血管内超声在左主干病变介入治疗中的应用
2016-03-09柯永胜
田 塬 柯永胜
血管内超声在左主干病变介入治疗中的应用
田塬柯永胜
241000安徽省皖南医学院第一附属医院弋矶山医院心内科
【摘要】冠状动脉造影只能提供血管腔的二维图像,对于左主干病变的诊断有局限性。血管内超声作为目前应用最广泛、最成熟的血管内成像技术,可提供血管壁、内径、斑块负荷等信息,有助于术者判断临界病变,并选择最佳的治疗策略及手术器械,从而优化左主干病变的介入治疗,预防和减少并发症。
【关键词】左主干;血管内超声;经皮冠状动脉介入治疗;药物洗脱支架
冠状动脉(冠脉)造影(CAG)一直被认为是诊断冠状动脉粥样硬化性心脏病(冠心病)的“金标准”,然而CAG只能提供管腔的二维图像,造影结果常受到左主干长度、直径变异大、无参照血管、三分叉掩盖左主干远端开口等的限制,而无法精确地评价冠脉管腔真实直径、斑块负荷、血管钙化及成角等解剖特点,对于左主干病变的诊断具有局限性。左主干为前降支(LAD)和回旋支(LCX)供血,是最重要的冠脉血管段,因此左主干病变预后最差。随着经皮冠脉介入治疗(PCI)和药物洗脱支架(DES)的发展,无保护左主干(unprotect left main coronary artery,ULMCA)病变PCI手术量快速增加[1]。2009年美国心脏病学会/美国心脏协会(ACC/AHA)指南指出,在预测接受外科手术预后差和PCI相关并发症发生率较低的解剖学情况下,PCI由原本的Ⅲ类适应证升级为Ⅱb类[2],因此左主干的PCI治疗有广阔的前景,如何优化ULMCA病变的PCI策略尤为重要。血管内超声(IVUS)作为目前应用最广泛、最成熟的血管内成像技术,可提供包括血管壁、内径、斑块负荷及其形态和组成等信息,尤其可以直观而精确地呈现左主干及其分支的斑块分布及性质,有助于术者选择最佳治疗策略及手术器械,尤其适用于复杂左主干病变的诊治[3]。
1判断临界病变
如何判断临界病变一直是冠心病诊治的困境,由于CAG很难判断相对正常的血管,尤其难以区分40%~70%的狭窄在血流动力学方面究竟是临界病变还是中度病变[4-5]。左主干较短,病变弥漫性时CAG无法判断血管真实直径,此时IVUS的高分辨率图像就显得尤其重要[6-7]。最小管腔面积(minimal luminal area,MLA)是最常用的左主干病变狭窄严重程度的替代指标,也是左主干病变晚期主要心血管不良事件(MACE)的重要预测指标[8],临床上可以参考MLA来决定是否对左主干病变进行干预或者延期治疗。
IVUS结合冠脉血流储备分数(franctional flow reserve,FFR)的功能学评价对临界病变的判断更为精确。研究发现FFR>0.75时推迟介入是合理的,而且FFR值与MLA具有高度的相关性[9-11]。
一项针对55例稳定的左主干狭窄患者的单中心研究发现,与FFR<0.75相关性最好的MLA临界值是5.9 mm2[11];之后的前瞻性多中心LITRO研究入选了345例左主干临界病变的患者,其中MLA≥6 mm2的患者推迟血运重建,MLA<6 mm2的患者则接受血运重建。结果显示,未接受血运重建组的2年无事件生存率是97.7%,而血运重建组是94.5%(P=0.5),因此认为MLA>6.0 mm2的患者延期血运重建的风险较低[12]。近期的一项单中心研究将112例ULMCA病变的患者随机分为两组,以FFR=0.80作为判断MLA的临界值,结果显示对于左主干口部和体部的狭窄,MLA≤ 4.5 mm2是 FFR≤0.80的独立影响因素(敏感度77%,特异度82%,OR=0.83, 95%CI: 0.759~0.960,P<0.001),故建议MLA=4.5 mm2作为临界病变是否需要即刻或延迟血运重建的新标准[13]。然而左主干直径变异大,该临界值显然不能完全适用于所有患者,且根据该试验提供的数据也不难看出,当MLA调整至6 mm2时可以得到更高的FFR值。2015年一项评估MLA精确性的meta分析入选了2项针对左主干病变的研究(n=110),结果显示MLA临界值为5.4 mm2(5.1~5.6 mm2)[14]。另一项荟萃分析同样入选了这两个研究,结果发现,相比FFR,IVUS对左主干复杂病变的预测更精确[15]。虽然MLA的临界值一直没有定论,但根据各项研究结果,目前的美国专家共识仍建议决策左主干病变血运重建策略为MLA<6.0 mm2[16]。
IVUS对于左主干临界病变的评判标准仍需更多大样本临床数据来说明。需要指出的是,并不能完全依赖IVUS显示的管腔面积大小来评估心肌是否缺血,因为除管腔面积外,心肌缺血还受病变长短、侧支循环以及远端微血管损伤等因素的影响。因此McDaniel等[17]提议,对于经IVUS测得MLA<6 mm2的左主干病变患者,应通过FFR或其他无创检查评估心肌是否缺血,而MLA>6 mm2者应推迟血运重建。
2指导PCI过程
PCI术前,IVUS可以测量管腔直径及病变长度以指导支架的选择;PCI术后,IVUS可评估PCI并发症及支架置入效果,对于左主干病变尤其具有不可替代的参考价值。2011年美国心脏病学会/美国心脏协会/美国心血管造影和介入学会(ACC/AHA/SCAI)PCI指南指出,左主干PCI中使用IVUS是Ⅱb类适应证[18], 2014年新指南更加强调了其必要性[19]。
左主干病变分为口部、体部及末端分叉病变,其中分叉病变约占60%,非分叉病变约40%。左主干开口病变支架置入后需要IVUS来判断支架膨胀状态和有无夹层,并确定开口是否被完全覆盖。左主干末端分叉病变的介入治疗是技术难点,可先行IVUS进行预判,如发现钙化程度较重,可先采用旋磨术旋切钙化斑块,帮助支架通过;当判断一侧血管闭塞可能性较小时,多采用单支架术式。研究表明,LCX开口病变不明显时,单支架技术的远期效果优于双支架技术,但如果LCX开口病变明显,单支架会对预后产生不利影响,因为单支架从LAD跨越至左主干,尤其当LAD、LCX分叉角度较小时,有使LCX开口发生几何形态改变的风险,主要与隆脊移位(carina shift)、MLA缩小等有关,而非斑块移位(plaque shift)所致[20-23]。当单支架跨越LAD和左主干时,如造影提示累及LCX开口>50%,则必须行IVUS或FFR对分支血管口部结构及功能学进行评估,帮助术者决定是否需要干预边支[24]。如需干预边支但不置入支架,当行最终对吻扩张(final kissing inflation)以保证边支安全。双支架术式主要包括Crush、Cullotte、T支架术式,当一侧血管闭塞率较高时使用。需强调的是,无论采用何种双支架术式,最后都必须使用高压球囊进行对吻扩张,并用IVUS来判断支架膨胀状况。
Kang等[25]对左主干单支架和双支架(Crush和T支架技术)术后患者(n=403)随访9个月发现,IVUS测定的最小支架面积(MSA)可预测支架内再狭窄,临界值分别为 5.0 mm2(LCX开口处)、6.3 mm2(LAD开口处)、7.2 mm2(分支汇合处)和8.2 mm2(分支汇合处以上临近部位的左主干)。CROSS研究和PERFECT研究的亚组分析显示,最终对吻扩张是预测边支无狭窄(<50%)的单支架术后患者支架内再狭窄的独立影响因素[26],而IVUS是唯一能够提高最终对吻扩张质量的方法。
IVUS指导DES置入的优势在于减少围手术期并发症,如边支闭塞、支架边缘夹层及血肿、支架膨胀不全、支架不完全重叠等。通过IVUS评价支架膨胀不全、异位、不完全覆盖病变以及斑块的残留可以预测DES置入后支架血栓的形成[27-30]。
对2 193例DES置入患者的荟萃分析显示,与冠脉造影指导下相比,IVUS预先指导下支架置入患者的MLA更大,支架内再狭窄概率更小(OR= 0.64, 95% CI:0.42 ~0.96,P=0.02),再次血运重建减少(OR=0.66,95% CI: 0.48~0.91,P=0.004)。但相对于降低再狭窄或再次血运重建,IVUS指导DES置入似乎与减少心肌梗死的发生和降低死亡风险的相关度更高[31]。
另一项荟萃分析总结了近年来的3项大型临床随机研究及14项观察性研究(包含2项左主干病变研究),总计26 503例DES置入患者,其中14 004例在IVUS指导下置入支架,12 499例在冠脉造影指导下置入支架,主要的临床终点是死亡率、心肌梗死、支架内血栓以及靶病变血运重建(target lesion revascularization,TLR)。结果显示,IVUS指导的PCI置入的支架更多、更长、内径更大,TLR风险显著降低(OR=0.81,95%CI:0.66~1.00,P=0.046),死亡率(OR=0.61,95%CI:0.48~0.79,P<0.001)、心肌梗死(OR=0.57,95%CI:0.44~0.75,P<0.001)以及支架内血栓形成(OR=0.59,95%CI:0.47~0.75,P<0.001)均显著降低[32]。另一项荟萃分析(n=24 849)得出了类似的结论,即IVUS指导的DES置入较造影指导不仅减少了21%的MACE事件和36%的死亡风险,也减少了心肌梗死和TLR等并发症的发生[33]。
IVUS指导下的ULMCA患者行PCI是否能长期获益目前仍没有定论。MAIN-COMPARE研究入选了相互匹配的201对ULMCA的患者,与单纯造影组相比,IVUS指导组3年的死亡率有降低的趋势(6.0%对13.6%,P=0.063),尤其是对置入DES的患者,IVUS指导组相比造影组3年死亡率显著降低(4.7%对16.0%,P=0.048)。而对于置入金属裸支架的患者,IVUS组与造影组的死亡率无明显差异(8.6%对10.8%,P=0.35)[34]。
最近一项针对ULMCA的荟萃分析入选了4项注册试验,共1 670例ULMCA病变并接受DES置入的患者。对比分析后认为,IVUS组术后3年内未发生死亡、心肌梗死和TLR的患者占88.7%,非IVUS组为83.6%(P=0.04);在左主干远端病变亚组中,IVUS术后3年内未发生死亡、心肌梗死、TLR的患者比例占90.0%,非IVUS组为80.7%(P=0.03),且IVUS组支架内血栓发生率明显较低(0.6%对2.2%,P= 0.04)。IVUS指导的血运重建是预测术后主要不良事件的独立影响因素(HR=0.70, 95%CI: 0.52~0.99,P=0.04)。该研究还发现,IVUS并没有减少TLR的发生,仅在置入双支架的患者中,TLR的发生率有降低的趋势[35]。
3展望
IVUS可通过预先评估病变指导PCI策略,通过优化DES的置入来保证PCI的成功,从而改善患者预后。然而,对于功能学的评估仍是FFR更有优势,故目前更主张结合IVUS、FFR共同优化左主干的PCI策略,而IVUS是否可使ULMCA患者长期获益则有待进一步的随机对照研究来证实。
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(收稿:2015-12-07修回:2016-04-10)
(本文编辑:梁英超)
通信作者:柯永胜,Email:keyongsheng@163.com
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-6583.2016.03.004