生产建设项目边坡及弃土侵蚀影响机制研究进展

晏伟明，谢颂华，刘苑秋†，邓文平，黄鹏飞，郑太辉

(1.江西农业大学，330045，南昌；2.江西省水土保持科学研究院，330029，南昌)



生产建设项目边坡及弃土侵蚀影响机制研究进展

晏伟明1，谢颂华2，刘苑秋1†，邓文平1，黄鹏飞2，郑太辉2

(1.江西农业大学，330045，南昌；2.江西省水土保持科学研究院，330029，南昌)

生产建设项目的土壤侵蚀是土壤侵蚀学科研究的热点话题。生产建设项目边坡及弃土侵蚀是一种典型的人为加速侵蚀，严重制约着生态文明建设和经济的发展。本文对边坡和弃土侵蚀影响机制，从降雨径流条件、土壤特性、地形及微地貌因子、水土保持防护措施等方面，将国内外研究成果进行了系统阐述。首先，总结了国内外边坡和弃土坡面侵蚀在降雨径流条件下，其坡面泥沙剥蚀、运移、沉积过程和坡面水流条件的时空变化；指出在土壤自身特性(包括外来物石砾、土壤物理性质、土壤添加物等)条件下，土壤中石砾质量分数是边坡和弃土坡面侵蚀水沙变化的重要因子，土壤物理性质决定坡面径流发生与否，土壤添加物促进土壤团聚过程，增加入渗为主；其次，揭示了坡面地形及其微地貌条件下，影响径流再分配和侵蚀分异特征；最后，对边坡及弃土坡面侵蚀在水土保持防治措施下，调控径流、削减泥沙的效果进行分析，并为今后生产建设项目边坡及弃土侵蚀研究的内容和方向作出展望，为边坡和弃土水土流失防治提供理论依据。

生产建设项目； 边坡和弃土； 侵蚀； 机制

随着经济社会的快速发展，生产建设项目取得了蓬勃的发展，与此同时，也产生了大量的边坡、弃土弃渣，各种扰动土下垫面、扰动边坡及弃土侵蚀与原始地形地貌侵蚀相比要大得多[1-2]。边坡及弃土侵蚀有暴发性强、流失形式多样、流失强度剧烈和破坏性大的特点，给人类赖以生存的环境带来严重的挑战[3]。特别是生产建设项目边坡坡陡，开挖、填筑和压实程度不同，经过诸多扰动后水蚀剧烈，甚至在与其他侵蚀外营力的共同作用下，易发生剧烈的泻溜和滑坡等地质灾害[4]；同时，弃土组成物质主要以土、土掺杂石砾或大块石等为主，其成分复杂多样、颗粒分选性差、结构松散和透水性强的特点，使土壤的抗冲、抗蚀性大大降低[5]，且土壤经干湿交替，风吹曝晒等风化作用，使得土壤结构松散，土壤颗粒组成进一步发生变化[6]，极易发生严重的水土流失，水沙两相体进入河道，极易造成区域河道的堵塞，影响河道正常的行洪安全[7]，也是一种典型的人为加速侵蚀。为此，生产建设项目本身及其引起的新增特殊的侵蚀地形地貌，已经引起了国内外研究者的关注[8]，以往研究主要集中在边坡及弃土的土地利用恢复、生态系统的重建、土壤侵蚀机制、水土流失防治措施及其治理之后的生态效益评价[9-11]等方面。笔者从边坡及弃土侵蚀的影响因素及其侵蚀作用机制进行阐述，分析当前边坡及弃土侵蚀的研究现状和存在的不足，展望边坡及弃土侵蚀研究方向。

1　降雨径流因素对边坡及弃土侵蚀的影响

雨滴对坡面侵蚀主要为溅蚀，其侵蚀作用机制为：雨滴降落时的动能直接作用于土壤颗粒，使其结构破坏，大颗粒分化为细颗粒，进而使细颗粒溅起。雨滴击溅改变侵蚀坡面的表土结构和坡面土壤孔隙格局。径流对坡面的侵蚀主要为面蚀和沟蚀，其侵蚀作用机制为径流对坡面冲刷和夹杂泥沙往坡下输送、沉积。

1.1降雨条件的影响

研究降雨因素和边坡和弃土侵蚀及细沟侵蚀的关系，主要依据降雨强度、降雨历时、降雨量等降雨条件[12]。通常坡面产沙总量、径流率和产沙率均随雨强的增大而增大[6,13]。路基边坡的侵蚀监测结果表明：降雨量与侵蚀相关性显著[14]；在其他影响侵蚀条件一致的情况下，公路土质边坡模拟降雨侵蚀，其随雨强的增大而增大[15]；次降雨主要引起片蚀，年降雨主要引起沟蚀[16]。堆弃土模拟降雨实验表明，坡面平均径流速率、均产沙速率、径流量和产沙量均与降雨强度呈现良好的线性相关关系[1,17]；其产流产沙过程中的产沙率和径流率，一般随降雨时间延长，呈现多峰型走势[3,17]；也有研究得出，坡面产沙率在整个降雨过程中，一直呈现稳定状态，或一直处于波动变化[13]的情况；随降雨时间的延长，坡面开始发生细沟侵蚀，细沟长度、宽度和深度等形态特征值，均在降雨过程中不断增大[18]。

1.2径流因素的影响

坡面径流发生机制包括蓄满产流和超渗产流，径流剥离土壤，向下搬运、沉积泥沙。坡面侵蚀的水动力条件包括径流速度、径流流态、薄层水流深度和径流切应力等[19]。坡面薄层径流剥蚀土壤放水冲刷实验结果表明，弃土弃渣体随着放水量的增加，产流量与产沙量也不断增大，累积径流量随冲刷也随时间不断增大[20]；而通过铁路基边坡降雨冲刷监测，则可将整个坡面产流过程概化为降雨到产流开始、产流开始到径流稳定、径流的稳定阶段和径流消退4个阶段[21]。也有研究工程开挖面放水冲刷试验发现，径流发生并没有初损时间[22]。

径流因其具备剥离土壤和携带泥沙的能力，而引起坡面侵蚀；因此，径流的水动力学参数显著影响着弃土产沙量[18]，不同坡度条件下，海涂盐土边坡坡面侵蚀率和细沟发育深度，均与径流雷诺数呈现显著线性相关[23]。工程坡面的薄层水流侵蚀水动力学特征研究表明，水流切应力、水流功率及径流动能均与片蚀率呈线性相关，但是单位水流功率、过水断面单位能量与其相关性不明显[24]；然而整个坡面的细沟剥蚀率与单位水流功率是幂函数的表达式，最终得出影响整个坡面土壤侵蚀率的水动力主控因子是水流功率[25]。模拟放水冲刷路面边坡实验，估算土壤的剥离速率结果表明，水流功率是比径流切应力能更好地预测土壤侵蚀的水动力条件[26]。

2　土壤特性对边坡及弃土侵蚀的影响

土壤特性对侵蚀的影响机制，主要是土壤自身的下垫面的形态特征、土壤发育母质、容重、孔隙度、颗粒结构等土壤物理性质影响土壤的抗冲性和抗蚀性，因此，土壤抗冲抗蚀特性是坡面侵蚀发生与否的关键因子。

2.1砾石对侵蚀的影响

生产建设项目边坡坡度陡、坡长长、石块通常伴生在土层当中，而弃土也因其组成结构复杂的特点，因此两者有别于原始边坡面和未扰动土坡面的侵蚀规律。不同生产建设项目来源的混合弃土掺杂非土壤成分，形成了错乱无章混合堆积物，土壤和石砾成分的比例不同，使得混合土壤堆积物的下垫面各不相同，最终导致在同样的径流冲刷条件下，其侵蚀过程特征各异[27]。紫色土和黄色矿渣的弃土弃渣混合物下垫面的模拟径流冲刷过程研究表明，径流水动力学流态特性有湍流、亚临界流、临界流等[18]，这可能与土壤和石砾表面特性各异，其间作用力仅为弱黏结力，侵蚀沟壁易受重力作用引起坍塌，最终引起坡面泥沙搬运过程的波动有关。土石边坡和弃土土壤中，石砾成分的多少决定土壤总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度，进而影响土壤容重，最终影响土壤的浸润速率[4]。通过模拟不同土石比例的边坡放水冲刷得出，偏土质边坡(土石比4∶1)的累积径流量较土石混合质(土石比3∶2)边坡大，土石混合质边坡产沙率随时间震荡变化[28]；模拟土石混合体弃土降雨侵蚀实验表明，石砾成分的增加，会导致坡面平均径流率、平均产沙率、径流泥沙量减小[1]；同样的实验条件下，关于平均径流率和平均产沙率，也有研究者得出了与之相悖的结论，随着石砾成分的增大，平均径流率同样增大，但从整个降雨过程来看，径流率和产沙率的减小，同样是因其石砾质量分数的增加影响的[13]，这与前述的研究结果是一致的；模拟红壤石砾混合体降雨侵蚀研究表明，石砾比例的增大，可以促进产沙总量的增加[3]，说明不同弃土土壤类型对侵蚀产沙会产生影响。

土壤中石砾的掺入改变了地表粗糙度，改变径流发生机制，影响了径流流路，进而影响径流流态。一般混合体弃土的泥沙运移过程可概化为早期剥离、波动、稳定3个阶段[25]，而含土石质成分边坡的水流流态一般为紊流和缓流[28]；模拟土槽冲刷试验证明，无石砾的混合体产流时间要比掺入石砾的混合体的产流时间长，石砾质量分数的增加，对产流开始起到了促进作用，但是延缓了径流达到稳定的时间[3]。

2.2土壤物理性质对侵蚀的影响

土石混合体中，增大石砾成分，土壤可蚀性因子值减小[7]，同样，排土场边坡石砾质量分数越高，土壤的抗冲性也越小[29]。弃渣场颗粒组成不合理，土壤有机质匮乏，也是恢复植被、保水保土的重要限制因子[30]。对松散弃土研究，主要考虑土壤颗粒级配显著影响着土壤结构，土壤抗剪切强度又与其密切相关，土壤的休止角也与颗粒粒径和不均匀程度有关[31]，团聚体平均质量直径与土粒内聚力同样有着显著正相关关系[32]。不同土壤颗粒级配的工程弃土侵蚀，产沙量通常随土壤细度模数的减小而增大；但是，在其他侵蚀影响因素一致的条件下，其坡面径流量与累积径流量的相关关系不明显[6]。土壤密度表征土壤孔隙度大小，影响着降雨的入渗，公路建设堆积土模拟降雨表明：低雨强下，土壤密度对边坡侵蚀起促进作用；高降雨强度，则对侵蚀有削减作用[33]。土壤前期含水量也显著影响着坡面的浸润速率和土壤抗剪强度，是坡面径流发生与否的重要因子[34]；控制降雨强度在一定条件下，一般土壤前期含水率越大，冲刷侵蚀越提前，致使纯土质边坡总侵蚀量越大[15]。

2.3土壤添加物对侵蚀的影响

土壤改良剂和土壤稳定剂 (Soiltac)[35]的添加，均可以改善土壤结构，增加地表径流的入渗，达到减流减沙的目的[36]。聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)与土壤颗粒作用形成团粒结构，改善土壤结构，增加地表径流的入渗，促进水稳性团聚体的形成，形成的胶结物提高了土壤的抗冲抗蚀性。研究表明，PAM可以减少径流中平均含沙量和侵蚀总量达80%以上[2]；但也有研究表明，分别对0.5和0.2坡比的陡质土石坡添加PAM，其用量的增加，对边坡侵蚀量和泥沙浓度影响不明显[37]。通过对不同质地土石边坡，采用不同分子量和不同电荷密度阴离子PAM处理表明，其对土壤入渗、减少侵蚀的效果不同，此研究促进了边坡PAM应用，在作用机制方面的开发[38]。聚合物黏合剂以其固化后多孔的特性，可以提高工程边坡入渗和持水能力，增加坡面的硬度，对工程边坡的稳定和防护具有重要意义[39]。

3　地形地貌因子对边坡及弃土侵蚀的影响

地形地貌因子对侵蚀的影响机制主要是坡长、坡度、坡形、坡向和坡面糙率等影响地表径流的汇流，使得降雨在坡面上进行二次分配。

3.1地形因子影响侵蚀

目前地形因素对产沙影响的研究，主要集中于坡度对侵蚀产沙的影响[40-41]。通常在临界范围之内，边坡坡面坡度越大，径流势能转换为动能时间短，产流产沙较大[42]。弃土弃渣野外放水冲刷实验表明：25°时，产流产沙增长速度最大[20]；黄土陡坡模拟侵蚀实验也得出，21°～24°时，降雨侵蚀量最大[43]；而土质边坡模拟降雨侵蚀实验表明，坡度25°时，单位面积侵蚀量达到峰值，坡度再增大，侵蚀量稍微降低后趋于稳定[15]。但也有研究者发现，当坡度到达35 °以上时，侵蚀增长速度变缓；比较几种坡度的路基边坡侵蚀发现，缓坡细沟侵蚀低，陡坡细沟跌坎深，径流冲刷强度大[21]。黄土边坡细沟侵蚀研究表明，陡峭边坡坡度的变化引起细沟的形状、沉积物浓度差异，影响坡面水力参数，此研究为陡坡细沟侵蚀模型参数，依据坡度修订提供参考[44]。工程开挖面的研究结果表明，坡度大于30°时，侵蚀量受降雨强度的影响减弱[45]；也有研究表明，边坡较陡受降雨强度影响，径流入渗增加，降雨强度对泥沙运移的影响缓坡要大于陡坡[46]。而佘冬立等[47]认为工程边坡的侵蚀临界坡度为25°左右，侵蚀率还与Manning糙率系数和Darcy-Weisabch阻力系数有关。坡长和侵蚀之间的内在关系，目前多数研究者结论并不一致[48]；有模拟上方来水工程开挖面冲刷实验研究表明，坡长对产沙产流量的影响不明显[22]；而公路路堤边坡模拟降雨侵蚀试验发现，侵蚀随坡长增加而减少[49]；工程堆积体坡面径流平均速度随坡长增加，呈S形趋势[24]；因土壤坡面存在分异，森林道路边坡坡面，不同部位侵蚀存在分异性[50]；同时，排土场边坡的抗冲性实验也得出，其抗冲指数在坡长上会产生空间变异性，坡顶最大，坡面中部位以岛状形态零星分布最小的点[51]。坡向则影响降雨的分配格局，与主导风向一致的坡向降雨充沛，而反坡向受雨影效应的影响，降雨少，对其边坡细沟侵蚀造成差异[52]。

3.2地貌因子影响侵蚀

针对生产建设项目边坡和弃土类型的分类，许文盛等依据建设项目开挖面的质地组成、开挖时间、开挖面上方有无来水，提出了开挖面分类体系[53]，因坡形影响径流势能，均质坡面比凹凸形状坡面侵蚀大[54,55]，利用西伯利亚侵蚀泥沙模型研究结果表明，凹形边坡减少泥沙流失是直线边坡的5倍[56]。开垦后边坡坡面细沟的发育，影响土壤水分配格局和径流流路的连通性，其对边坡植物的演替不利[57]；具坡顶平台集水区的冲刷实验发现，集水区冲刷量和坡面汇水区冲刷量不一致[58]，降雨冲刷实验研究表明，黄土公路边坡坡顶上方来水，明显影响侵蚀量增大[59]。

按弃土弃渣体的堆置形式、方法和堆弃形态，将弃土弃渣概化为散乱锥形堆置体、坡顶碾压倾倒堆置体等特定的堆置微地貌[60]。不同弃土堆置体模拟降雨试验发现，坡顶碾压倾倒堆置体侵蚀产沙量是散乱锥形堆置体的1～2倍[17]，但是，堆置微地貌对径流率的影响不显著;也有研究表明，坡顶碾压倾倒堆置体在特定降雨强度2和2.5 mm/min情况下，其总产沙量和总径流量明显大于其它堆置类型[61]。弃土回填方式、堆放高度和部位均会引起土壤自然结持的差异，从而引起弃土自然沉降的差异[62-63]；煤矿堆放场山脊、冲沟和毛沟的空间格局，对入渗和侵蚀同样会产生影响[64]；弃渣场因堆积平台和运渣道路下垫面不同，而分异出不同的面蚀带[65]；排土场边坡的行栏级和脊高垄宽，也对径流泥沙产生影响[66]。

4　水保防护措施对边坡及弃土侵蚀的影响

边坡及弃土通过植物和工程措施进行防护，可有效降低侵蚀，植物冠幅可以拦截降雨，减少径流对地表的直接击打，延缓汇流时间，增加径流入渗机会，植物枯枝落叶层松散持水性强，植物根系改善土壤结构，单纯的工程防护则可以屏蔽径流与土壤的接触。

4.1植物措施对侵蚀的影响

排土场恢复治理后，植被盖度增加，可以有效地增加入渗和蓄水保土[58]。西班牙东部裸露道路边坡侵蚀量是有植被的边坡土壤侵蚀的30倍以上[67]；自然演替下的扰动坡面(盖度达到36%)较裸露坡面可减蚀7 000倍以上，种植的牧草盖度达16%以上时，较裸露坡面减蚀1 800倍以上[68]。前人对比乔木、乔灌木、草被和裸露几种模式下的边坡水力特征发现，草被的糙率系数最大，对径流具有良好的阻滞作用，而乔木模式下径流阻滞作用不明显，甚至对径流流速有促进作用[69]；对公路路基边坡草灌拦截降雨试验研究表明，多种草灌植被对降雨侵蚀力的削减能力均达0.9以上[70]；铁路边坡侵蚀监测实验结果表明，坡顶覆盖草编毛毯可明显降低细沟侵蚀的发育风险，坡底布置则可以淤积泥沙[71]。合理的生物防护+工程防护，对排土场边坡减蚀效果要比简单的生物防护好[8]；采用竹栅栏植物篱和覆盖表土防护的松散堆积体边坡，可以有效减少侵蚀[72]；植物根系在土壤中穿插和缠绕作用可以增加土壤抗蚀性，较大的灌木根系生物量和根系长度，均可以提高道路边坡土壤的抗蚀性[73]；草本植物较木本植物因其根际土壤有机碳的富集，而改善团聚体的稳定性效果更好，从而影响土壤抗剪切强度和土粒间的内聚力[32]。

4.2综合措施对侵蚀的影响

坡面进行削坡和修挡墙，并配植物措施，保土效益好，盖度达70%以上时，面蚀基本得到控制[74]；高速公路边坡侵蚀监测表明，六棱砖防护可防止沟蚀产生，拱形框架梁防护能够阻止沟蚀的发育，明显降低整个坡面侵蚀总量[75]；道路边坡采用三维网植草皮、草席、遮阳网和无纺布等防护，冲刷作用明显减弱[76]；模拟陡坡人工材料防护下，径流冲刷实验研究结果表明，坡度35°较45°时，木块和黄麻网防护耐侵蚀性能较好，而这可能是因大坡度下防护材料与土壤的附着性变弱引起的[77]。

路堤边坡堆肥或污泥促进土壤的演变[78]，改善土壤的团粒结构和含水量，以及降低土壤密度[79]，提高植物的存活率[80]。有研究表明，两者混合的减蚀效果高达60%～90%[81-82]；土质陡坡上设置，可降解椰壳纤维网，可以减缓径流速度，保持土壤湿度，利于种子的萌发及植物生长[83]。弃渣场通过合理布置排水措施，对径流进行疏导，也可以达到减蚀的效果[84]；对弃土坡面进行铺设岩石碎片，对其侵蚀和坡面水文过程会产生影响[85]；有机肥和泥炭土通过喷射工艺，对土石边坡防护，可以提高土壤的抗蚀性指标[86]，泥炭土的加入改变了土壤密度，径流浸润速率加快[87]。

5　边坡及弃土侵蚀研究存在的不足

关于生产建设项目土壤侵蚀的研究，经历了几十年的发展过程，但是，当前有关生产建设项目侵蚀研究主要集中在以下7方面:降雨和径流条件下，弃土及边坡侵蚀发生的机制，及其影响径流泥沙迁移过程的水动力条件；弃土及边坡土壤特性对土壤侵蚀、径流发生、地表径流入渗的影响研究；边坡和弃土的坡度、坡长坡形等地形因子与侵蚀的关系研究；水土保持措施下的边坡和弃土的侵蚀发生机理研究；研究的方法手段主要有:模拟降雨、野外放水冲刷试验、自然降雨；弃土及边坡坡面侵蚀定量方法的对比研究；弃土及边坡坡面侵蚀定量和坡面冲沟侵蚀量预报模型的研究。

基于此，生产建设项目土壤侵蚀研究同样存在一些不足:

1)生产建设项目工程坡度、侵蚀量大的特点，以降雨径流为主驱动力的边坡和弃土侵蚀研究，忽略了其它侵蚀作用力；

2)生产建设项目诸多，不同的弃土类型、且其弃置的形态不同，目前的研究主要集中于单一的弃土研究，对混合弃土缺乏研究；

3)边坡土壤侵蚀研究大都集中在有防护措施的道路边坡，人工开挖自然边坡的研究尚浅；

4)试验方法各有利弊，缺乏试验方法之间的对比研究，只是单一的采取某一试验方法，边坡及弃土侵蚀机制，至今仍是研究中的难题；

5)弃土及边坡坡面侵蚀定量方法的研究各有其优劣，应根据边坡及弃土实地条件，采取相应的定量方法；

6)各坡面冲刷模型有其各自的参数及适用的尺度范围，模型开发及参数的统一标准问题有待解决。

6　边坡及弃土侵蚀研究的展望

今后对生产建设项目边坡侵蚀方面，不能仅局限于坡面水力侵蚀的研究，还应将水力与其它土壤侵蚀外营力结合起来，这样才能更有效地解决边坡水土流失与边坡稳定性两者之间内在的关系问题，为边坡水土流失防治提供理论依据。生产建设项目弃土侵蚀，还应该对不同类型弃土侵蚀进行研究，结合生产建设项目弃土组成物质复杂多样的特性，开展在不同混合土质类型掺杂石砾影响下的弃土侵蚀的研究。弃土边坡坡面定量方法的创新及应用，运用先进的仪器设备和处理方法，提高定量的准确性。基于边坡及弃土研究的不足，边坡及弃土侵蚀定量模型的综合开发，模型参数应用标准的统一，综合考虑弃土及边坡的特性。

此外，生产建设项目边坡及弃土侵蚀研究的时空尺度应该扩大，不应只局限于点状生产建设项目，同时开展面状、线状生产建设项目的研究，将研究的空间尺度，从目前单一的坡面尺度，上升为流域景观尺度乃至区域尺度，而且将土壤侵蚀学科与其他学科联系起来，将生产建设项目侵蚀与RS、GIS技术有机地结合起来，解决不同土壤类别、生产建设项目种类、土地利用方式及防护类型的生产建设项目的土壤侵蚀问题，为大尺度生产建设项目新增土壤侵蚀、沟壑发育的形态随时空变化的研究，提供有力的条件，进而对生产建设项目边坡及弃土侵蚀的动态过程了解的更清楚，这将是今后生产建设项目边坡及弃土侵蚀研究趋势。

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Research progress on the erosion mechanism of side slope and dumped soil in production and construction projects

Yan Weiming1,Xie Songhua2,Liu Yuanqiu1,Deng Wenping1,Huang Pengfei2,Zheng Taihui2

(1.Jiangxi Agricultural University,330045,Nanchang,China;2.Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Soil and Water Conservation,330029,Nanchang,China)

[Background] A lots of side slopes and dumped soil can be generated in production and construction projects,which is typical man-made accelerated erosion.It is a hot topic in soil erosion research due to the increasing seriousness of the damage to ecological environment.There were some differences in the mechanism of the erosion from original one,thus we viewed the research results in the erosion of side slope and dumped soil,from the influence factors of rainfall runoff,soil properties,topography and landforms,and protective measures of soil and water conservation,then put forward the deficiency of current research and future research direction.[Methods] We searched the relevant databases,journals and books such as Web of Science,CNKI,Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,Science of Soil and Water Conservation,Beijing Soil Loss Equation,et al,then collected all literatures from 4 aspects of rainfall runoff,soil properties,topography and landforms factor and protective measures of soil and water conservation.[Results] 1) From the aspect of rainfall runoff conditions,there was a linear response relationship between erosion (total erosion and erosion rate) and rainfall factors (rainfall amount and intensity); gully erosion would be emerged in the slope with the increase of rainfall time,which resulted in the fluctuation of erosion and flow rate over time; the correlation between the total amount of runoff and erosion was significant,and the erosion was related with the hydrodynamic parameters of runoff.2) On the aspect of soil properties,gravel quality affected the characteristics of slope surface erosion,and concurrently changed the slope runoff pattern,which prolonged the interval of reaching stabile state of the runoff; the physical properties of soil determined the occurrence of slope runoff,and affected the water infiltration capacity of slope soil; soil additives promoted the formation process of soil aggregate,and enhanced the slope surface infiltration and water-holding capacity.3) Regarding the aspect of topography and landforms,a critical slope existed to soil erosion,i.e.,the soil erosion increased with slope when below the critical slope,and the slope erosion kept in a stable state while above the critical slope; there was no significant linear relationship between erosion and slope length,the erosion increased and caused the space differentiation in the slope with surface concave and convex shape,or the top platform.4) Considering the aspect of protective measures of soil and water conservation,there was small amount of runoff and sediment yield in the slope with large vegetation coverage,or with vegetable and engineering protection measures.[Conclusions] It has been well documented about the single dynamic condition of erosion and the factors affecting erosion.However,there are few systematic studies on the dynamic conditions of multiple erosions.It is still poorly reported about the mixed dumped soil erosion and artificial excavation side slope erosion.Moreover,further study remains to be conducted on the quantitative comparison between natural rainfall and simulated tests.At last,we prospect the contents and direction of the future research in the side slope and dumped soil erosion in production and construction projects.

production and construction projects; side slope and dumped soil; erosion; mechanism

2015-09-13

2016-03-27

项目名称：国家自然科学基金“红壤坡地水沙分配及其与氮磷的伴生迁移特征”(41461060)；江西省水利科技项目“生产建设项目边坡及弃土水土流失定量研究”(KT201214)

晏伟明(1989—)，男，硕士研究生。主要研究方向：开发建设项目水土保持。E-mail:1351620786@qq.com

简介：刘苑秋(1963—)，女，博士，教授。主要研究方向：退化生态系统植被恢复。E-mail:liuyq404@163.com

S157.1

A

1672-3007(2016)04-0142-11

10.16843/j.sswc.2016.04.018