中药抗高血压药理学研究现状与展望
2016-02-15吕圭源陈素红
吕圭源,苏 洁,陈素红
(1.浙江中医药大学药物研究所,浙江杭州 310053;2.浙江工业大学长三角绿色制药协同创新中心,浙江杭州 310014)
中药抗高血压药理学研究现状与展望
吕圭源1,苏 洁1,陈素红2
(1.浙江中医药大学药物研究所,浙江杭州 310053;2.浙江工业大学长三角绿色制药协同创新中心,浙江杭州 310014)
吕圭源,浙江中医药大学药物研究所所长,博士生导师。国家新药、保健食品审评资深专家。全国优秀教师,全国优秀科技工作者,中央掌握联系专家,浙江省有突出贡献中青年专家。世中联中药和中药保健品分会副会长,中国中西医结合学会中药分会主任委员。主要从事中药抗高血压、代谢性疾病等药理学和产品开发研究,主持国家重大新药创制专项和973计划等重大项目10余项。科研成果获奖30项,其中国家科技进步二等奖和浙江省科技一等奖等5项。获新药证书1本,临床批件4个,保健食品批文2个,发明专利3项。培养博士和硕士151名,在读20余名。
高血压病的发病率和增长率很高,病理病机复杂不清,严重危害人类健康。目前,高血压病无法根治,现用于治疗高血压病的化学药降压疗效显著,但需终身应用和需多药合用,也有明显不良反应,而降低高血压并发症作用不显著。中药有中医理论指导,在降压的同时能改善代谢异常,降低并发症和预后甚优,其优势或潜能尚未充分发挥,临床应用尚少。代谢性高血压已成为高血压病主体,其形成机制主要涉及代谢异常相关胰岛素抵抗和代谢性炎症等始动病理机制。系统阐述中药抗高血压药理学研究等现状、尤其代谢性高血压模型的研制与应用,对开展中药治疗高血压、尤其治愈高血压的新探索具有十分重要的意义。
高血压;中药;药理学;代谢性高血压;动物模型
高血压病是目前发病率和增长率极高的最常见心血管或代谢性疾病,严重危害人类健康。目前,全球高血压人群已超9.72亿人,我国成人高血压患病率可高达33%,患者约达3.3亿[1]。高血压病又是导致心、脑、肾和眼等重要靶器官损害的主要危险因素。现用于治疗高血压病的化学药、作为世界卫生组织推荐的一线降压药为利尿剂、β受体阻滞剂、钙离子拮抗剂、血管紧张素转移酶抑制剂和血管紧张素Ⅱ受体拮抗剂等六大类,品种不少,降压作用也强。但任何一种降压药只能对30%~50%的患者有效,10%~20%患者需3种及以上药物联合应用;并还产生血脂等升高、水钠潴留、踝肿、咳嗽、面红和眩晕等不良反应。中药有中医理论指导,在降压的同时还可改变代谢异常等,具有独特的疗效优势,对防治高血压病有很大潜力。中药治疗高血压的研究日趋增多,现代药理研究和临床研究均表明,不少中药及中成药如野菊花和牛黄降压丸有明显降压作用,但实际临床应用仍较少,市场占有量小,其主要原因可能是中药治疗高血压的优势或潜能未充分发挥。中药药理学研究是阐述或展示其优势的主要途经。因此,本文主要综述中药抗高血压药理学研究的现状及研究展望。
1 抗高血压中药饮片、中成药和中药成分
1.1 抗高血压中药饮片
中医认为,高血压的病理特点为本虚标实,本虚为阴虚、血虚、阳虚和气虚;标实为肝火、血瘀、水停和痰饮,标本俱病,虚实夹杂。中医药治疗高血压病的原则主要是补虚泻实,适其阴阳,临床上权衡标本、缓急和轻重。单味中药治疗高血压按其主要功效分类见表1,包括平肝熄风药、清热药、活血化瘀药、补虚药和袪风湿药等。
1.2 抗高血压中成药
现有抗高血压中成药主要以清热泻火、平肝潜阳、活血化瘀、滋补肝肾等治法为多,针对老年高血压病患者或高血压后期的阴阳两虚证,具有阴阳双调功效的中成药很少。常用抗高血压中成药分类见表2。①清热泻火类中成药:清肝泻火、清热安神,用以治疗肝火上炎型高血压,如牛黄降压丸[27]、镇脑宁胶囊[28]和清肝降压胶囊[29]等。②平肝潜阳类中成药:平肝潜阳息风、镇静安神,用以治疗肝阳上亢型高血压,如松龄血脉康胶囊[30]、天麻钩藤颗粒[31]和清脑降压颗粒[32]等。③活血化瘀类中成药:活血化瘀、通脉活络,用以治疗瘀血阻络型高血压,如强力天麻杜仲胶囊[33]、心脉通胶囊[34]和愈风宁心片等。④滋补肝肾类中成药:滋养肝肾、养阴填精,用以治疗肝肾阴虚型高血压,如杞菊地黄丸[35]、六味地黄丸[36]和天麻首乌片[37]等。⑤除痰化浊类中成药:除痰化浊、健脾和胃,用以治疗痰湿壅盛型高血压,如眩晕宁颗粒、化浊轻身颗粒和山庄降脂片等。⑥其他中成药:如康脉心(血灵),补血活血,用于阴虚阳亢兼血瘀引起的Ⅱ期高血压病。
1.3 抗高血压中药成分
抗高血压中药成分分类见表3。①生物碱类:具有显著生理活性的含氮有机化合物,许多中药中富含生物碱,具有降压作用的有小檗碱(黄连素)[38]、川芎嗪[39-40]和钩藤碱[41]等。②黄酮类:多为2-苯基色原酮基本母核的衍生物,常见取代基有-OH基、-OCH3基以及萜类侧链。具有降压作用的有红花黄素[42]、芹菜素[43]和银杏叶总黄酮[44]等。③皂苷类:广泛存在于植物界的一类苷类成分,水溶液振摇后可产生持久的肥皂样泡沫。具有降压的有人参皂苷Rb1[45]、黄芪皂苷[46]和无患子皂苷[47]等。④多糖类:是由10个以上的单糖通过糖苷键连接形成的含醛基或酮基的天然高分子聚合物,具有降压作用的有枸杞多糖[48]、黄芪多糖[49]和天麻多糖[50]等。⑤其他成分萜类、醌类、香豆素类、木质素类和氨基酸等也有降压的效果,如决明子蒽醌苷[51]、前胡香豆素[52]和芝麻素[53]等。药理实验证明,这些成分有降压作用,但单用是否能治疗高血压病,仍有待深入研究。
表1 抗高血压中药饮片按功效分类
表2 抗高血压中成药按功效分类
表3 抗高血压中药成分分类
2 中药抗高血压药理学研究
2.1 高血压动物模型
动物模型是研究药物药理作用的前提或基础,中药降压药理作用研究应用的动物模型主要有:①遗传性高血压动物模型,如自发性高血压大鼠(spontaneously hypertensive rat,SHR)、卒中倾向自发性高血压大鼠(stroke prone spontaneously hypertensive rat,SHRsp)、转基因高血压大鼠和转基因高血压小鼠等;②肾性高血压动物模型,肾性高血压大鼠(renal hypertensive rat,RHR)包括单肾单夹型、两肾一夹型和两肾两夹型等;③药物诱发高血压动物模型,如左旋硝基精氨酸和脱氧皮质酮醋酸盐诱导等;④神经内分泌型高血压动物模型;⑤妊娠高血压综合征动物模型;⑥高血压证候动物模型,如肝阳上亢型、气虚血瘀型和肝肾阴虚型等;⑦应激性高血压动物模型;⑧代谢性高血压动物模型,近年来很多学者提出代谢性高血压的新概念,即由代谢异常引起的高血压称为代谢性高血压[54],通过改善代谢危险因素有助于血压控制的高血压[55]。我们通过喂食含高盐、高糖、高脂等高能量饲料建立了多种代谢性高血压模型大鼠,包括高脂高糖饮食法、饮酒法和高盐饮食法等。这些模型在血压升高的同时,会出现血脂、血糖、尿酸等代谢异常,并有肝肾功能损伤。
2.2 降压药效研究
中药降压药效研究常应用SHR和RHR模型等,多采用无创尾动脉测压技术检测模型动物的血压(收缩压、舒张压和平均动脉压)。研究报道,能降低SHR血压的中药有菊花、夏枯草、牛黄降压丸、杜仲降压片、芥子碱和吴茱萸次碱等;能降低RHR血压的有白芷、桑寄生、天麻钩藤颗粒、心脑静和槲皮素等(表4)。降压药效研究通常需观察一个样本的一次和多次用药的降压作用,即动物一次给药后分别在1,2,3,4,6和8 h等时间点检测血压,以及多次给药后分别在给药后1,7和14 d等时间点检测血压,并且还要观察药物对心功能的影响。如康脉心一次给药后1 h SHR血压已有下降,2 h降压作用最强,维持时间约为6 h;多次给药后至14 d仍有降压作用,且对心率无影响[56]。通过应用喂食含高盐、高糖和高脂等高能量饲料制备的代谢性高血压模型大鼠,发现铁皮石斛[57]、济脉通片[58]和芍药提取物[59]等在降压的同时还能改善代谢和肝功能异常等,但是应用代谢性高血压模型动物研究中药降压药效仍然较少。
2.3 降低血压波动性研究
血压不是恒定不变的,在某段时间内,血压波动的性质和程度称为血压波动性,受交感神经、迷走神经和体液因子等调节,是独立于血压水平之外导致靶器官损伤的重要原因之一。因此,降低血压波动性对于高血压的治疗有非常重要的作用。常采用全植入式遥测法和动脉PE导管插管法,可监测24 h连续血压,分析血压波动性。有文献报道了中药对血压波动性的药理作用,如济脉通(夏枯草、野菊花及决明子)能降低RHR 24 h短期平均动脉压波动性;济脉通和硝苯地平联用能显著降低RHR 24 h短期收缩压、舒张压和平均动脉压的波动性[60]。白花丹参具有活血化瘀之功效,虽然对SHR没有急性降压作用,但却可降低SHR 4 h收缩压、舒张压和平均动脉压的波动性,并能改善压力感受反射敏感性功能[61]。天麻钩藤饮有清热平肝、潜阳熄风之效,其中两味君药天麻和钩藤的主要成分天麻素和钩藤总碱,能协同降低SHR血压,但不降低血压波动性[62]。
表4 应用高血压动物模型研究降压中药药效
2.4 药效比较与特色研究
中药研究更重要的目的是提高疗效、展示特色,系统的药效比较评价技术是抗高血压中药研究的关键。采用特色模型动物,通过系统比较药理研究,从而提高其疗效或展示优势特色。药效比较与特色研究包括降压药效和相关药效等比较研究。①降压药效比较:整体实验比细胞等离体实验的结果更可靠,通过不同中药的整体降压比较实验可筛选出药效更强抗高血压中药,为研发高效抗高血压中药新药临床应用提供基础。②相关药效比较:中药成分复杂,药理作用广泛,很多抗高血压中药如野菊花等,除具有降血压作用,还有降血脂、降血黏度、改善微循环等相关药理作用,可显示中药多靶点作用;并进一步比较其对血压波动性影响,有利于阐述中药治疗高血压病的远期疗效优势。
2.5 降压机制研究
目前,关于高血压的发病机制研究最多的主要是遗传基因、中枢神经和交感神经系统功能亢进、肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(renin-angiotensinaldosterone system,RAAS)亢进、细胞膜离子转运异常、心排血量改变、胰岛素抵抗及血管内皮功能受损等方面。中药能多途径、多靶点预防和治疗高血压(表5)。
表5 不同中药的降压机制
中药通过多个途径降低血压,如野菊花提取物可通过抑制RAAS[64],改善内皮功能[65],改善血液流变学[9]等机制降低SHR大鼠血压。另外研究发现,野菊花提取物降压的相关分子机制可能与抑制磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶和细胞外调节蛋白激酶等信号通路有关[64,66];康脉心可通过抑制RAAS、改善内皮功能[67]及舒张血管[68],或直接通过中枢[69]等机制降低多种高血压大鼠的血压;济脉通(复方菊明)可通过抑制RAAS[70]、改善内皮功能[71]及扩张血管[72]等机制降低多种高血压大鼠的血压。
2.6 药动学研究
中药药动学是研究中药活性成分、组分、中药单方和复方体内吸收、分布、代谢和排泄的动态变化规律及其体内时量-时效关系,并用数学函数加以定量描述。中药成分复杂、有效成分不明确、血药浓度低,使中药药动学研究难度较大。抗高血压中药药动学研究多采用体内药物浓度法和生物效应法等。我们采用化学-药效结合法,将康脉心分离成不同提取物进行降压实验,表明其降压有效成分为阿魏酸、腺苷和牛磺酸等;并发现康脉心给药后的降压效应明显滞后于阿魏酸的血药浓度,更明确了阿魏酸是其降压有效成分之一。进一步的康脉心口服药动学研究发现,阿魏酸在大鼠体内呈一级动力学消除,具有开放二室模型的特征,吸收半衰期tl/2Ka为6.781 min,分布半衰期tl/2α为17.82 min,消除半衰期t1/2β为179.4 min,作用时间持久(t1/2β=26.45tl/2Ka)[73]。济脉通血药成分分析结果显示,山奈酚、木犀草素、蒙花苷等黄酮类成分为济脉通中可入血成分[74],提示上述成分可能为济脉通的降压药效物质。进一步的济脉通口服药动学研究表明,木犀草素在SHR体内呈一级动力学消除,达峰浓度cmax为1.08 mg·L-1,达峰时间tmax为1.0 h,消除半衰期为4.08 h,平均滞留时间为7.38 h;且在SHR和SD大鼠体内的药动学过程存在差异,在SHR体内呈现吸收快消除快的现象,说明木犀草素血药浓度与高血压状态存在相关性[75]。另外,天麻钩藤饮药动学研究发现,其最低起效剂量为0.61 g·kg-1,相当于临床等效剂量的效应消退半衰期为1.55 h,效应维持时间为5.34 h,体存血药浓度达峰时间为2.04 h[76]。但是,单体成分药动学参数难以完整地表达中药的体内作用规律,非入血成分可能也参与发挥疗效,有待继续研究。
3 中药抗高血压临床研究
临床高血压可分为原发性高血压、肾性高血压、单纯性收缩期高血压等各种类型,不少中药在临床应用及临床试验中发现对各型高血压有治疗作用(表6)。①原发性高血压:基于目前的医学发展水平和检查手段,不能发现导致血压升高的确切病因,则称为原发性高血压。临床治疗原发性高血压的降压中药有松龄血脉康胶囊、康脉心、安脑丸和醒脑降压丸等。康脉心治疗400例阴虚阳亢兼血瘀证Ⅱ期高血压患者,其降压总有效率为74.0%,显效率为33.0%;症状有效率为79.33%,显效率为35.67%。松龄血脉康胶囊治疗97例原发性高血压Ⅰ或Ⅱ期患者,其降压总有效率为89.7%[77]。②肾性高血压:肾血管或肾实质性病变引起的高血压。临床治疗肾性高血压病的中药有益肾降压方、脉君安等。益肾降压方治疗26例轻、中度肾实质性高血压(肾功能代偿、失代偿期)患者,其总有效率为84.6%,治疗后肾功能好转,尿蛋白减少,尿钠增加。③单纯性收缩期高血压:单纯收缩压升高而舒张血压不高的一种状态,是老年人群中最常见的高血压类型。临床治疗单纯性收缩期高血压的中药有牛黄降压丸、清肝降压胶囊、晕可平等。牛黄降压丸治疗49例单纯性收缩期高血压患者,总有效率达93.88%[78]。④顽固性高血压:高血压人群即使在接受调整生活方式和服用3种或3种以上包括利尿药在内的不同作用机制的最佳剂量降压药物,血压仍不能控制在目标血压水平。临床治疗顽固性高血压的中药有安宫降压丸、天麻钩藤颗粒等。安宫降压丸治疗30例患者在常规治疗的基础上再联合应用安宫降压丸进行治疗,每次1丸,每日2次,能治疗头痛、头晕、心悸以及失眠症状等[79]。系统规范的中药抗高血压临床研究较少,有待深入。
表6 临床治疗高血压的中成药
4 展望
4.1 代谢性高血压成为高血压病主体
近年来,抗高血压药物发展速度快,在抗高血压药效、机制、临床等研究中取得了较大的成果,为广大高血压患者提供了很好的选择,使高血压知晓率、治疗率、控制率均有一定程度的提高,但是发病率始终居高不下,这与糖尿病、血脂紊乱、肥胖等代谢疾病发病率大幅度上升有关。据调查,仅10%~ 20%以下为单纯高血压患者[80-81],绝大多数高血压患者合并有不同形式的代谢紊乱,高血压伴血糖异常约占高血压患者的55.3%,伴血脂异常约占69.5%[82],伴血黏度异常约占86.8%,伴尿酸异常约占31.7%等。2007年欧洲心脏病学会指南纳入的影响高血压的10个危险因素中,代谢危险因素就占6个,高血压被认为是一种代谢病。因此,在遗传背景并未发生明显变化的前提下,代谢紊乱已成为高血压患病率急剧增加的主要动力。1993年Pool[54]首次提出,糖尿病和胰岛素抵抗相关的高血压或由代谢异常引起的高血压称为代谢性高血压,通过改善代谢危险因素有助于血压控制,代谢性高血压成为高血压病的主体,其区别于遗传性高血压的最大特点是由饮食不节(嗜酒、高脂、高糖等饮食)和运动减少等不良生活方式引起,血压升高伴随代谢紊乱,增加了心血管危险,加重靶器官损害,使高血压治疗预后不佳。
4.2 改善代谢异常为治愈高血压提供新思路
现有一线抗高血压药如利尿药、钙通道阻滞剂、血管紧张素转化酶抑制剂和β受体阻断药等,降压作用强,但主要作用局限于与血压直接相关的各个环节,对代谢异常这个关键环节作用较小,因而只能控制血压,不能改善高血压患者伴随的糖脂等代谢异常,降压同时仍存在严重的心血管病风险,远不能适应高血压病的治疗需要。中药治疗高血压的研究日趋增多,不少中药如野菊花和夏枯草等被证明有明显降压作用,且多数具有降血脂、降血糖等调节代谢异常,也有中成药如牛黄降压丸和愈风宁心片等,但实际临床应用仍很少,市场占有量小,中药治疗高血压的优势或潜能没有充分发挥。其主要原因就是当前评价抗高血压药物的动物模型尚不能客观评价代谢性高血压的特征,如现有高血压动物模型基本上采用遗传学、手术和药物等方法建立,而与代谢异常高血压患者的病理机制距离很远。目前高血压主要用化药治疗,需终身用药,高血压成了“不治之症”。但民间已有用中草药治疗血压恢复正常可停药的实例。因此,我们在抗高血压改善代谢研究深入的基础上,提出中药从“改善代谢异常”治愈高血压病的新思路,在今后的中药抗高血压研究开发过程中,创新研究方法尤其是构建能客观评价抗代谢性高血压的动物模型,发现或研制既能降低血压又能改变代谢异常新的中药治疗药物,展示中药治疗高血压的优势,并为治愈高血压提供新的探索方向,是中药抗高血压药理学研究的当务之急。
4.3 代谢性高血压模型动物为中药抗高血压深入研究提供了新方法
我们针对代谢性高血压病的特点,根据饮食、情绪等人类不良生活方式致病因素,模拟“饮食失节、七情内伤、起居无常、劳逸失度”等病因造模。针对高血压患者多伴血脂、血糖、血黏度或血尿酸升高等临床症状,模拟“过度饮酒、过食肥甘、怒则气上”等人类不良生活方式,制备一系列的代谢性高血压模型动物。如通过喂食含高盐、高糖、高脂、高嘌呤等高能量饲料模拟“饮食不节”,制备多种代谢性高血压模型动物。模型动物血压呈明显升高,且伴有血脂、血糖或尿酸升高等代谢异常,或伴肝肾功能损伤等。通过代谢性高血压动物模型,应用动态血压、激光多普勒等测定技术,测定血压波动性、微循环血流等客观评价指标,将降压中药和化药一线降压药对高血压及相关药效进行了对比研究,发现降压中药如铁皮石斛、济脉通片等能明显改善模型动物代谢异常,且血压明显降低。
根据上述结果分析,高血压病发病率高,心、脑、肾、眼等并发症严重[83],多年来中药在抗高血压药效、机制和临床等研究中取得了较多的成果,有抗高血压中药上市。但是近年研究发现代谢异常已成为高血压病的主要诱因,从而形成的代谢性高血压成为高血压病的主体,它的形成机制主要涉及代谢异常相关胰岛素抵抗、代谢性炎症及肠道免疫炎症激活的始动病理机制[84-86]。现治疗高血压病的一线降压药和正在研究的抗高血压新药主要作用于与血压直接相关的各个环节,而对代谢异常这个关键环节没有作用,这可能是高血压发病人数逐年快速增长的主要原因,进一步分析发现经典高血压模型动物如SHR和RHR等,均未能反映代谢性高血压的特点,未能用于抗代谢性高血压中药的药效研究。模拟不良生活方式研究制备有特色的代谢性高血压模型动物,可为筛选研制抗代谢性高血压中药新药或展示中药特色优势提供新的模型动物及新方法,为治愈高血压病提供新的探索方向,有可能对高血压的治疗产生突破性进展。
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Current situation and prospect of antihypertensive pharmacology of traditional Chinese medicine
LYU Gui-yuan1,SU Jie1,CHEN Su-hong2
(1.Institute of Materia Medica,Zhejiang Chinese Medical University,Hangzhou 310053,China; 2.Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology,Hangzhou310014,China)
The incidence and its growth rate of hypertension are both very high.Its pathology and pathogenesis are complex and unclear,and it does serious harm to human health.Hypertension remains incurable.Chemical medicine has good effect on hypertension,but life-long application and multi-drug combination are required,with significant adverse reactions.Also,complications can′t be effectively alleviated.Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)guided by traditional theories,can lower blood pressure,improve metabolic abnormalities and reduce complications.Its advantages or potentials have not been fully exploited and clinical application is inadequate.Metabolic hypertension has become the main form of hypertension,and its formation mechanism is mainly related to metabolic abnormalities and insulin resistance,metabolic inflammation and other pathology and pathogenesis.A better understanding of the current status of antihypertensive pharmacology of TCM,especially devel⁃opment and application of metabolic hypertension models is of great significance for TCM treatment of hypertension,and for exploration of new approaches to hypertension.
hypertension;traditional Chinese medicine;pharmacology;metabolic hypertension; animal model
CHEN Su-hong,Tel:(0571)86613601,E-mail:chensuhong@aliyun.com
R96,R972
A
1000-3002-(2016)12-1301-11
10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2016.12.009
Foundation item:The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(81274123);Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Project(2016C03G2120164);and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory Project(2012E10002)
2016-11-29接受日期:2016-12-22)
(本文编辑:齐春会)
国家自然科学基金(81274123);浙江省重点研发计划项目(2016C03G2120164);浙江省重点实验室(2012E10002)
陈素红,Tel:(0571)86613601,E-mail:chensuhong@ aliyun.com