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鱼类钠离子和氯离子转运载体的功能及调控机制研究进展

2016-05-14吉中力张春晓麦康森

动物营养学报 2016年2期
关键词:鱼类

吉中力 张春晓 麦康森

(1.集美大学,农业部东海海水健康养殖重点实验室,厦门361021;2.集美大学,厦门市饲料检测与

安全评价重点实验室,厦门361021;3.中国海洋大学,水产动物营养与

饲料农业部重点实验室,青岛266003)



鱼类钠离子和氯离子转运载体的功能及调控机制研究进展

吉中力1张春晓2*麦康森3

(1.集美大学,农业部东海海水健康养殖重点实验室,厦门361021;2.集美大学,厦门市饲料检测与

安全评价重点实验室,厦门361021;3.中国海洋大学,水产动物营养与

饲料农业部重点实验室,青岛266003)

摘要:钠离子(Na+)和氯离子(Cl-)不仅参与鱼类体液的渗透压平衡调节,也参与细胞膜静息电位平衡调节,并且鱼类机体内部电解质的稳态也离不开Na+和Cl-的参与。位于硬骨鱼类鳃、胃肠道以及肾小管上皮细胞膜上的Na+/钾离子(K+)-ATP酶、Na+-K+-2Cl-协同转运蛋白、Na+/氢离子(H+)交换蛋白、囊性纤维化跨膜调控子等相关载体蛋白,是鱼类调控Na+和Cl-代谢的主要调节通道,这些调节通道蛋白的表达直接影响到机体内电解质的平衡。本文综述了与鱼类Na+和Cl-转运相关的主要载体蛋白的功能、影响其活力的因素及其调控机制等。

关键词:鱼类;Na+;Cl-;转运载体;渗透压调节

多数情况下,硬骨鱼类体液与环境处于不等渗状态,因此需要有高效的离子渗透调节机制,以保持体内环境的稳态,从而保证机体所有生化生理过程的正常运行[1]。在淡水环境中,硬骨鱼类体液渗透压高于外界水环境,其需要抵抗体内矿物质的流失;在海水环境中,硬骨鱼类体液渗透压低于外界水环境,其需要抵御过多盐分所带来的细胞脱水状态。而广盐性硬骨鱼类能够更好地适应外界水环境盐度的变化,是由于它们有更强的调节体内渗透压的能力。众所周知,鳃和肾脏是鱼类渗透压调节的主要器官[2-5]。然而,近年来的研究发现,胃肠道作为外源性营养物质吸收的主要场所,其可通过摄取食物和水中电解质来维持体内离子的平衡[6-7],从而参与鱼类渗透压的调节。

鱼类血浆中参与渗透压平衡调控的离子有钠离子(Na+)、钾离子(K+)、钙离子(Ca2+)、镁离子(Mg2+)、2价铁离子(Fe2+)、铜离子(Cu2+)、锰离子(Mn2+)、锌离子(Zn2+)、氯离子(Cl-)等[8]。而在这些离子中,Na+和Cl-浓度(Na+:165~285 meq/L;Cl-:129~270 meq/L)较高,因而其在鱼类体液渗透压调节中起主要作用[9-10]。鱼类可以通过鳃吸收Na+和Cl-,亦可通过鳃将血液中过多的Na+和Cl-分泌出去。Bucking等[7]对虹鳟(Oncorhynchusmykiss)的研究发现,饲料中Na+和K+(约90%)主要是在胃部吸收;而对于无胃的模式鱼种——侧边底鳉(Fundulusheteroclitus),饲料中Na+的主要吸收位点在肠道[11]。肠道离体试验证实,淡水环境下鳉鱼肠道对Cl-的吸收能力比海水环境下高[12-13]。另外,鱼体可以通过调节肾脏对Na+和Cl-的重吸收作用,进而调控体内矿物质的平衡,在海水环境中,Na+通过鳃向体外的运输率高于通过肾脏的运输率,而在淡水环境中,Na+通过鳃外流的速率会受到抑制,同时肾脏会从肾小球滤液中重吸收Na+来弥补自身的不足[14]。因此,鳃、胃肠道、肾脏在硬骨鱼类水盐平衡调节和渗透压平衡调节过程中都发挥着重要作用。

Na+和Cl-的平衡调节主要是通过鳃、胃肠道和肾小管上皮载体蛋白的活力调节来实现,如Na+/K+ATP酶(Na+/K+-ATPase,NKA)、Na+-K+-2Cl-协同转运蛋白(Na+-K+-2Cl-cotransporter,NKCC)、Na+/H+交换蛋白(Na+/H+exchanger,NHE)和囊性纤维化跨膜调控子(cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator,CFTR)等,本文对参与Na+和Cl-代谢的主要载体蛋白的功能和调控机制进行综述,以期为鱼类渗透压调节的研究和实践提供理论支持。

1NKA

NKA是一种P型且包含4个α亚单位和3个β亚单位的(αβ)2蛋白[15]。作为跨膜蛋白,且作为硬骨鱼类渗透调节组织中提供离子运输动力的一个主要的活跃泵[5],其主要功能是将3个Na+运出胞外,同时将2个K+运进胞内(图1和图2),该酶不仅可以维持细胞的内稳态,还可以为许多运输系统提供能量;大多数广盐性硬骨鱼类可以通过调节NKA的活力来适应外界环境的盐度变化[16-21],且不论是在海水条件下还是在淡水条件下,位于广盐性硬骨鱼类上皮细胞基底膜外侧的NKA均可形成电化学梯度来转运Na+和Cl-[17,22]。

众多研究发现,鱼类鳃的NKA对外界环境盐度的反应与其生态习性有关。例如:Hwang等[23]对莫桑比克罗非鱼(Oreochromismossambicus)的研究表明,当生活于自然栖息的淡水环境下时,鳃中NKA的活力最低,当处于高渗环境下时,NKA活力则增加;Lin等[19,24]对遮目鱼(Chanoschanos)的研究发现,在自然栖息的海水环境下,鳃中NKA的活力最低,当处于低渗环境下时,NKA活力则增加;Kang等[25]分别对自然栖息地以淡水为主的青鳉(Oryziaslatipes)和以半咸水为主的黑点青鳉(Oryziasdancena)进行研究发现,当青鳉和黑点青鳉分别生活在海水和淡水条件下时,其鳃中NKA α亚基mRNA表达量最高,而这2种鱼类分别生活在淡水和半咸水条件下时,其NKA活力和α亚基蛋白丰富度是最低的。同样的现象在大马哈鱼(Oncorhynchusketa)[26]、大西洋鲑(Salmosalar)[27]、褐鳟(Salmotrutta)[28]、侧边底鳉[29]、条纹鲈(Moronesaxatilis)[30]和尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromisniloticus)[1]的研究中也有发现。由此可见,鱼类生活在自然栖息盐度环境下时,其鳃NKA活力最低,这也提示鳃NKA活力或许可以反映鱼类对环境的适应程度。

广盐性鱼类可通过调节鳃中NKA的活力来适应环境盐度的变化,而鱼类鳃中NKA活力的改变可能是其不同亚基差异表达综合表现的结果。例如:Richards等[31]对虹鳟鳃中NKA中的5种不同的α亚基(α1a、α1b、α1c、α2、α3)的研究发现,虹鳟从淡水移到含有80%海水的水体环境后,鳃中NKAα1c和α3的mRNA表达量没有显著变化,而NKAα1a的mRNA表达量降低,NKAα1b的mRNA表达量则增加;冯平等[32]对不同盐度下青鳉肠道中NKA基因表达的研究发现,肠道NKAα的表达在氯化钠(NaCl)含量为5、15和25 g/L的盐水中不变,而肠道NKAβ的表达在15和25 g/L的盐水中被显著抑制。可见,盐度变化可引起鳃、肠道中NKA不同亚基的差异表达,其中肠道NKAα和β的差异表达说明NKAβ只在低渗环境下起作用,而NKAα在低渗和高渗环境下都起作用;鳃NKA的α1a、α1b的差异表达表明两者可能分别调控鱼类在低渗和高渗环境下的渗透压平衡,这也解释了为何广盐性鱼类可通过NKA调节广泛地适应不同盐度环境。

外界盐度的变化不仅影响鳃中NKA的活力,也会改变鱼体肠道和肾脏中NKA的表达。Seale等[33]在对莫桑比克罗非鱼的研究中发现,海水环境下肠道NKAα的表达水平显著高于淡水环境下。Tang等[5]在研究性成熟前的日本鳗鲡(Anguillajaponica)时发现,海水环境下鳃中NKAα的表达水平高于淡水环境下,而肾脏中NKAα的表达水平低于淡水环境下。可见,在鱼类渗透压平衡调节过程中,不仅鳃中NKA起作用,其他渗透压调节组织中的NKA也发挥着重要作用,甚至有些鱼类肠道中的NKA对盐度改变的敏感性高于鳃中的NKA。例如:吴庆元等[34]对鲻鱼(Mugilcephalus)幼鱼的研究发现,在盐度为20的水体环境下,鲻鱼幼鱼肠道中NKA活力明显高于鳃中;Grosell[35]也认为,在海洋鱼类中,肠道中的NKA活力一般都比较高,有时甚至高于鳃中NKA的活力。外界盐度的改变引起多个组织中NKA活力的改变,表明NKA对稳定鱼类体液渗透压有重要作用。另外,张春晓等[36]对鲈鱼(Lateolabraxjaponicus)的研究发现,低镁饲料(镁水平为0.413 g/kg)组的鲈鱼在长期适应淡水环境后,其鳃丝中NKA活力在急性盐度胁迫1 h时显著低于高镁饲料(镁水平为1.042~1.991 g/kg)组,可见长期摄食低镁饲料会降低鲈鱼鳃丝中NKA对环境盐度刺激的敏感度,从而证实食物中离子浓度对鱼体内稳态的维持具有重要意义。因此,在对鱼类体液渗透压调节方面的研究中,除考虑水体环境因素外,食物中的矿物元素含量也不应忽视。

NCC:Na+/Cl-协同转运蛋白 Na+/Cl-cotransporter;NHE:Na+/H+交换蛋白 Na+/H+exchanger;CFTR:囊性纤维化跨膜调控子 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator;NKA:Na+/K+-ATP酶 Na+/K+-ATPase;NKCC1:Na+-K+-2Cl-协同转运蛋白1 Na+-K+-2Cl-cotransporter 1。图2同 The same as Fig.2。

图1海水和淡水环境下鱼鳃中泌氯细胞的形态及转运机制(基于McCormick[37],略有修改)

Fig.1Morphology and transport mechanisms of gill chloride cells in seawater and

fresh water (to slightly change something based on the McCormick[37])

NKCC2:Na+-K+-2Cl-协同转运蛋白2 Na+-K+-2Cl-cotransporter 2;NHE3:Na+/H+交换蛋白 Na+/H+exchanger 3。

图2鱼肠道中离子交换转运机制概念模型(基于Grosell等[38],略有修改)

Fig.2Conceptual model of transport processes involved in intestinal ions exchange in

fish (to slightly change something based on the Grosell, et al[38])

2NKCC和NCC

作为溶质转运体12A(SLC12A)蛋白家族的一员,NKCC是一种膜蛋白,位于上皮细胞膜的顶端或基底侧,主要作用是对离子的吸收和分泌,即负责同时将1分子的Na+、1分子的K+和2分子的Cl-通过它们的电化学梯度转移至上皮细胞内[39-42](图1和图2)。在鱼类中已确定NKCC有2个亚型,分别是位于细胞基底外侧的NKCC1(作用是向体外分泌离子)和位于细胞顶膜的NKCC2(作用是向体内吸收离子),因而当鱼体内的细胞处于高渗环境下时,可激活NKCC1通过细胞向外界分泌离子来调节细胞内外渗透压的平衡(图1)[16,43]。有学者已从欧洲鳗鲡(Anguillaanguilla)[43]和莫桑比克罗非鱼[44]体内克隆出NKCC1基因的2个亚型,即NKCC1a和NKCC1b基因。在硬骨鱼类中,NKCC1a基因在大部分的组织中都有表达,而NKCC1b基因则主要在大脑中表达[45]。另外,NKCC2基因主要在肠道和肾脏上皮细胞顶膜处表达[33,43-44,46],如Tresguerres等[47]研究发现,在海洋硬骨鱼类的肠道中,NaCl从肠腔内吸收进入肠壁细胞主要是通过顶膜的NKCC2途径。

多数研究发现,改变水体盐度可以影响鱼体组织中NKCC基因的表达。例如,侧边底鳉在从淡水转移至海水后,鳃上皮细胞中NKCC1的mRNA表达量增加[29,48]。当萨罗罗非鱼(Sarotherodonmelanothern)生活于136盐度环境下时,其鳃中NKCC1a的mRNA表达量极显著高于0盐度环境下[49]。另外,Hiroi等[50]在对3种鲑科鱼类[湖红点鲑(Salvelinusnamaycush)、美洲红点鲑(Salvelinusfontinalis)和大西洋鲑]的研究中发现,随着外界环境盐度的升高,3种鱼鳃中NKCC基因的表达呈现上调的趋势,这与NKA活力的变化趋势相同。Lorin-Nebel等[51]采用分子生物学方法对欧洲鲈鱼(Dicentrarchuslabrax)不同组织中NKCC1基因分析后发现,淡水环境下,鲈鱼鳃中NKCC1的mRNA表达量显著低于海水环境下,而后肾和后肠中NKCC(NKCC1和NKCC2)的mRNA表达量受水体盐度的影响不大。同时,范武江等[49]研究也发现,136盐度环境下萨罗罗非鱼鳃中NKCC1a的mRNA表达量极显著高于肠道和肾脏中,说明鳃是鱼类在海水环境中向外分泌离子的主要部位。Cutler等[43]对欧洲鳗的研究发现,当非迁徙的黄鳗(性成熟前的欧洲鳗鲡腹部为黄色)移至海水环境下2 d时,其鳃中NKCC1a的mRNA表达量上调了4.3倍,而且3周后达到近6倍高,而肾脏和中肠中NKCC1a的mRNA表达量则均有所降低;对于性成熟的银鳗(性成熟后的欧洲鳗鲡腹部为银色),移至海水环境下其鳃中NKCC1a的mRNA表达量并没有显著差异,而肾脏中NKCC1a的mRNA表达量在下调,且显著低于海水环境下黄鳗肾脏中NKCC1a的mRNA表达量;此外,中肠中NKCC1a的mRNA表达量和移至海水环境后的黄鳗相比无显著差异。可见,当欧洲鳗处于高渗环境下时,鳃中NKCC1a向外分泌过多的盐,进而调节体液渗透压平衡,而肠道和肾小管通过NKCC1a分泌盐的能力相对较低,而且不同的生态习性也会影响欧洲鳗组织中NKCC1a的mRNA表达。除了水体盐度外,一些激素也会影响组织中NKCC基因的表达。Tipsmark等[28]采用离体试验对棕鳟(Salmotrutta)和大西洋鲑研究发现,皮质醇可以直接刺激鳃中NKCC1的mRNA表达。Seale等[33]对莫桑比克罗非鱼的研究发现,由脑垂体分泌的催乳素可以调控肠道中NKCC2的mRNA表达,从而适应外界环境盐度的变化。

一些淡水鱼类的渗透压组织和卵黄囊膜顶膜中存在另一种SLC12A蛋白家族成员,即Na+/Cl-协同转运蛋白(NCC)(图1和图2),其可以同时促进Na+和Cl-的吸收,是一种电中性的离子转运蛋白,在海水适应过程中,NCC活力较低[44,52-54]。邵占涛[52]在鲈鱼的研究中发现,鱼体进入淡水环境后,鳃、肠道、肾脏组织中NCC的mRNA表达量显著高于海水环境下,且在第3天达到最大值。Hiroi等[44]对莫桑比克罗非鱼的研究发现,鱼体进入淡水环境后,鳃中NCC的mRNA表达量显著高于海水环境下。此外,Inokuchi等[55]对莫桑比克罗非鱼的研究发现,当莫桑比克罗非鱼生活于“正常Na+/低Cl-”环境中时,其鳃中NCC的mRNA表达量相对于对照组(生活于“正常Na+/正常Cl-”环境中)显著增加,可见NCC的主要功能是促进Cl-的吸收。有研究指出,位于基底膜外侧的NKCC1a主要在海水环境下表达,起向体外分泌离子的作用且存在于Ⅳ型富含线粒体的细胞中;而位于顶膜的NCC主要在淡水环境下表达,起吸收离子作用且存在于Ⅱ型富含线粒体的细胞中[44]。可见,当鱼类生活于海水环境中时,其较多的是调用细胞基底膜外侧的NKCC1向体外分泌离子,而当鱼类生活在淡水环境中时,较多的是调用细胞顶膜处的NKCC2和NCC向体内吸收离子。在鱼类中,关于NKCC和NCC在渗透压调节方面已有大量文献报道,但研究较多的是外界盐度的变化对其活力及mRNA表达的影响,而食物中矿物元素对其活力的影响还需进一步研究。

3NHE

由此可见,NHE参与Na+的吸收和H+的分泌,进而维持体液渗透压和酸碱平衡。但有研究指出鱼类在海水环境下NHE的主要功能是维持体液的酸碱平衡[63,68-69];而在淡水环境中,NHE的主要功能是维持体液的渗透压平衡[58]。因而,在通过NHE途径研究食物中矿物元素调控鱼体液渗透压平衡时,应考虑鱼体所处环境的盐度。此外,与NKA相同,NHE也存在多种亚型,而这些亚型受外界条件的影响所产生的表达各不相同,因此在渗透压平衡调节的研究中,还应注意NHE不同亚基表达差异的影响。

4CFTR

CFTR是一种调节Cl-转运的阴离子通道蛋白(图1和图2),主要位于硬骨鱼类鳃组织中富含线粒体的泌氯细胞以及鳃盖上皮细胞中,CFTR是通过环腺苷酸(cAMP)和蛋白激酶A(PKA)来激活的[70]。Singer等[71]对不同盐度下的侧边底鳉体组织中CFTR基因克隆分析发现,当淡水环境中的鳉鱼突然移至海水环境后,其鳃、鳃盖上皮细胞以及肠道中CFTR基因的表达量显著升高。Scott等[29]研究发现,当鳉鱼从海水环境中移至淡水环境中时,24 h内CFTR基因的表达量显著降低甚至消失,同样的现象在罗非鱼[72]中也有发现。鱼类鳃组织的CFTR基因在海水中高表达,在淡水中低表达,说明CFTR是广盐性硬骨鱼类鳃线粒体丰富细胞分泌Cl-,维持体内Cl-平衡的重要调控途径。另外,Singer等[73]对大西洋鲑的研究发现,CFTR也存在2种亚型,当该鱼从淡水环境中移至海水环境中2周内,其鳃中CFTRⅠ的表达量显著上调,而CFTRⅡ的表达量只是在最开始的24 h内出现短暂的上调,说明CFTRⅡ的主要功能是应对环境盐度的突变。因此,在研究CFTR调控Cl-代谢而参与体液渗透压平衡时,不仅要考虑CFTR活力,还应考虑采样时间和CFTR不同亚型的差异表达所带来的影响。

5小结

根据以上研究报道,与Na+和Cl-转运相关的载体蛋白NKA、NKCC、NCC、NHE和CFTR均参与广盐性硬骨鱼类的机体渗透压调节。其中位于膜基底侧的NKA主要功能是水解ATP提供能量,并将细胞中的Na+运输到细胞外,形成Na+浓度梯度差,进而调节膜上NHE、NKCC、NCC调节转运细胞内外环境中的Na+和Cl-。此外,位于鳃的泌氯细胞和鳃盖上皮细胞中的CFTR主要调控Cl-的代谢,当生活在高渗环境下,CFTR可以调节Cl-向机体外运输,来维持机体内的渗透压稳态。目前关于鱼类体液渗透压平衡调节的研究,较多的关注水体盐度的改变对Na和Cl转运载体的影响,而对于食物中矿物质因素对渗透压影响的研究较少。因此,通过对Na和Cl转运载体的功能及调控机制研究的总结,将为探讨饲料矿物质调节鱼类渗透压平衡机制提供理论依据。

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(责任编辑菅景颖)

A Review on Function and Regulatory Mechanism of Na+and Cl-Transporters in Fish

JI Zhongli1ZHANG Chunxiao2*MAI Kangsen3

(1. The Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture,Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; 2. Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China; 3. The Key Laboratory of Mariculture,Education Ministry of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China)

Abstract:Not only Na+ and Cl- can participate the regulation of osmotic equilibrium and the balance of resting potential of cell membranes in fish, but the homeostasis of electrolyte in body. In the membrane of epithelial cells among gill, gastrointestinal tract and renal tubule of teleosts, there are Na+/K+-ATPase, Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter, Na+/H+ exchanger, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and the other transport proteins, those are the main control channels involving in the metabolism of Na+ and Cl-. The expression of proteins of these control channels can influence the electrolyte balance directly. This article summarized the function, factors influencing activity changes and regulatory mechanism of the main transport proteins which correlated with the transportation of Na+ and Cl-.[Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2016, 28(2):369-378]

Key words:fish; Na+; Cl-; transporter; osmoregulation

*Corresponding author, associate professor, E-mail: cxzhang@jmu.edu.cn

中图分类号:S917.4

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1006-267X(2016)02-0369-10

作者简介:吉中力(1990—),男,福建厦门人,硕士研究生,从事水产动物营养与饲料研究。E-mail: cooljizhongli@sina.com*通信作者:张春晓,副教授,硕士生导师,E-mail: cxzhang@jmu.edu.cn

基金项目:国家自然科学基金(31001115);福建省高校优秀人才支持计划(JA11145)

收稿日期:2015-08-24

doi:10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2016.02.009

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