屋顶种植条件下不同栽培方式对菜用甘薯茎尖产量及品质的影响

李欢,贝嘉伟,潘超,赵伟东,陆国权*

(1.浙江农林大学农业与食品科学学院,浙江省农产品品质改良技术研究重点实验室,浙江临安311300; 2.浙江农林大学薯类作物研究所,浙江临安311300)

屋顶种植条件下不同栽培方式对菜用甘薯茎尖产量及品质的影响

李欢1,2,贝嘉伟1,2,潘超1,2,赵伟东2,陆国权1,2*

(1.浙江农林大学农业与食品科学学院,浙江省农产品品质改良技术研究重点实验室,浙江临安311300; 2.浙江农林大学薯类作物研究所,浙江临安311300)

摘要分别采用土壤栽培、基质栽培和管道营养液栽培种植3个菜用甘薯品种(莆薯53、广菜薯5号和福薯18),比较不同栽培方式对菜用甘薯茎尖产量及品质的影响.结果表明:在3种栽培方式下,供试的3个菜用甘薯品种均在管道营养液栽培条件下茎尖产量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总量、类胡萝卜素含量和可溶性糖含量达到最高,硝态氮含量最低.总体上,在屋顶农业中使用管道营养液栽培种植福薯18有利于提高茎尖产量并保证品质.

关键词菜用甘薯;栽培方式;屋顶农业

甘薯[Ipomoea batatas(L.)]是中国重要的旱粮作物,也是重要的饲料和工业原料.不仅其块根营养丰富,地上部茎尖和叶柄亦有极高的营养价值,具有食疗和保健价值.近年来,有关菜用甘薯的研究也逐渐增多.随着城市化进程的加快,耕地面积逐渐减少,农产品的产量和品质也有所下降[1],但同时也增加了屋顶、阳台等可以利用的空间,故阳台农业[2]、屋顶农业[3]逐渐发展起来,一些种植设备也逐渐走进城市人的生活.营养液栽培就是一种新型的蔬菜栽培方式,其操作简单、管理方便、环境清洁,成为了屋顶农业的新宠,并已在樱桃番茄[4]、生菜[5]等上得到应用.本研究在屋顶环境条件下,以3个菜用甘薯品种为试验对象,探究了其在土壤栽培、基质栽培、管道营养液栽培下的生长情况及品质状况,为菜用甘薯的应用及推广,以及屋顶农业的进一步研究奠定理论基础.

1　材料与方法

1.1试验材料

供试菜用甘薯品种为莆薯53、广菜薯5号和福薯18,由浙江农林大学薯类作物研究所提供.

1.2试验设计

试验于2014年7月在浙江农林大学集贤楼顶进行.采用土壤栽培、基质栽培和管道营养液栽培3种栽培方式.土壤栽培利用园土,其中,碱解氮107.6 mg/kg,速效磷43.8 mg/kg,速效钾237.0 mg/kg,土层厚度0.2 m,面积4 m2.基质栽培采用育苗基质,其中,碱解氮225.0 mg/kg,速效磷53.0 mg/kg,速效钾310.7 mg/kg,基质层厚度0.2 m,面积4 m2.管道营养液栽培采用长2 m、直径200 mm的聚氯乙烯管道,在每根管道上均匀分布直径2 cm的孔,每根10孔,再将9根管道分别置于特制铁架上,利用水泵使管中营养液循环流动;在营养液中大量元素配方为Ca(NO3)2·4H2O 561 mg/L,KNO3455 mg/ L,MgSO4·7H2O 123.5 mg/L,NH4NO320 mg/L, K2HPO4136 mg/L;微量元素配方为NaFe-EDTA 10 mg/L,H3BO31.5 mg/L,MnSO4·4H2O 0.75 mg/L, ZnSO4·7H2O 0.1 mg/L,CuSO4·5H2O 0.05 mg/ L,(NH4)6Mo7O24·24H2O 0.015 mg/L.

每种栽培方式种植3种供试材料,每种材料种植10株,间距20 cm,重复3次,采用随机区组设计.土壤栽培和基质栽培采用普通种植方法,定植后浇少量清水,在日常管理中平均3 d浇一次水.管道营养液栽培为每株菜用甘薯苗用海绵在其茎末端2～3 cm处包裹并塞在孔洞中.在扦插后1周内(苗成活后),及时查苗补苗,保证全苗和均匀生长.在所有试验设施上方安装喷雾设施,用于高温时降温,增湿.在喷雾装置的进水口安装普通阀门和电磁阀门,电磁阀门由设置好的定时开关控制,在中午炎热时定时开关处于开通状态,通电,使电磁阀门工作,打开水源进行自动喷雾降温,确保供试材料能够正常生长.水培设施的电磁阀门打开时间与喷雾的电磁阀门打开时间不同,由单独的定时开关控制,其打开时间与水泵的工作时间密切相关,即水培设施的电磁阀门定时开关与水泵的定时开关设置要相互联系,以防止营养液的不必要浪费.同时,应及时防治病虫害.待薯苗长势较好时,于8月15日采收15 cm左右长的甘薯茎尖,检测相关指标.

1.3测定指标及方法

茎尖产量在采后立即称量测定:将剪取的10株嫩茎尖的总产量作为一个小区的总产量值,求平均值后计算出每平方米产量;含水量测定采用烘干法;叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量测定采用分光光度计法[6];可溶性糖含量测定采用蒽酮比色法[6];可溶性蛋白质含量测定采用考马斯亮蓝G-250染色法[6];维生素C含量测定采用紫外比色法[7];硝态氮含量测定采用水杨酸比色法[6].

采用Excel 2007进行数据整理,采用SPSS 19.0进行方差分析.

2　结果与分析

2.1栽培方式对菜用甘薯品种茎尖产量的影响

由表1可知,3个菜用甘薯品种均在管道营养液栽培环境下茎尖产量最高,土壤栽培下次之,基质栽培下最低.其中,莆薯53在土壤栽培和基质栽培环境下的产量在统计学上差异不显著,广菜薯5号在3种栽培条件下两两之间在统计学上差异显著,福薯18在管道营养液栽培和基质栽培环境下的产量在统计学上差异显著;在3种栽培环境下,福薯18的产量均比另外2个品种的高,且在统计学上差异显著.2.2 栽培方式对菜用甘薯品种茎尖含水量的影响

表1　栽培方式对菜用甘薯茎尖产量的影响Table 1 Effects of cultivation methods on stem apex yield of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use g/m2

由表2可以看出:3个菜用甘薯品种在3种不同栽培方式下茎尖含水量均在92%～95%之间;莆薯53在管道营养液栽培环境下含水量最高,广菜薯5号和福薯18均在土壤栽培条件下含水量最高;在3种栽培条件下,广菜薯5号的含水量均比莆薯53和福薯18高.

表2　栽培方式对菜用甘薯品种茎尖含水量的影响_Table 2 Effects of cultivation methods on water content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use　w/%

2.3栽培方式对菜用甘薯品种茎尖叶绿素和类胡萝卜素含量的影响

叶绿素和类胡萝卜素对人体有诸多有益功能,其含量已成为衡量果蔬营养品质的关键指标之一[8].由表3可知:莆薯53在管道营养液栽培条件下茎尖叶绿素a含量最高,与在土壤栽培下的含量在统计学上差异显著;广菜薯5号和福薯18在3种栽培条件下叶绿素a含量在统计学上差异不显著;在土壤栽培或基质栽培下,莆薯53、广菜薯5号和福薯18的叶绿素a含量在统计学上差异均不显著.

表3　栽培方式对菜用甘薯品种茎尖叶绿素a含量的影响Table 3 Effects of cultivation methods on chlorophyll a content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use mg/g

由表4可知:3个菜用甘薯品种均在管道营养液栽培环境下茎尖叶绿素b含量最高;在任一栽培条件下,3个菜用甘薯品种的叶绿素b含量在统计学上差异均不显著.

表4　栽培方式对菜用甘薯品种茎尖叶绿素b含量的影响Table 4 Effects of cultivation methods on chlorophyll b content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use mg/g

从表5可以看出:3个菜用甘薯品种均在管道营养液栽培条件下茎尖叶绿素总量最高;在任一栽培条件下,3个菜用甘薯品种的叶绿素总量在统计学上差异均不显著.

表5　栽培方式对菜用甘薯品种茎尖叶绿素总量的影响_Table 5 Effects of cultivation methods on total chlorophyll content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use mg/g

由表6可知:3个品种均在管道营养液栽培条件下茎尖类胡萝卜素含量最高;在3种栽培条件下, 3个品种的类胡萝卜素含量在统计学上差异均不显著,其中,在土壤栽培和管道营养液栽培条件下,福薯18的类胡萝卜素含量均最高,在基质栽培条件下,广菜薯5号的类胡萝卜素含量最高.

表6　栽培方式对菜用甘薯品种茎尖类胡萝卜素含量的影响_Table 6 Effects of cultivation methods on carotenoid content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use mg/g

2.4栽培方式对菜用甘薯品种茎尖可溶性糖含量的影响

表7表明:莆薯53、广菜薯5号和福薯18均在管道营养液栽培条件下茎尖可溶性糖含量最高,且与基质栽培之间在统计学上差异显著;在土壤栽培和基质栽培条件下,3个品种间的可溶性糖含量在统计学上差异不显著;在管道营养液栽培条件下,莆薯53的可溶性糖含量最高,广菜薯5号次之,福薯18最低,且相互之间在统计学上差异显著.

表7　栽培方式对菜用甘薯品种茎尖可溶性糖含量的影响Table 7 Effects of cultivation methods on soluble sugar content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use mg/g

2.5栽培方式对菜用甘薯品种茎尖可溶性蛋白质含量的影响

甘薯茎尖含有丰富的蛋白质,高于白菜、甘蓝、菠菜、生菜、空心菜等大多数叶菜类蔬菜[9].由表8可知:莆薯53在3种栽培条件下可溶性蛋白质含量在统计学上差异不显著,福薯18亦然.这与陈选阳等[10]的研究结果一致.在土壤栽培条件下,广菜薯5号的可溶性蛋白质含量较另外2个品种高;在基质栽培和管道营养液栽培环境下,莆薯53的可溶性蛋白质含量均最高.

表8　栽培方式对菜用甘薯品种茎尖可溶性蛋白质含量的影响_Table 8 Effects of cultivation methods on soluble protein content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use mg/g

2.6栽培方式对菜用甘薯品种茎尖维生素C含量的影响

植物性食物是人体所需维生素C的主要来源[11].由表9可知:莆薯53和广菜薯5号均在土壤栽培条件下维生素C含量最高,管道营养液栽培次之,在基质栽培下最低;福薯18在土壤栽培下维生素C含量最高,基质栽培次之,管道营养液栽培最低;在同一栽培条件下,莆薯53的维生素C含量均为最高.

表9　栽培方式对菜用甘薯品种茎尖维生素C含量的影响Table 9 Effects of cultivation methods on vitamin C content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use mg/kg

2.7栽培方式对菜用甘薯品种茎尖硝态氮含量的影响

硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐非人体所必须,摄入过多会对人体健康产生危害.进入人体的硝酸盐会在细菌的作用下还原成亚硝酸盐,它是亚硝胺的前体;而亚硝胺是一种强致癌物质,所以低硝酸盐含量的蔬菜备受消费者青睐[12].从表10可以看出:3个菜用甘薯品种均在管道营养液栽培条件下茎尖硝态氮含量最低,且与基质栽培在统计学上差异显著;在土壤栽培条件下,广菜薯5号的硝态氮含量最低,福薯18次之,莆薯53最高;在基质栽培条件下,福薯18的硝态氮含量最低,3个品种间在统计学上差异不显著;在管道营养液栽培条件下,莆薯53的硝态氮含量最低,与另外2个品种间在统计学上差异显著.

表10　栽培方式对菜用甘薯品种茎尖硝态氮含量的影响Table 10 Effects of cultivation methods on nitrate content of sweetpotato cultivars for vegetable use mg/kg

3　讨论与结论

本研究对3个菜用甘薯品种在3种栽培方式下的相关指标测定发现,管道营养液栽培表现出了明显的优势.在管道营养液栽培条件下,莆薯53、广菜薯5号和福薯18茎尖产量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总量、类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性糖含量均达到最高,硝态氮含量则最低.同时,也发现3个菜用甘薯品种具有各自的优势:在任一栽培条件下,福薯18的产量均为最高,且与另外2个品种间在统计学上差异显著;广菜薯5号的含水量最高,莆薯53的维生素C含量最高.

在蔬菜的商业化生产中,产量的高低直接关系到经济效益.本试验研究发现,管道营养液栽培能够明显提高菜用甘薯的茎尖产量.这是由于在水培环境中薯苗的茎节处更容易产生大量的须根,吸收水分的能力明显增强,生长速度更快;同时,营养液的循环流动保证了矿质离子的供应;此外,营养液栽培也有利于改善植株根系的氧气供应[13],保证高产.福薯18茎尖高产主要在于其极易产生分枝,茎叶再生能力强.在栽培过程中我们还发现,管道营养液栽培能够明显减轻虫害的发生,而在土壤栽培条件下虫害最严重,基质栽培次之.在保证产量的同时,绿色安全的蔬菜仍然备受消费者关注,蔬菜中硝酸盐含量超标现象近些年来时有发生.研究发现,不同品种的大白菜[14]、菠菜[15]、莴苣[16]中硝酸盐含量均不同,故低硝酸盐含量品种的筛选也成了今后菜用甘薯的育种方向之一.本试验表明,在管道营养液栽培条件下,3个菜用甘薯品种的茎尖硝酸盐含量均达到最低值.总体而言,在屋顶农业中建议采用管道营养液栽培方式种植福薯18品种,既能保证茎尖高产,又能保证菜用甘薯的品质.

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LI Huan1,2,BEI Jiawei1,2,PAN Chao1,2,ZHAO Weidong2,LU Guoquan1,2*
(1.Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province,School of Agricultural and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University,Lin'an 311300,Zhejiang,China;2.Institute of Root&Tuber Crops,Zhejiang A&F University,Lin'an 311300,Zhejiang,China)

Summary Sweetpotato(Ipomoea batatas)is an important upland crop in China,which plays an important role in feed and industrial raw materials.The root tuber has rich nutrition,and the aerial part of stems and leaves also has extremely high nutritive value.Recently,research on sweetpotato for vegetable use increased gradually.With the rapid development of urbanization process,the cultivated area decreased gradually,along with the decline in quantity and quality of agricultural products.However,the increased space of balcony and roof accelerated the development of balcony agriculture and urban roof agriculture.Meanwhile,new devices for planting become popular in daily life in cities.Sweetpotatoes grow faster in summer,and can solve the problem of leaf vegetables in short supply.Moreover,people can plant organic sweetpotato for vegetable use at home in a convenient and safe way.

In this paper,three cultivation methods(soil cultivation,substrate cultivation and pipeline nutrient solutionculture)and three cultivars(Pushu 53,Guangcaishu 5 and Fushu 18)of sweetpotato for vegetable use were selected for urban roof agriculture,to compare the impact of different cultivation methods on yield and quality of sweetpotato.In July 2014,stem cuttings from each of the three cultivars were planted under three cultivation methods in roof of Jixian Building in Zhejiang A&F University.Experiments were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications.Seedlings were examined and replanted in time after cutting to ensure a full stand of seedlings.Furthermore,control and prevention for pests should be conducted during the growth period,and sweetpotato tips(15 cm)were harvested after growth.The yield,water content,pigment content,soluble sugar content,soluble protein content,vitamin C content and nitrate content were determined in the lab.

The results showed that the pipeline nutrient solution culture had significant advantages compared with soil cultivation or substrate cultivation.The stem apex yield,chlorophyll b content,total chlorophyll content, carotenoid content and soluble sugar content of Pushu 53,Guangcaishu 5 and Fushu 18 were highest under the pipeline nutrient solution culture condition among all the treatments,while the nitrate content was the lowest.

In conclusion,planting Fushu 18 using pipeline nutrient solution culture in urban roof agriculture will be a better choice,with higher biomass and guaranteed quality of sweetpotato for vegetable use.

Key wordssweetpotato for vegetable use;cultivation methods;urban roof agriculture

Effects of different cultivation methods on stem apex yield and quality of sweetpotato for vegetable use under urban roof condition.Journal of Zhejiang University(Agric.&Life Sci.),2016,42 (6):713- 719

DOI:10.3785/j.issn.1008-9209.2015.08.251

中图分类号S 531

文献标志码A

基金项目:国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项(CARS-11-B-18);浙江省重大科技专项(2012C12902-3);浙江农林大学生物种业研究中心预研基金(2023550009).

*通信作者(Corresponding author):陆国权(http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9825-4372),E-mail:lugq10@zju.edu.cn

收稿日期(Received):2015- 08- 25;接受日期(Accepted):2016- 03- 30;网络出版日期(Published online):2016- 11- 19

第一作者联系方式:李欢(http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7472-5758),E-mail:1224218356@qq.com

URL:http://www.zjujournals.com/agr/CN/article/download ArticleFile.do?attach Type=PDF&id=10432