约100个词的短文中任何一处都可能出现错误。因此,解题时要力求判断准确,不要在本来正确的地方随意改动。
9.答题时应注意先易后难,先改题中比较明显易辨的错误,剩下的错误用错误类型排除法,就比较容易解答了。
练习
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假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。
A. As is known, that it is interesting to teach children to swim while they are still babies. Most large town in Florida and California have already run particularly lessons for babies. The idea has quickly spread to Europe which, in several countries, special courses were now offered to children who are from 7 to 24 months old. The first step is to have child get rid of the fear with water. Next, he is teaching to float in water. Once he can do that naturally and can swim with fear, the child can master the technique and push him forward through water.
B. One year ago, I was in great trouble. I worked hard at English and devote all my spare time to practise it. But I failed to pass the mid-term examination, which made me great disappointed. So I asked my grandpa for advice when I got to home. Hearing that I told him, he said, “To some extent, examination results are sometime unexpected by your study level. You cant judge your progress by one examination.” He encouraged myself to work hard for long time to check my results. I took my grandpas advice. Now I realize that the process of learning is much more important and my English is more better than before. From my experience, I feel that we should listen to opinion from old people.
参考答案
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A.
1.去掉that 2. town→towns 3. particularly→particular 4. which→where
5. were→are 6. have与child之间加a 7. with water→of water 8. teaching→taught
9. with→without 10. him→himself
B.
1. devote→devoted 2. practise→practicing 3. great→greatly 4. 去掉to
5. that→what 6. sometime→sometimes 7. myself→me 8. for和long 之间加a
9. more→much 10. opinion→opinions