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状语从句考点精析

2016-05-30俞江涛

高中生学习·高二版 2016年3期
关键词:句首主句连词

俞江涛

状语从句在英语中应用非常广泛,同时也是高考英语考查的重点内容。同学们在复习时应侧重where,before,unless,when,whatever(no matter what),however(no matter how)等引导的状语从句,以及其它惯用状语从句结构,如as,be just about to ... when; it wont be long before ... 等的用法。

[时间状语从句]

引导时间状语从句常用的连词有when,while,as,before,after,since,till/until,as soon as,once,the moment,whenever,by the time,hardly ... when,no sooner ... than等的用法。

1. when,while和as

(1)when引导时间状语从句的谓语既可以表示持续性动作或状态的动词,也可以表示短暂性动作的动词。从句的动作既可以和主句的动作同时发生,也可以先于主句的动作发生。当when引导时间状语从句的谓语动词是延续性动词时,可与while互换。

注意:①在when引导的时间状语从句中,如果主语与主句的主语相同,且动词又是be动词时,主语与be动词常常被省略。

②在when引导的时间状语从句中,若要表示有关将来的事情,通常用现在时代替将来时。

③when还可以用作并列连词,意为“正在这时(=at that/this time);然后(=and then)”,此时通常与be about to do,be doing或be on the point of doing连用。

(2)while引导时间状语从句的谓语动词必须是表示持续性动作或状态的动词,强调主句动作和从句动作的同时发生。while还可作并列连词,侧重主句动作和从句动作的对比。

(3)as强调主句和从句动作的相并发生,意为“一边……一边……”,也可以用来说明两种正在发展和变化的情况,此时常意为“随着”。

例1 (2015福建卷) the students came from different countries, they got along quite well in the summer camp.

A. While B. Unless

C. Since D. Until

解释 A。本题考查状语从句引导词用法。句意为:虽然这些学生来自不同的国家,但他们在夏令营相处得很融洽。while常见含意有“虽然;然而,而;在……期间,当……时;趁着”等,此处为“虽然”之意。

2. before和since

(1)before引导的时间状语从句,通常用现在时表示将来的动作,用现在完成时表示未来完成的动作。如果before引导的从句是过去时,主句可为过去时或过去完成时。before还可用于句型“It will be+段时间+before从句”表示“过多久才……”。

(2)在since引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去式,主句用现在完成时(主句表示时间时可用一般现在时代替现在完成时)。如:

It has been ten years since I came to know him.

It is ten years since I came to know him.

例2 (2015重庆卷)If you miss this chance, it may be years you get another one.

A. as B. before

C. since D. after

解释 B。before用于句型“It will/may be+段时间+before从句”表示“过多久才……”。

例3 (2013陕西卷)I have heard a lot of good things about you I came back from abroad.

A. since B. until

C. before D. when

解释 A。在since引导的时间状语从句中用一般过去式,主句用现在完成时。

3. until和till

until和till意义相同,通常可换用,但在强调结构、倒装句或句首时,一般用until。在肯定句中,当主句谓语动词为延续性动词时,通常意思为“直到……为止”,表示主句动作一直延续到until/till从句表示的时间才终止;在否定句中,当主句谓语动词为短暂性动词时,通常意思为“直到……才(做……)”,表示主句动作到until/till从句表示的时间才开始。

4. 表示“一……就……”

如the moment/the instant/the minute,each time/every time, the first/the last/the next time等和某些时间副词如immediately/instantly/directly等,引导时间状语从句。

5. no sooner ... than和hardly ... when

no sooner ... than和hardly ... when意为“一…… 就……”。主句的谓语动词通常要用过去完成时,从句的谓语动词用一般过去时。注意其倒装结构。

例4 (2012全国卷Ⅱ)I had hardly got to the office my wife phoned me to go back home at once.

A. when B. than

C. until D. after

解释 A。只要辨认出固定句型hardly ... when ... 问题即刻解决。句意:我刚到办公室,我妻子就给我打电话让我立刻回家。

[原因状语从句]

1. because, since和as

(1)because引导原因状语从句通常表示直接的原因,语气最强。在回答why问句时,只能用because而不能用since或as来回答。在强调句型中,如强调原因状语从句,要用because来引导从句。

(2)since引导原因状语从句通常表示已知的原因,意为“既然”,语气较because弱,且常置于句首。

(3)as引导愿因状语从句表示的原因较明显,且为双方所知,通常置于句首。

注意:并列连词for可引导表示原因的并列句,强调对前句内容进行补充说明。它通常不置于句首,并须用逗号与前句隔开。

例5 (2012重庆卷)—Coach, can I continue with the training?

—Sorry, you cant, you havent recovered from the knee injury.

A. until B. because

C. to consider D. unless

解释 C。短语语境表示“抱歉,你不能继续训练因为你膝盖受的伤还没有恢复”。由此可知,空白处后面为原因状语从句,C选项符合题意。

2. now that(其中that可省略)引导原因状语从句,意为“既然”。

例6 youve got a chance, you might as well make full use of it.

A. Now that B. After

C. Although D. As soon as

解释 A。由句意“既然现在你有个机会,你就应该充分利用它”可知,此处用now that引导原因状语从句,意思为“既然”。

[地点状语从句]

1. 地点状语从句由where,wherever引导。

2. 地点状语从句与定语从句的区别。

where引导的定语从句:从句前应有一个表示地点的名词作先行词;先行词在从句中必须充当状语。地点状语从句则没有表示地点的名词充当状语。如:

Go back to the village where you came from. (定语从句)

Go back where you came from. (状语从句)

例7 (2015安徽卷) he once felt like giving up, he now has the determination to push further and keep on going.

A. Where B. As

C. In case D. Now that

解释 A。此处是where引导地点状语从句,表示“在……地方”。句意:在他曾经想要放弃的地方,他有了继续前行、深入的目的。

[让步状语从句]

引导让步状语从句的从属连词常用的有though, although,even if,even though,as(既然),whether ... or,no matter who/what/which/where/how等。

1. no matter who/what/which/where引导让步状语从句时,可与whoever/whatever/whichever/wherever互换,但whoever/whatever/whichever/wherever还可引导名词性从句,此时不可用no matter who/what/which/where替换。however/no matter how修饰形容词或副词时,该形容词或副词必须放在however/no matter how之后。

例8 (2013江苏卷)In the global economy, a new drug for cancer, it is discovered, will create many economic possibilities around the world.

A. whatever B. whoever

C. wherever D. whichever

解释 C。句意:在全球经济中,一种治疗癌症的新药,无论它是在哪儿被发现,都将在全球产生很多经济上的可能性。在状语从句“ it is discovered”中,不缺少任何主要成分,引导词只能在从句中作状语,而只有wherever是副词性的。

例9 (2013江苏卷)One can always manage to do more things, no matter full ones schedule is in life.

A. how B. what

C. when D. where

解释 A。句意:不论一个人的日程有多么满,他总是能设法做更多的事情。no matter how=however。根据how+adj./adv.的原则,full是形容词,所以选A。

2. though,although和as

(1)as引导让步状语从句时,须用倒装语序,意为“尽管”。

(2)although和though均可作从属连词,意为“虽然;尽管”,引导让步状语从句时,常可互换,但although引导的从句一般放在句首。

例10 (2012陕西卷)Hot the night air was, we slept deeply because we were so tired after the long journey.

A. although B. as

C. while D. however

解释 B。hot是做从句的表语,提前说明从句时倒装,即as引导的让步状语从句中,要将从句中的表语,状语,或动词原形提到as之前。

3. even if和even though

even if和even though均可引导让步状语从句。意为“即使”。但even if引导的从句含有强烈的假定性,而even though则多以从句的内容为前提。

例11 (2014北京卷) the forest park is far away, a lot of tourists visit it every year.

A. As B. When

C. Even though D. In case

解释 C 。as意为“尽管”时需用倒装语序,when意为“当……时”,even though意为“即使”,In case意为“以防”。由题意可知,“尽管森林公园很远,每年仍然有很多游客”。

[条件状语从句]

引导条件状语从句常见的从属连词有if,unless, so/as long as(只要),on condition that (a),in case,suppose/supposing/providing等。

例12 (2015北京卷)You wont find paper cutting difficult you keep practicing it.

A. even if B. as long as

C. as if D. ever since

解释 B。其中A项意思为“即使”;B项意思为“只要”;C项意思为“好像”;D项意思为“自从”。句意:只要你坚持练习,你会发现剪纸不难。

例13 (2015江苏卷)It is so cold that you cant go outside fully covered in thick clothes.

A. if B. unless

C. once D. when

解释 B。句意:天气如此冷以至于除非全身穿着厚衣服你才能到外面去。A项意思为“如果”,B项意思为“除非”,C项意思为“一旦”,D项意思为“当……时”。

[目的和结果状语从句]

引导目的状语从句的从属连词有so that,in order that,lest等。引导结果状语从句的从属连词有so,so that,so/such...that等。

注意:so that既可引导目的状语从句,也可引导结果状语从句,区别在于:引导目的状语从句时,常与情态动词连用;引导结果状语从句时,一般不与情态动词连用,且so that前常用逗号与主句隔开。试比较:

I got up early so that I might be in time for the early train. (目的状语从句)

I got up early, so that I was in time for the early train. (结果状语从句)

例14 (2014浙江卷)Cathy had quit her job when her son was born she could stay home and raise her family.

A. now that B. as if

C. only if D. so that

解释 D。句意为:当她的儿子出生时,凯西已经辞去了她的工作以便能呆在家里照顾家人。

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