有问必答
2016-05-14张耀东
张耀东
[问][while表示对比时,意思是“然而,但是”,此时它是并列连词还是从属连词?]
答 这里的while是表示对比意义的“并列连词”。表示意义转折和对比概念的并列连词以but为代表,此外还有while, whereas, only等。
1. 当while用于表示转折对比意义时,它和whereas一样,都与but同义,因此本书把它们归入并列连词。
Jane is slender while Mary is stout. 简苗条而玛丽强壮。
Motion is absolute while stagnation is relative. 运动是绝对的,而静止是相对的。
2. only用作表示意义转折的并列连词,只见于非正式文体:
You may go, only come back early. (only=but) 你可以走,但要早点回来。
He wants to buy the watch, only he cant afford it. 他想买这块表,但他买不起。
3. 能表示上述转折概念的还有still, yet, however, nevertheless, on the other hand, on the contrary, conversely, all the same, though, after all, for all that, in the meantime等词语。这些词在本书中都作为连接性状语处理。but一般不可与yet, however, nevertheless 等连接性状语连用,但可以和on the contrary, on the other hand, still等连用。
She tried again and again, but still she didnt succeed. 他一遍又一遍地尝试,但仍然没成功。
另外,有些句子里面含有以whereas或while(意思上与whereas相同)引起的分句,在形式上似乎是复合句,在概念上却是并列句。
Some people waste food while others havent enough to ear. 有些人浪费粮食而另一些人则食不果腹。
[问][more... than的用法有哪些?]
答 1. more... than意为“与其……不如……”;“是……而不是……”,常可与“rather than”或“not so much... as”互换使用。
He is more like a spear than anything else. = He is like a spear rather than anything else. = He is not so much like anything else as like a spear. 与其说他(指大象)像别的什么东西,不如说他像一根长矛。
He is more poltroon than cautious. 与其说他谨慎,不如说他是怯懦。
2. more... than之后接含有can的从句时,同样表示否定意义。
Tom has more insolence than I can stand.
= Toms insolence is more than I can stand. 汤姆的傲慢使我难以忍受。
比较: less... than意为“不像……;不是……”。
Joseph is less honest than his brother. 约瑟夫不像他兄弟那样诚实。
[问][when,while,as引导时间状语从句有哪些区别?]
答 when,while,as显然都可以引导时间状语从句,但用法区别非常大。
1. when可以和延续性动词连用,也可以和短暂性动词连用;而while和as只能和延续性动词连用。
Why do you want a new job when youve got such a good one already?你已经找到如此好的工作,为何还想再找新的?(get为短暂性动词)
Sorry,I was out when you called me. 对不起,你打电话时我刚好外出了。(call为短暂性动词)
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。(is为延续性动词,表示一种持续的状态)
The students took notes as they listened. 学生们边听课边做笔记。(listen为延续性动词)
2. when从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生;while和as从句的谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。
(1)从句动作在主句动作前发生,只用when。
When he had finished his homework,he took a short rest.当他完成作业后,他休息了一会儿。(finished先发生)
When I got to the airport,the guests had left.当我赶到飞机场时,客人们已经离开了。(got to后发生)
(2)从句动作和主句动作同时发生,且从句动作为延续性动词时,when,while,as都可使用。
When/While/As we were dancing,a stranger came in.当我们跳舞时,一位陌生人走了进来。(dance为延续性动词)
When/While/As she was making a phonecall,I was writing a letter.当她在打电话时,我正在写信。(make为延续性动词)
(3)当主句、从句动作同时进行,从句动作的时间概念淡化,而主要表示主句动作发生的背景或条件时,只能用as。这时,as常表示“随着……”;“一边……,一边……”之意。
As the time went on,the weather got worse.(as表示“随着……”之意)
The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases.随着高度的增加,大气越来越稀薄。
As years go by,China is getting stronger and richer.随着时间一年一年过去,中国变得越来越富强了。
The little girls sang as they went.小姑娘们一边走,一边唱。
The sad mother sat on the roadside,shouting as she was crying.伤心的妈妈坐在路边,边哭边叫。
(4)在将来时从句中,常用when,且从句须用一般时代替将来时。
You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it.在我读完这本书后,你可以借阅。
When the manager comes here for a visit next week,Ill talk with him about this.下周,经理来这参观时,我会和他谈谈此事。
3. when用于表示“一……就……”的句型中(指过去的事情)。
sb.had hardly(=scarcely) done sth.when...
=Hardly/Scarcely had sb.done sth.when...
I had hardly/scarcely closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door.
=Hardly/Scarcely had I closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door. 我刚一闭上眼,就有人在敲门了。
I had hardly/scarcely entered my room when the telephone rang.
=Hardly/Scarcely had I entered my room when the telephone rang.我刚一走进房门,电话就响了。
[问][besides, except, apart from 有什么区别?]
答 1. besides通常表示有所补充,意思与with 或plus (+)接近。
Besides the violin, he plays the piano and the flute. 除了拉小提琴,他还会弹钢琴和吹笛子。(他会演奏三种乐器。)
2. except表示有所减少,意思与without或minus (-)接近。
I like all musical instruments except the violin. 所有的器乐我都喜欢,除了小提琴。
3. apart from两种意思都有。
Apart from the violin, he plays the piano and the flute. (= Besides the violin ...) 除了拉小提琴,他还会弹钢琴和吹笛子。
I like all musical instruments apart from the violin. (= ... except the violin.) 所有的器乐我都喜欢,除了小提琴。
4. 在no, nobody, nothing和其他类似的否定词后面,这三个词语意思一样。
He has nothing besides/except/apart from his salary. (= He only has his salary.) 他除了工资,就没有其他收入了。
[问][在“Busy as he is, please dont disturb him.”句子中,Busy as he is是让步状语还是原因状语?as 引导原因状语从句可以用倒装结构吗?]
答 句中的Busy as he is是原因状语,as引导原因状语从句可以用倒装句式。
1. as/though构成倒装结构的让步状语从句有两个特点:(a)语气比although/though引导的让步从句要强。(b)表语总是放在从句之首,若为可数名词单数,前面也不要冠词。
Strong as/though he is, he cant lift the big stone. 尽管他很强壮,但他搬不起这块大石头。
Child as/though he is, he knows a lot. 尽管他是个孩子,但他却懂很多。
2. 然而,倒装语序的as从句同样可以可表示原因。这种句型多半表示让步,但偶尔也表示原因。
He has made no progress at all, lazy (fellow) as he is. 因为他懒惰(是个懒汉),所以毫无进步。
3. 另外,以as引导的表达“原因”的从句,为了强调语气,也可以把表语置于句首,这样,as引导的表达“原因”的从句就与表达“让步”的从句在形式上完全相同,因而只能从句子内容上去区别它们:让步从句的内容大多与主句在意义上相反;原因从句与主句有因果关系。试比较下面两对由as引导的从句:
Young as he was, he was not equal to the task. 因为他年轻,不适宜这个工作。(原因)
Young as he was, he was equal to the task. 他虽年轻,但却能胜任这项工作。(让步)
Tire as he was, he went to bed early. 他因疲倦了,所以早就睡了。(原因)
Tired as he was, he sat up late studying last night. 昨晚他虽然疲倦了,但还是学习到很晚才睡。(让步)
由此可知,在Busy as he is, please dont disturb him. 这个句子中,Busy as he is就是“原因状语”,因为它与主句在逻辑意义上无论如何都扯不上“让步”关系。
[问][a friend of my father和 a friend of my fathers有什么不同?]
答 a friend of my father“他是我父亲的朋友”,说明两人关系不一般,侧重说明两人的朋友关系;a friend of my fathers“他是我父亲的一个朋友”,暗指我父亲不止一个朋友。
1. 在指事物时,它们也是有区别的。
A portrait of Rembrandt“伦勃朗的肖像”,相当于one portraying Rembrandt,指一副画着伦布兰特的肖像。
A portrait of Rembrandts“伦勃朗的肖像”,相当于one painted by him or belonging to him,指伦勃朗画的或属于他所有的一副肖像画。
2. 此外,名词+s的所有格在表达意义时较为灵活。
Rembrandts portrait的一般意思是“伦勃朗画的肖像画”,但这并不是唯一的解释,即它可能有三种意思:(1)伦布兰特的肖像画;(2)属于伦勃朗所有的肖像画;(3)肖像画上画的是伦勃朗。
[问][aim常用短语有哪些?]
答 take aim at瞄准;
reach an aim达到目的;
aim at瞄准、针对;
permit与allow的区别:表示“允许做某事”或“允许某人做某事”时的用法基本相同。
permit/allow doing sth.
permit/allow sb. to do sth.
permit /allow of sth
一般在独立主格结构中表示“时间、条件等许可”,多用permit。
Time/Weather permitting, Ill drop in on her.
allow 还可以表示“承认”“考虑到”。
We allow him to be wronged.
will take an hour to go there, allowing for traffic delays.