透析中考英语中动词的语态
2016-03-28高德胜
□高德胜
透析中考英语中动词的语态
□高德胜
动词的语态在各地的中考题中是重要的考点。英语的语态分成两种:主动语态和被动语态,在这里我们主要探讨被动语态的用法。中考都考查了哪些时态的被动语态,让我们一看究竟吧。
高频考点一:常见时态的被动语态
1.一般现在时(am∕is∕are+及物动词的过去分词)
The classroom is always kept clean.教室总是保持得很干净。
2.一般过去时(was∕were+及物动词的过去分词)
The story was told by her.这个故事是她讲的。
3.一般将来时(shall∕will+be+及物动词的过去分词)
The problem will be discussed tomorrow.这个问题将在明天讨论。
4.情态动词(情态动词+be+及物动词的过去分词)
These books can’t be taken out of the reading room.这些书不能被带出阅览室。
5.现在完成时(have∕has+been+及物动词的过去分词)
The novel has been read.这本小说已经被读过了。
【例1】Students do less homework now.Usually itbefore 9 o’clock in the evening.
A.finishesB.finished
C.is finishedD.was finished(2016·重庆A卷)
【解析】根据句意“现在学生的家庭作业少了,通常在晚上九点前就能做完”。在这个句子中,主语it是动作finish的承受者,故选用被动语态。又由于做作业是经常性的情况,故要用一般现在时的被动语态。故选C。
【例2】Some students in this schoolabroad as exchange students every year.
A.sentB.sendC.are sent(2015·四川自贡)
【解析】考查被动语态的用法。句意:每年这所学校的有些学生被派往国外做交换生。主语students与谓语动词send之间是被动关系,故选C。
【例3】Paperfirstabout 2,000 years ago in China.
A.is,creatingB.is,created
C.has,createdD.was,created(2016·天津)
【解析】根据时间状语about 2,000 years ago可知要用一般过去时的被动语态,故选D。
【例4】—I want to borrow the book,but I don’t know how long it may.
—For two weeks.
A.borrowB.be borrowed
C.keepD.be kept(2016·青海西宁)
【解析】本题考查情态动词的被动语态。主语it和谓语动词存在动宾关系,应用被动语态,并且此处应填一个延续性动词,故选D。
【例5】A new roadnear my school next year.
A.buildsB.will build
C.is builtD.will be built(2016·北京)
【解析】考查时态辨析。根据时间状语next year可知要用将来时。由于本句的主语a new road与谓语动词存在动宾关系,故要用一般将来时的被动语态。故选D。
高频考点二:语态用法的难点
1.把主动语态变为被动语态时,其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致,其谓语动词的数要与变换后的主语保持一致。如:
We have bought a new computer.
A new computer has been bought.(正确)
A new computer have been bought.(错误)
2.某些动词形式上是主动语态,但含有被动的意思。如:
This kind of dictionary sells well.这种词典很好销。
The bike needs repairing.=The bike needs to be repaired.那辆自行车需要修理了。
3.主动语态中有些动词,如:make,see,listen,watch,feel后常跟不带to的动词不定式作宾语补足语,变为被动语态时要加上to。如:
He made the man work 14 hours a day.→The man was made to work 14 hours a day.
4.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时,可将其中的一个宾语变为主语,另一个不变,通常将间接宾语变为主语。如:
My uncle gave me a present on my birthday.→I was given a present on my birthday.我的叔叔在我生日时送给我一个礼物。
如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语,则在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词,如上句还可以说:A present was given to me yesterday.
注意:1.一般在下列动词后,间接宾语前用介词to,如:bring,give, hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。如:
The book was showed to the class.这本书向全班同学展示了。
My bike was lent to her.我的自行车借给她了。
5.一般在下列动词后,间接宾语前用介词for,如:
build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order, paint,play,sing等。如:
A new skirt was made for me.我做了一件新裙子。
Some country music was played for us.我们弹奏了一些乡村音乐。
6.由“动词+介词”或“动词+副词”构成的短语动词,要把它们作为整体来看,即把它们看成及物动词,介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有:
(1)不及物动词+介词,如:
agree to,ask for,laugh at,operate on,listen to,look after,think of, talk about等。如:
The patient is being operated on.这个病人正在做手术。
It needn’t be talked about.这个不需要被讨论。
(2)及物动词+副词,如:
bring about,cary out,find out,give up,hand in,make out,pass on, point out,put away,put off,think over,turn down,work out,turn out等。如:
His request was turned down.他的要求被拒绝了。
The sports meet will be put off because of the bad weather.由于恶劣的天气,运动会将延期举行。