被动语态的应用

李顺发

[被动语态的构成]

被动语态是由“助动词be或动词get+过去分词”构成的，过去分词保持不变，而所有的变化，即人称、数、时态的变化，都体现在助动词be或动词get的变化上。

The Civil Rights Act was passed in 1965.

They are playing very well but one of them got hurt.

[被动语态的各种时态]

一般现在时的被动语态：am （are， is）+过去分词

一般过去时的被动语态：was （were）+过去分词

一般将来时的被动语态：shall （will）+be+过去分词

现在进行时的被动语态：am （are， is） being+过去分词

过去进行时的被动语态：was （were being+过去分词

现在完成时的被动语态：has （ave） been+过去分词

过去完成时的被动语态：had been+过去分词

将来完成时的被动语态：shall （will） have been+过去分词

过去将来时的被动语态：should （would） be+过去分词

过去将来完成时的被动语态：should （would） have been+过去分词

1. Experienced doctors and nurses are needed the world over though there is great difficulty in looking for work. （一般现在时）

2. Records of the telephone were left on his desk but he didnt notice them. （一般过去时）

3. She does very well in our college and will be sent to Harvard soon. （一般将来时）

4. Some natural resources are being used and wasted at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. （现在进行时）

5. When I called， tea was being served. （过去进行时）

6. All the preparations have been made and we are ready to start. （现在完成时）

7. He returned to his house after a vacation only to find it had been broken into. （过去完成时）

8. Sixteen units will have been learned by the end of the first term of Senior Three. （将来完成时）

9. He said this unit would be finished the next week. （过去将来时）

10. He said about 2300 new words would have been added to the vocabulary. （过去将来完成时）

[被动语态与基本句型]

英语中有五个基本句型， 即1. “主—动—表/补”结构；2. “主—动”结构；3. “主—动—宾”结构；4. “主—动—宾—宾”结构；5. “主—动—宾—补”结构。在这五个基本句型中，有三个是用及物动词的，那就是以上五种句型中的后三种， 被动语态也适用于这三个基本句型。

1. 用于基本句型“主—动—宾”结构的动词跟一个宾语，变成被动时，将宾语转化成主语。如：

Despite its size and modern look， Ho Chi Minh City has still kept its old traditions and culture.

Despite its size and modern look， its old traditions and culture has still been kept by Ho Chi Minh City.

2. 用于基本句型“主—动—宾—宾”结构的动词，如ask， give， grant， offer， pay， refuse， save， show， tell等，跟两个宾语，一个直接宾语，一个间接宾语。变被动语态时， 或将间接宾语（通常是指人的词）转化成主语，或将直接宾语（通常是物的词）转化成主语。

Winning this case gave Martin Luther King， Jr national attention.

Martin Luther King， Jr was given national attention.

National attention was given to Martin Luther King， Jr.

在上述结构中， 被保留的间接宾语前通常要用介词to。

3. 用于基本句型“主—动—宾—补”结构的动词，如name， paint， regard， find， keep， make， think， consider， leave等，跟一个宾语和一个宾语补语，变成被动时，宾语转化成主语，宾语补语转化成主语补语。

People elected Nelson Mandela the first black president of South Africa in 1994.

Nelson Mandela was elected the first black president of South Africa in 1994.

又如：We make him go.

He was made to go.

在上述结构中， 被保留的补语前通常要用介词to，持这种用法的动词有make， see， hear， watch。

[动词词组、情态动词的被动语态]

动词词组用于被动语态要把它当作整体看待。

We never thought of such success when we first started.

Such success was never thought of when we first started.

情态动词的被动语态，即“情态动词+助动词be或get+过去分词”。

Must my homework be handed in before class， sir？

[被动形式的使用场合]

1. 动作的执行者难以或不需要说出时。

Such sign can be seen in many places on freeway. 在高速公路上的许多地方都可以看到这样的标志。

2. 需要突出或强调动作的承受者时。

A bit of important information was stolen. 一份重要的资料被偷了。

[注意事项]

1. 当宾语是反身代词或相互代词时，反身代词用被动语态。

They help each other.

They found themselves surrounded by colorful rocks， fishes， seashells and plants， all waving and moving slowly in the blue waters.

2. 当谓语是表状态的及物动词时，不用被动语态。

My money can last only a week.

Does this jacket fit you？

3. 当宾语是不定式或动名词时，不用被动语态。

I wanted to return home but couldnt find a company where I could use what I had learnt.

Babies like tearing paper into pieces.

4. 有些动词表示状态或结果时，不用被动语态。这类动词以感官动词为主。这类动词有smile， smell， sound， taste， look， seem， appear， feel， turn。

It smells good.

5. 当宾语做状语，表数量、重量、大小、程度时，不用被动语态。这类动词有cost， weigh， number， keep， wash， drink， sell。

Keep still while I photograph you.

[用主动形式表示被动意义]

1. 表示事物行为、方式的动词，如read， write， wash， clean， sell， lock， translate， wear， tear， cut， keep， strike， pull， act， last， burn， cook等。

①与cant， wont等连用的动词。

In the summer meat and some other foods wont keep long.

②与well， easily等副词连用的不及物动词。

Your composition reeds smoothly but pay more attention to your handwriting.

This kind of material doesnt clean easily. 这种材料不易被弄干净。

This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind. 这种米做饭比那种熟得快。

2. 表示视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉、嗅觉的联系动词，如look， sound， taste， feel， smell等。

Listen！ The song sounds very sweet.

3. 有些及物动词，如ring， print， build， prepare等的进行时也具有被动意义。

This factory is building. （= This factory is being built）

4. 有些词组，如be to let （出租），be to blame （受指责）， be to seek（在寻觅）。

The house is to let. 此房出租。

You are to blame for this. 你应该为此受指责。

A good way is to seek. 好方法在寻觅。

5. 不定式修饰have等动词的宾语，而句子的主语又是不定式的逻辑主语时。

We have a lot of work to do.

6. easy， hard， difficult等“性质形容词+不定式”时。

I found the maths problems given in this paper easy to work out.

7. 其他情况。

Listen， kids！ I will give you some sentences to translate at the beginning of this class.

So hard. Work begins at six in the morning every day.

Dont be afraid. The shops there closes at ten in the evening every day.

The question is what to do nest.

8. 主语+need/want/require doing （=to be done）。

Your composition reeds smoothly but still needs improving. （... needs to be improved.）

9. be （well） worth doing结构。

Good luck. This place is well worth looking at.

10. there be句型。

There is much to discover （=to be discovered） and the beauty and magic of an ancient culture is waiting for you.

[练习]

1. An accident on this road last week.

A. has been happened B. was happened

C. is happened D. happened

2. Cotton in the southeast of China.

A. is grown B. are grown

C. grows D. grow

3. So far， the moon by man already.

A. is visited B. will be visited

C. has been visited D. was visited

4. How many trees this year？

A. are planted B. will plant

C. have been planted D. planted

5. A lot of things by people to save the little girl now.

A. are doing B. are being done

C. has been done D. will be done

6. The Great Wall all over the world.

A. knows B. knew

C. is known D. was known

7. A story by Granny yesterday.

A. was told us B. was told to us

C. is told us D. told us

8. The monkey was seen off the tree.

A. jump B. jumps

C. jumped D. to jump

9. The school bag behind the chair.

A. puts B. can be put

C. can be putted D. can put

10. Older people well.

A. looks after B. must be looked after

C. must look after D. looked after

[参考答案]

1～5 DACCB 6～10 CBDBB