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血红素加氧酶-1及其产物在肝病中的作用及其机制

2016-02-01戴灵豪伍义行中国计量大学生命科学学院药学系浙江省生物计量及检验检疫技术重点实验室浙江杭州310018

中国药理学与毒理学杂志 2016年2期
关键词:血红素肝移植抗炎

戴灵豪,伍义行(中国计量大学生命科学学院药学系,浙江省生物计量及检验检疫技术重点实验室,浙江杭州 310018)

血红素加氧酶-1及其产物在肝病中的作用及其机制

戴灵豪,伍义行(中国计量大学生命科学学院药学系,浙江省生物计量及检验检疫技术重点实验室,浙江杭州 310018)

血红素加氧酶(HO)是降解血红素成为一氧化碳(CO)、铁离子和胆绿素过程中的限速酶,其亚型HO-1的诱导、超表达或抑制降解可显著抑制乙肝和丙肝病毒复制,改善肝急/慢性炎症及纤维化。HO-1及其代谢产物通过抗炎、抗氧化和抗凋亡作用与细胞保护密切相关,能改善多种因素引起的肝损伤,并对缺血再灌注损伤、急/慢性免疫排斥反应及肝移植生存率均有改善作用。HO-1在肿瘤细胞中过表达,抑制HO-1表达能促进肝癌细胞凋亡、减缓肝癌生长及其血管生成,提示它可能是肝癌治疗的潜在靶点。本文分析了HO-1及其产物在病毒性肝炎、肝损伤、肝纤维化、肝移植和肝癌中的作用及其机制,旨在阐明HO-1的靶点特性。鉴于HO-1具有显著的抗病毒、抗炎和保肝作用,且抑制HO-1表达能抑制肝癌生长,故靶向HO-1可能成为临床治疗肝病及新药研发的一种新策略。

血红素加氧酶-1;病毒性肝炎;肝损伤;肝纤维化;肝移植;肝癌

血红素加氧酶(heme oxygenase,HO)是血红素代谢的限速酶,催化血红素氧化降解成一氧化碳(CO)、铁离子和胆绿素;胆绿素随后在胆红素还原酶的作用下转变为胆红素[1]。血红素加氧酶存在3种亚型即HO-1,HO-2和HO-3。HO-1(Hsp32)几乎在每种细胞中均能应激诱导产生[2]。HO-1表达的一个关键调节元件是Bach-1,它是一种高度保守的亮氨酸拉链蛋白,其中包含了血红素的结合位点[3]。使用小干扰RNA(siRNA)靶向Bach-1 mRNA能明显降低其mRNA和蛋白水平,并诱导HO-1基因的表达[4]。HO-1的诱导、过表达或抑制其降解能干预急慢性肝炎[5-6]、肝硬化[7]、肝细胞损伤[5]、乙肝病毒(HBV)和丙肝病毒(HCV)的复制[8-11],保护由肝移植[12]或出血/复苏[13]造成的缺血再灌注损伤。此外,HO-1在多种癌症包括口腔鳞癌、胰腺癌、肝癌等中过表达[14-16],抑制HO-1的表达或活性能促进体内外癌细胞凋亡[16]。HO-2是组成酶,其产物参与神经信号的传递。HO-3最初是从大鼠大脑中分离得到,并表现出血红素依赖性细胞功能调控作用[17]。

HO-1缺陷小鼠致死率高,而存活的缺陷小鼠则发展成为与贫血相关的氧化损伤、组织损伤和慢性炎症,同时还出现异常的低血清铁水平和肝肾组织铁沉积[18]。此外,HO-1缺陷患者出现持续性溶血性贫血、血管内溶血和凝血功能异常,在肾和肝组织中检测到铁沉积[19-20]。显然,HO-1对维持机体的正常功能具有重要意义,而且HO-1的表达水平与各种肝病的发生密切相关,通过调控HO-1的表达水平有可能干预肝病的进程,从而改善并恢复肝的正常功能。因此,本文综述了HO-1及其产物在病毒性肝炎、肝损伤、肝纤维化、肝移植及肝癌中的作用及其机制,旨在阐明HO-1的潜在靶点特性,以期为肝病的临床治疗及新药研发提供一种新的策略和思路。

1 HO-1对病毒性肝炎的影响

HBV和HCV慢性感染是肝进行性炎症并发展为肝癌的主要原因[21]。HO-1诱导表达或过量表达能干预HBV[8,22]和HCV[9-11]的复制。采用急性(将含1.3倍HBV基因组的重组腺病毒载体AdHBV注射野生型小鼠)和慢性(HBV转基因动物)HBV感染模型研究表明,HO-1诱导表达能显著改善肝损伤且具有显著的直接的抗病毒效应。通过转染HBV的肝癌细胞研究显示,这种抗HBV作用是在转录后水平上实现的,由于HO-1降低了核壳蛋白的稳定性,从而阻断cccDNA池的补充,进一步抑制了HBV复制[8]。而且在人肝中大量表达的微RNA (microRNA122,miR-122)能干预HO-1表达,从而促进HBV的复制[22-23]。

有关HCV感染期间HO-1表达的内源性调控作用尚存在争议,但在HCV复制的肝癌细胞中发现HO-1表达增加而Bach-1表达减少现象[24]。在表达HCV核心蛋白的细胞系中HO-1表达受到抑制,同时在感染HCV的患者中HO-1水平下调,而未感染HCV肝中HO-1水平上调[25-26]。还有报道,HCV核心蛋白能干预由血红素、重金属和过氧化物诱导的HO-1表达[27]。这些证据提示,HCV核心蛋白可能负责HCV感染细胞中HO-1表达的调控。同时,HO-1对HCV复制的影响已通过miRNA研究得到阐明,miR-122可能是HCV RNA复制所需要的成分[28]。通过使用miR-122抑制剂减少HCV RNA复制,而转染甲基化miR-122则提高HCV复制水平多达2.5倍;miR-122抑制剂还能降低Bach-1水平而增加HO-1 mRNA水平,这表明miR-122对HCV复制影响的可能机制[9]。此外,还有报道,miR-196能下调HO-1转录抑制因子Bach-1水平,从而上调HO-1的表达[29]。

虽然尚无足够证据表明HO-1降解产物具有抑制HBV的作用,但它对HCV复制已确定具有影响。采用HCV复制子细胞系研究表明,CO和铁离子都不能干预HCV的复制[11],而胆绿素能通过诱导干扰素表达来降低HCV复制介导的氧化应激[11-12]。最近研究表明,胆绿素有抑制HCV非结构蛋白NS3/4A的作用[30],而NS3/4A也是新近开发的抗HCV药物特拉匹韦(telaprevir)的一个作用靶点[31]。

2 HO-1对肝损伤及其炎症的影响

HO-1诱导表达或其降解产物对急性肝炎和败血症动物模型显示了明显的改善作用[5-6,32-33]。在由脂多糖和D-半乳糖胺诱导的急性肝损伤小鼠模型中,HO-1的诱导减少了细胞因子表达,改善了小鼠肝损伤并延长了其存活时间[5]。HO-1系统还通过增加M2巨噬细胞表型及减少M1巨噬细胞表型、趋化因子和细胞因子表达发挥其抗大鼠肝炎的作用[34]。对硫代乙酰胺诱导的大鼠肝损伤研究表明,HO-1的抗氧化和抗炎效应是通过减少NO产生实现的[35]。采用大鼠乙醇性肝炎模型研究显示,脂联素(adiponectin)的抗炎作用是通过Kupffer细胞HO-1依赖途径被介导的[36]。

HO-1催化血红素降解的产物(CO、胆红素和游离铁)均与细胞保护相关,其中CO具有抑制炎症反应以及促进巨噬细胞抗炎的作用[37]。采用免疫介导的小鼠肝损伤模型研究表明,单用CO并不能干预细胞因子释放,却能抑制肝细胞凋亡[5]。而外源性CO能诱导HO-1表达,这说明CO的抗炎作用可能是通过诱导HO-1所介导的。通过乙醇致肝损伤小鼠模型研究显示,HO-1诱导释放的CO可能是通过激活P38丝裂原激活蛋白激酶信号通路发挥其抗氧化和抗炎作用的[38]。虽然HO-1诱导产生的胆绿素并不干预细胞因子释放,但CO和胆绿素联合应用却抑制如肿瘤坏死因子α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)等细胞因子的产生[5]。胆红素和胆绿素的保护作用主要是基于它们的抗氧化效应,胆红素在体外对淋巴细胞和粒细胞具有免疫抑制作用,在体内接触抗原后能影响免疫细胞的分化[39]。此外,HO-1诱导的胆红素能通过胆绿素氧化酶信号通路对抗乙醇致大鼠肝细胞毒性[40]。

HO-1催化血红素降解的第3种产物铁离子也具有抗肝炎作用[41]。Kupffer细胞能产生TNF-α和白细胞介素6等细胞因子,而Kupffer细胞在红细胞吞噬的铁离子循环过程中起关键作用。增加败血症模型中血红素的摄取量会导致巨噬细胞诱导产生大量HO-1[42]。HO-1能抑制由脂多糖诱导的RAW 264.7巨噬细胞的细胞因子的释放,说明这可能是一种免疫调节作用[43]。此外,将二价亚铁离子应用于Kupffer细胞,能以一种氧化还原依赖的方式直接激活IκB激酶/NF-κB和TNF-α的启动子活性,从而增加TNF-α释放[44]。来源于血红素的游离铁离子还能促进Kupffer细胞NF-κB的激活,并表达TNF-α和白细胞介素6等促炎基因[45]。然而,来源于血红素的铁离子的抗炎或促炎作用依旧缺乏体内实验证据。

3 HO-1对肝纤维化的影响

有关HO-1诱导表达对Mdr2ko小鼠的影响研究表明,Mdr2转运蛋白的缺失会导致胆固醇和磷脂酰胆碱的积累,从而造成慢性炎症和纤维化[46]。在该模型中HO-1诱导表达的抗炎作用与肝白细胞、巨噬细胞、中性粒细胞、CD3+和Foxp3+T细胞总量的减少有关,同时CD3+/Foxp3+T细胞的比例促使小鼠倾向处于免疫抑制状态[46]。肝星状细胞HO-1诱导表达显著降低了它们的体内外活性,如产生更少的胶原纤维和α-SMA表达[7]。Tsui等[47]将重组腺病毒(rAAV-HO-1)导入到肝星状细胞中,然后将这些细胞转入经四氯化碳处理的大鼠中,结果显著减少小结节型肝硬化、降低肝胶原纤维表达,并抑制肝星状细胞的增殖能力。此外,在Mdr2ko小鼠体内HO-1诱导表达能干预纤维化,甚至表现出纤溶活性[7]。

在肝纤维化大鼠模型中,HO-1诱导能通过增加肝组织过氧化物酶增殖物激活受体γ表达和减少NF-κB表达,实现其对纤维化肝脏的保护作用[48]。研究发现,肝硬化患者Kupffer细胞和肌成纤维细胞HO-1表达出现显著上调,其中肌成纤维细胞的HO-1诱导表达与纤溶活性密切相关[49]。体外研究显示,轻度氧化应激和P38蛋白激酶信号通路介导激活了人肝成纤维细胞HO-1的表达[50]。采用胆管结扎诱导大鼠肝硬化的模型研究表明,HO-1抑制剂能通过NF-E2相关因子2/Keap信号通路减少肝的铁沉积和CO水平,从而改善肝纤维化[51]。

4 HO-1对肝移植的影响

肝移植手术已成为解决终末期肝病患者肝功能恢复的重要治疗手段,肝移植的成功与否主要取决于对缺血再灌注损伤和急/慢性移植排斥的处理效果。缺血会导致组织低氧和营养缺乏,从而诱导氧化应激、细胞凋亡、激活非特异性免疫反应和随后的适应性免疫系统[52]。HO-1能干预氧化应激、细胞凋亡和促炎性免疫应答。肝移植的结果还与捐赠者的HO-1启动子多态性相关,高移植生存率存在于HO-1高表达人群[53]。多项研究也表明HO-1过量表达有利于缺血再灌注改善和不同器官的移植[54-55]。在大鼠脂肪肝低温缺血再灌注损伤模型中,通过CoPP诱导HO-1表达或通过腺病毒介导的基因转移诱导HO-1过量表达均显著提高了门静脉血流量、增加了胆汁分泌和改善了肝损伤。此外,在大鼠肝原位移植中,采用CoPP预处理或直接运用HO-1能使移植受体存活率提高1倍,并能保护肝脏结构、改善肝功能、减少T细胞和巨噬细胞的浸润[12]。同样,在其他器官移植中改变HO-1表达水平也能提高移植存活率。

HO-1降解产物对缺血再灌注损伤、急性免疫排斥反应及移植生存率均有积极影响。采用补充CO的血液体外灌注大鼠肝能显著降低门静脉阻力、增加胆汁分泌、改善肝功能和肝损伤的病理学改变[56]。据报道CO介导的细胞保护效应不依赖NO合酶和环鸟苷酸,而是依赖P38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶[56]。CO的保护效应也可能是通过调控CO释放分子来实现的[57]。胆红素具有免疫抑制能力,能抑制细胞毒T细胞从而干预肝中CD4+T细胞所诱导的炎症反应,这种抑制作用可能是通过Fas/ CD95-FasL信号转导通路实现的[58-59]。作为HO-1第三种产物的铁离子所形成的铁蛋白也具有改善大鼠肝缺血再灌注损伤及同源受体肝移植的细胞损伤作用,铁蛋白的体内保护效应是与内皮细胞和肝细胞的凋亡抑制相关的[60]。

5 HO-1对肝癌的影响

虽然HO-1诱导表达能干预慢性肝炎及纤维化过程,甚至能分解已形成的纤维化,但HO-1在肿瘤细胞中过量表达,似乎表明HO-1是引起癌变的一个因素[7]。事实上,在多种癌症细胞中HO-1过量表达,如口腔鳞癌[14]、胰腺癌[15]和肝癌[16]等。特别是在口腔鳞癌中HO-1启动子的多态性与癌症发生率相关,甚至可能作为复发和存活的预后标志[61]。同样,在日本女性中高HO-1启动子活性与增加胃癌风险相关[62]。Lo等[63]鉴定了HO-1启动子中GT重复序列的长度和胃腺癌风险的关联。这些研究表明,HO-1增量表达也许与肿瘤细胞的生存优势相关。抑制HO-1表达或活性在体内外均促进肝癌细胞凋亡[16]。采用siRNA下调HO-1表达导致肿瘤细胞的损伤和凋亡增加,减少细胞增殖,减缓原位肝癌的生长和血管的生成[16]。此外,在其他类型癌症中,HO-1的抑制能改善放射治疗[64]或药物治疗[65]等的治疗效果。

HO-1的抗凋亡作用主要是由血红素降解产物CO实现的[5,65]。研究表明,CO能直接干预通过抗CD95单抗[5]或氧化损伤[66]诱导产生的肝细胞凋亡。虽然HO-1和CO能通过抑制c-Jun N端激酶活性保护原代肝细胞对抗超氧阴离子诱导的凋亡,但肝中CO依赖的抗凋亡下游信号还未完全阐明[66]。HO-1的第二个产物胆绿素尚无有关抗肝细胞凋亡作用的报道,而由HO-1的第3个产物铁离子诱导的铁蛋白能保护由多种刺激诱导的内皮细胞凋亡[60]。由重组腺病毒介导的铁蛋白重链基因的过度表达也能保护大鼠肝的缺血再灌注损伤,且能防止移植到同源受体的血管内皮细胞和肝细胞发生凋亡[60]。最近报道HO-1通过抑制TNF/TNFR1介导的凋亡信号、调节凋亡诱导复合物的形成和线粒体TNFR1的易位来实现其抗凋亡的细胞保护效应[67]。上述研究表明,HO-1或CO对外在因素诱导的凋亡损伤可能是一种有用的保护工具,但如果在肿瘤细胞中大量存在,它可能是肝癌治疗的一个潜在靶点。

6 展望

HO-1作为一种保护性酶,其重要性在HO-1缺陷患者中已得到证实,而HO-1表达的调控可能成为临床上肝炎和肝癌治疗的一种新策略。一方面,由于HO-1具有显著的抗病毒、抗炎、抗氧化、抗凋亡及保肝作用,故HO-1的诱导或超表达可用于病毒性肝炎(包括乙肝和丙肝)[8-9]、各种原因引起的肝损伤以及肝纤维化的治疗[5,48],还可改善缺血再灌注损伤、减少急/慢性免疫排斥反应及提高肝移植生存率[53-55]。但目前存在的问题是,虽然HO-1能被多种刺激剂所诱导,但仍缺乏有效的HO-1特异性诱导剂;而在体外或动物实验中使用的HO-1诱导剂(如CoPP)并不适合直接用于患者。为解决这个问题,有学者试图使用miR-196[29]、miR-122拮抗剂[9]、蛋白转导域-HO-1蛋白(PTD-HO-1)[68]、或通过siRNA直接沉默HO-1转录抑制因子Bach-1来提高HO-1表达[4]。而三羟基三甲基戊二酸单酰辅酶A (HMG辅酶A)还原酶抑制剂具有在多种组织中诱导HO-1表达的作用[69],但临床上这些HO-1诱导剂的应用(如治疗HCV)仍受到争议主要受限于其疗效的差异性[70-71]。另外,本课题组探讨了HBV感染与HO-1表达的动态相关性,也证实了HO-1诱导表达与HBV感染的直接关系,验证了HO-1对HBV复制的显著抑制作用[72-73]。显然,今后的方向仍然是寻找肝特异性安全有效的HO-1诱导剂,包括天然和合成的小分子以及生物制品。

另一方面,由于HO-1被发现在多种肿瘤细胞中过量表达(如肝癌[16]、口腔鳞癌[14]、胰腺癌[15]、肾癌[74]和前列腺癌[75]等),而抑制HO-1表达或活性能促进肝癌细胞凋亡,减少细胞增殖,减缓肝癌生长及其血管生成[16],提示它可能成为肝癌潜在的治疗靶点,故下调HO-1表达的选择性HO-1抑制剂可能成为包括肝癌在内的多种肿瘤治疗的新方向。例如,小分子选择性HO-1抑制剂OB-24在体内外被证明具有广谱抗肿瘤活性,尤其是能显著抑制前列腺癌细胞增殖和肿瘤生长,而且还与肿瘤化疗药物具有协同作用[65,76]。因此,新型小分子选择性HO-1抑制剂仍有必要继续深入研究。综上所述,肝特异性HO-1诱导剂和小分子选择性HO-1抑制剂分别在肝炎和肝癌治疗中具有重要意义和巨大潜力。

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Effect and mechanism of heme oxygenase-1 and its reaction products of heme degradation on liver diseases

DAI Ling-hao,WU Yi-hang
(Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection&Quarantine,Department of Pharmacy,College of Life Sciences,China Jiliang University,Hangzhou 310018,China)

Heme oxygenases(HO)are rate-limiting enzymes which degrade heme into carbon monoxide,biliverdin and free iron.HO-1 is the inducible form of HO.Induction and over-expression of HO-1 or inhibition of HO-1 degradation have been shown to interfere with replication of hepatitis B and C viruses,acute and chronic liver inflammation,and progression to fibrosis.HO-1 as well as its reaction products of heme degradation has been linked to cytoprotection by its anti-inflammatory,antioxidative and anti-apoptotic effects,displayed a broad range of protective effects against hepatic damage,and showed beneficial effects on ischemia-reperfusion injury,acute/chronic graft rejection and graft survival rate in liver transplantation.However,HO-1 has been found to be over-expressed in tumor cells.Inhibition of HO-1 expression can promote tumor cell apoptosis,decrease growth of HCC and reduce angiogenesis,suggesting that HO-1 is a potential target in the treatment of hepatic cancer.To validate the target property of HO-1,this review analyzed the effects and mechanism of action of HO-1 and its products in viral hepatitis,liver injury,hepatic fibrosis,liver transplantation and hepatocellular carcinoma.Given HO-1′s marked anti-viral,anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective properties,the inhibitory effect of its downmodulation on hepatic cancer and the strategy to target HO-1 may promise new areas in both drug development and clinical therapy of liver diseases.

heme oxygenase-1;viral hepatitis;liver injury;hepatic fibrosis;liver transplantation;hepatocellular carcinoma

The project supported by Zhejiang Prooincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LY14H310010);and Scientific Research Foundation for Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education(212073)

WU Yi-hang,E-mail:yihangwu@126.com,Tel:(0571)86875676

R963

A

1000-3002-(2016)02-0165-08

10.3867/j.issn.1000-3002.2016.02.012

2015-02-15接受日期:2015-11-23)

(本文编辑:齐春会)

浙江省自然科学基金(LY14H310010);教育部科技研究重点项目(212073)

戴灵豪,硕士研究生,主要从事肝脏药理学研究;伍义行,医学博士,教授,主要从事肝脏药理学与抗肝炎药物研究。

伍义行,E-mail:yihangwu@126.com;Tel:(0571)86875676

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