阅读理解题夺分捷径

王德红

纵观近几年高考英语阅读理解题，细节理解题仍然占较大比例，而且已由过去简单的对号入座直接答题变成通过语句的同义或反义转换来考查考生对英语的理解能力，难度逐年增加。

抓住文段中的事实和细节是做好该题型的关键，也是做好其他类型题目的基础。细节理解题的题干常为：

When/Where did the story happen？

Which of the following statements are （not） correct？

According to the passage， which of the following statements are （not） mentioned？

What is the right order of the events given in the passage？

All of the following statements may be true except...

干扰项特征：

1.将原文内容扩大或缩小。即把原文中的限定词去掉或替换，使该选项看似正确，实际上却是错误的选项。

2.把未然当已然。即改变文中某句话的时态，如把将来时变成现在时，把未发生的事情当成已发生的事情。

3.无中生有。即选项内容是根据主观想象或推测得出的结论，而文中并未涉及。

4.偷换概念。即把原来做某事的“张三”换成“李四”，所述细节确实与原文一致，考生一不小心就会误选。

5.文不对题。这类题最不容易辨别，选项中的描述与原文完全一致，属于原文中的一个细节，这时要回到题干，看该选项是否能回答题干的问题。

事实细节题，难度指数：★★

解答事实细节题最基本也是最常用的方法是题干定位法。首先从问题中找到关键词，然后以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧在文中迅速寻找这一细节；然后再把这部分内容仔细阅读一遍，比较所给选项与文中细节的区别，在准确理解细节的前提下，最后确定最佳答案。

（2015湖北卷，C篇节选）Hilversum is a medium-sized city between the major cities of Amsterdam and Utrecht in the Gooi area of North Holland， the Netherlands. Unlike most of the Netherlands， Hilversum is actually in a hilly area with the soil mostly consisting of sand. Once called the Garden of Amsterdam， it still attracts travelers to come over to cycle and walk through the surrounding forests. They visit it for a relaxing day off from the urban madness. For Dutch people， Hilversum is all about textile（纺织）and media industries， and modern architecture.

1. Hilversum is different from most of the Netherlands in that ________.

A. it has a large population

B. it is cut off from big cities

C. it has many beautiful gardens

D. it is in a hilly area with sandy soil

【解析】根據文中Unlike most of the Netherlands， Hilversum is actually in a hilly area with the soil mostly consisting of sand可知，Hilversum与荷兰其他城市不同，它位于丘陵区域，这个区域的土壤含沙较多。答案：D。

细节转换题，难度指数：★★★

细节转换题属于间接理解题，需要将题目信息与原文相关信息进行语意上的转换，找出表达上的差异。解答此类题目时，考生可以带着问题，有针对性地扫读全文，迅速锁定相关语句，再进行分析对比，找出表达不同但意义相同的部分，然后得出答案。考生需要对原文信息进行加工处理，然后再进行进一步的推理或鉴别。这属于介于事实细节题和推理判断题之间的一种题型，对考生来说有一定难度。

（2014山东卷，C篇节选）For nearly 30 years Mumbet served the Ashley family. One day， Ashley’s wife tried to strike Mumbet’s sister with a spade. Mumbet protected her sister and took the blow instead. Furious， she left the house and refused to come back. When the Ashleys tried to make her return， Mumbet consulted a lawyer， Theodore Sedgewick. With his help， Mumbet sued（起诉）for her freedom.

2. Why did Mumbet run away from the Ashleys？

A. She found an employer.

B. She wanted to be a lawyer.

C. She was hit and got angry.

D. She had to take care of her sister.

【解析】由题干问题定位到原文One day， Ashley’s wife tried to strike Mumbet’s sister with a spade. Mumbet protected her sister and took the blow instead. Furious， she left the house and refused to come back，注意相关信息词语意上的转换，选项C中的hit和原文中的strike尽管表达不同，意义却相同，got angry和furious也是表达不同但意义相同的词语。答案：C。

细节排序题，难度指数：★★★★

细节排序题一般采用“首尾定位法”，即先找出第一个事件和最后一个事件，以便迅速缩小选择范围。如果文章是记叙文，排序题通常以事件发生的时间为线索；如果是说明文，排序时通常以说明的先后顺序为线索；如果是议论文，排序题通常以逻辑顺序为线索。

（2014四川卷，C篇节选）A schoolgirl saved her father’s life by kicking him in the chest after he suffered a serious allergic（過敏的） reaction which stopped his heart.Izzy， nine，restarted father Colm’s heart by stamping（踩）on his chest after he fell down at home and stopped breathing.

Izzy’s mother，Debbie，immediately called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father，so decided to use CPR.However， she quickly discovered her arms weren’t strong enough， so she stamped on her father’s chest instead. Debbie then took over with some more conventional chest compressions（按压）until the ambulance arrived.

Izzy， who has been given a bravery award by her school， said： “I just kicked him really hard. My mum taught me CPR but I knew I wasn’t strong enough to use hands.I was quite scared.The doctor said I might as well be a doctor or a nurse. My mum said that Dad was going to hospital with a big footprint on his chest.”

3. What’s the right order of the events？

① Izzy kicked Colm. ② Debbie called 999.

③ Izzy learned CPR. ④ Colm’s heart stopped.

A. ③①②④ B.④②③①

C. ③④②① D. ④③①②

【解析】由My mum taught me CPR可知，Izzy能实施急救是因为她母亲以前教过她急救的技巧，故③的动作最早，因此首先确定A、C两项；根据第一段中的 stopped breathing，第二段中called 999 but Izzy knew doctors would never arrive in time to save her father，so decided to use CPR 可知，这三个动作的顺序是④②①。答案：C。

图表、图画题，难度指数：★★★★★

图表、图画有时出现在阅读理解的文章中，有时出现在选项中，这增加了试题的难度，同时也暗含着和文章内容相关的信息。在解答此类试题的时候，一定要把握图表、图画中所暗含的信息，特别是有些事实是通过图片来叙述的，我们可以采用按图索骥的方法。

（2015浙江卷，B篇节选）

A bar graph has two axes and uses bars to show amounts. In Graph 1，we see that the x-axis shows grades that students earned， and the y-axis shows how many students earned each grade. You can see that 6 studentsearned an A because the bar for A stretches up to 6 on the vertical measurement. There is a lot of information we can get from a simple graph like this.

4. What is the total number of students who earned a C or better？

A.4 B.6 C.10 D.20

【解析】根据图表可以看出，获得A的有6人，获得B的有10人，获得C的有4人，由此可知获得C或者C以上的有20人，因此并不是每个人都可以完成这个任务。答案：D。