论《看不见的人》中主/客体的相互凝视与身份建构

论《看不见的人》中主/客体的相互凝视与身份建构

张弛1, 2

(1. 南京大学外国语学院，江苏南京210093；2. 南京林业大学外国语学院，江苏南京210037)

摘要：通过对主人公与美国白人之间看与被看行为的描写，《看不见的人》揭示了种族主义和殖民主义对美国黑人身份和意识形态的限制。本文以萨特和拉康为代表的视觉理论为基础，结合法农对于种族与黑人身体的后殖民论述，解读小说中作为文化主体的白人群体与作为文化他者的黑人群体间的视线交流，分析在各自目光中被异化的黑/白人形象，从而揭示被种族化的人类整体共同面临的身份危机。

关键词：视觉理论；种族；身份；主体；他者

DOI：10.3876/j.issn.1671-4970.2015.05.019

收稿日期：2015-07-19

基金项目：江苏省高校哲学社会科学研究一般项目(2015SJB035);南京林业大学高学历人才基金项目(GXL201324)

作者简介：张弛(1985—)，男，江苏南京人，讲师，博士研究生，从事英美文学及文化研究。

中图分类号：I712.09

文献标志码：A

文章编号：1671-4970(2015)05-0098-05

Abstract:Although the core socialist values are a positive response to the issues in China, the innovative constructing of the core socialist values and the experienced concerned is of universal significance because of the worldwide impact of Chinese model. The Chinese experience and inspiration of the core socialist values in the process of construction are the following: Firstly, the rational constructing of core values should be directed by advanced theories; Secondly, the core values cannot be practical without being concretely implemented; Thirdly, the core values possess exuberant vitality only when they have a tolerant and open attribute. Based on the objective rules of the social development, the core socialist values embody people-oriented spirit.The core values assimilate the achievements of civilizations in an inclusive and open-minded way, which creates its landmark status in the history of the development of human society’s core values. Xi Jinping is adept at using dialectics to analyze and solve the problems in social governance and forms his thought on social governance with distinctive Chinese characteristics. He analyzes some basic issues such as the essential characteristics, the theoretical basis, the ways of realization, the reliant strength of social governance from the perspective of materialist dialectics and forms his thought on social governance which contains the nature of dialectical thinking. The dialectical thinking is reflected concretely in the dialectical unity of the social governance system and its subsystems and elements, the dialectical unity of the two-point doctrine and focal-point one, the dialectical unity of the inheritance and innovation, the dialectical unity of the objectives of social governance and improvement of people’s livelihood, and the dialectical unity of the subject and object. It is necessary to deeply and systematically analyze and summarize the dialectical thinking of Xi Jinping’s thought on social governance and it is of important guidance to perfect the system of social governance, improve the capacity of social governance and improve people’s well-beings. A series theoretical propositions on the construction of the rule of law in China, which causes the boom of the rule of law were put forward after the Eighteenth National Congress of CPC. As a special form, the concept of the rule of law in China has particular context and orientation. It is necessary to analyze the concept of the rule of law in China from the perspective of the construction of the rule of law in China. Also it is important to go beyond and innovate. At the same time, the construction of the rule of law in China should focus on the building of a society with an adequate legal system and avoiding the possible of idea of great leap forward with the rule of law, the abuse of the discourse of the rule of law and the paradox between the leading force of the construction of rule of law and the connotation of rule of law. Faced with the irrational application of science in the war and based on the deep understanding of Marx’s concept of practice, Benal rebels the practice of traditional philosophy of science, concentrates on a social practice of science and develops a full range of social studies of science. The traditional western philosophical science theory focuses on the effort of science and the knowledge of science. Such theory ignores the reality of life and depicts the outlook of science. Bernal’s social practice centers on the basis of science with details and open-minded ideas and history, which initiates the social practice turn of science study. Bernal’s research theory originates from practical issues and finally returns to dealing with real problems. In summary, concentrating on knowledge of science and turning to the social practice of science is the research path of returning to life-world-philosophy angle. It is one of the core propositions of historical materialism that human being is the main body of material production, spiritual production and the development of social history and plays a main role in the process of cognition and transformation of the world. To construct socialist culture and define the subject of socialist cultural construction, it is important to do the following: deconstructing the interpretation of traditional philosophy; reemphasizing the status of the subject pertaining to historical materialism; tracing the philosophical origin of Marx’s theory of subject and clarifying the scientific connotation of the subject of Marxism and discussing the spiritual production in Marxism subject theory which has been ignored for a long time. Then, the socialist culture with Chinese characteristics, which is based on the theory of Marxism, is the reflection of the cultural form of the vivid and realistic practice of contemporary China and aims to promote the free and comprehensive development of the subject. Therefore, the cultural construction of contemporary China must deal with the relationship between the subject and the object, the leader and the masses, the popular culture and the mainstream culture, which can arouse people’s "cultural consciousness" and provide a theoretical reference for the construction of cultural power. With regard to resettlement, the government takes a new way of affinity urbanization which is different from the urbanization of voluntary resettlement, the city-centered urbanization or the urbanization of merging villages. Such urbanization breaks the previous social stratification and reflects the following three changes: landscape, manufacturing and economics. At the beginning of resettlement, it focuses on landscape. After the steady resettlement, it then centers on economic and professional urbanization. The new interests and relationship patterns are developed to reconstruct the social structure of migrants. And the changes in the stratification structure have impact on the level and quality of urbanization. Environmental sociology is proposed in a specific social background and academic tradition. Its origin and development is analyzed here by a framework of “what”, “why” and “how”. ① Riley E. Dunlap and some other American scholars gave the definition of environmental sociology in 1978. Allan Schnaiberg used the metaphor of the Treadmill of Production to explain the environmental problems caused by capitalism, while Lyn White, Jr, traced American’s historical root from Judeo-Christian tradition. The theory on risk society centers on the source of social structure of environmental problems, while the theory on ecological modernization centers on solving the environmental problem. Constructionism then focuses on a new strategy to understand the social process of the environmental problem. ② Based on Japanese environmental problems, Iijima and Funabashi analyze the multi-impacts of environmental pollution on society by proposing theories on the structures of victims of the environmental problems and the theories on victim groups and affected groups. Torigoe and other scholars propose life environmentalism to explain and to solve the water environmental problems of Biwa Lake. Funabashi applies the theory on environmental control systems to interpret the environmental problems and its solution process. ③ Being aware of the relationship between the livelihood of Chinese grassland husbandry, Fei and his team devote to application research on grassland degeneration and desertification. Social transformation theorists try to find out solution to Chinese existing environmental problems from the undergoing structural change in Chinese society. Breaking out of the water pollution by industrialization mirrors multi-beneficiaries’ social relationship and reveals the social and historical roots. A comprehensive analysis shows that environmental sociology’s focus changes from the “social problems” to “social system” and from being aware of problems to solving problems. The paper analyzes the governmental coordination of land allocation of reservoir resettlement from the following aspects: the coordination of the main body and object, the coordination of the target and principle, the coordination of means and strategy and the coordination of the needs and coordination process. And the demand judgement of coordination depends on the comparison of the input and output of the public and the input and output of the reference standard from the perspective of fairness. Then, according to the policy concerned and the work focus of the government, the paper makes suggestion on the improvement of land allocation pertaining to the implementation and guarantee of coordination. With the rapid development of market economy and the constant progress of the society, many problems appear in the development process of Chinese public broadcasting. The key one is the identity crisis of public broadcasting in China. Public broadcasting has always been changing its identity when playing with national policy, market rule and broadcasting technology, resulting in failing to adapt to the environment and stick to its nonprofit publicity. In order to get out of the dilemma, a set of strategies must be implemented, including theory constructing, national policy reform and broadcasting technology convergence. With the sustainable development of China’s economy, innovation has become the focus of economic development. This paper establishes an input-output index system and uses the Super-Efficience DEA model and Malmquist index model to analyze the science-technology resource allocation efficiency of the Yangtze River economic zones on the basis of the data collected in 11 provinces from 2001 to 2004. The results show that the allocation capacity of the overall areas is on the rise, but over half of these places are inefficient. Furthermore, this paper provides reasonable support for the decision of the innovation and development of the Yangtze River economic zones. The more fragile financial system, the greater the likelihood of financial crises. The evaluation index system of Chinese financial system is established from three dimensions: risk exposure, sensitivity and risk adaptability capability. Moreover, a model is built for measuring the degree of fragility of Chinese financial system from 1998 to 2013. The results show that the degree of fragility presents obvious characteristics of different stages and shows “increase-decrease-increase-decrease” trend from 1998 to 2013. The severe fragile figures appear after financial crisis, which indicates the impact of the financial crisis on Chinese financial system having the time-lag and sustainability. The liquidity risk is the main risk factor of risk exposure. At the same time, the financial system shows that the system is more sensitive to enterprises’ operating liabilities, credit inflationary pressures and exchange rate fluctuation. All of these are the main controlling and regulating direction and objects for making monetary policy. To explore the impact of characteristic regulation and situational regulation on online shopping decision, the paper uses Information Board Technology and selects 144 undergraduate students as the test subjects to make experiment on the two kinds of characteristic regulation orientation and two kinds of situational regulation orientation, It studies the impact of different regulation orientation on decision depth, decision time，decision satisfaction and information searching pattern. The results are the following: ① Characteristic regulation of promotion orientation and prevention orientation have no difference in search pattern; However, when situational orientation has been primed, situational promotion orientation individuals use the incomplete information processing strategy and non-compensatory decision-making strategies while situational prevention orientation individuals use the complete information processing strategy and compensatory decision-making strategies. ② When situational promotion orientation has been primed, there is no significant difference in characteristic regulation of promotion orientation and prevention orientation; When situational prevention orientation has been primed, individuals with characteristic regulation of promotion orientation have more decision satisfaction. ③ Promotion orientation individuals in both characteristic and situational regulation have less decision time. 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With a combination of various factors, it is predicted that based on “One Belt and One Road” Strategy, the impact gap of Chinese OFDI on the economic growth of five Central Asian countries may be further widened: Tajikistan may have the maximum improvement space, Uzbekistan has the second one, and the other three countries have the minimum space. The research results provide a reference for Chinese investment policies: comprehensive transformation of investment and cooperation mode in terms of environment evaluation, investment partners, investment fields and cooperation modalities. As an important part of organization environment, leaders have impact on their subordinates’ work by means of demands, control and support. Based on literature review, the impact of leaders and their behavior on employee’s work are introduced. It is shown that the behavior, the style, the emotion and the personality of the leaders may have different impact on their subordinates’ work. Therefore, future research should improve the design of studies, expand cross-cultural study and pay attention to the mechanism of the impact. At present, in the contex of the vigorous construction of water ecological civilization in China, it is an important and urgent task to speed up the pace of the construction of water culture with the main purpose of the harmonious development between man beings and water. Li Bing, the prefect of Shu (a county in Qin dynasty) constructed the classical Dujiang Weir water conservancy project, which is well-known to the world and is still in use now. Taking the relationship between man and nature, man and water as the main thread, the paper analyzes the water-control concept, engineering solutions, comprehensive benefits of Dujiang Weir water conservancy project, and the philosophical idea, thought view, the outlook on development and cultural viewpoint concerned. All these illustrate that the core idea of the Dujiang Weir water conservancy project’s water culture is highly in accordance with the overall direction of the development of contemporary ecological culture, and it is in keeping with the direction of contemporary water ecological civilization construction. Then, it puts forward four viewpoints: keeping the unity of inheritance and development, achieving complementarity between science-technology and humanities, forming a drive system of research and education, and maintaining the coordination between the government and the society, etc. Stamps have always been known as “State Appearance Card”, and stamps of water conservancy play an important part in the building of the images of state water conservancy. Based on the systematic organization and analysis of water conservancy stamps issued by new China, this paper analyzes and reflects on the images of water conservancy represented by stamps according to the relevant knowledge of journalism. In general, the images of water conservancy represented by stamps can be summarized as follows: Firstly, water conservancy is an important part of national economic and social development; Secondly, flood prevention, irrigation, water supply in urban and rural areas, and the construction of large hydropower plants are major missions of water conservancy construction; Thirdly, the prospect of water conservancy development in present stage is fine; Fourthly, people working in water conservancy reflect the virtues such as selfless devotion, team spirit, perseverance and persistence; Finally, the environment of the construction and development of water conservancy is beautiful. The images of water conservancy mirrored in stamps have shown the development of water conservancy over the last sixty years since the founding of China, though there are some deviations compared with the objective and real image of water conservancy. Major cause of the deviation lies in the inadequate understanding of water conservancy of the postal administration. This paper proposes that the active communication between water conservancy department and the postal administration in terms of ideology, theme-selection, popularization of science and construction of special culture should be strengthened. Then the building of the image of water conservancy can be improved and a favorable external environment for the development of water conservancy in a new era can be available. In the context of economic globalization, the whole world may have the new surge of translation and the economic profit of translation industry may be great. Based on Structure-Conduct-Performance paradigm (SCP) and New Empirical Industry Organization (NEIO) method of industry organization of economics, the paper explores the necessity of forming translation economies of scale and the development situation of translation industry in China. It is pointed out that the forming of translation economies of scale in China and the sustainable development of translation industry should be on the basis of the following aspects: the reasonable adjustment of the market structure of translation industry and optimization of translation resource allocation; the improvement of market conduct of translation industry and establishment of appraisal system of market access of translation service enterprises and translation service standard; the improvement of market performance of translation industry and adopting of management of translation projects. Then it is possible for China’s translation service enterprises to gain the biggest profit. 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Through the description of complicated visual relations between the anonymous protagonist and the American white, Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man displays the restriction on both the identity and ideology of the black due to racial prejudice and colonialism. Based on the gaze theory proposed by Sartre and Lacan and Fanon’s postcolonial analysis of race and the blackness, this paper explores how the images, as well as the identity, of both the whites as the subject and the blacks as the Other, are distorted and re-constructed in their gaze at the other and themselves, further revealing the identity crisis of the racialized human being as a whole.

拉尔夫·艾里森是二战后美国最重要的黑人作家之一，在文学创作与文学、文化评论领域中表现出超前的文化思想，对美国黑人文学的发展做出了里程碑式的贡献。《看不见的人》是他生前完成并出版的唯一一部长篇小说。通过描写无名主人公对白人世界的窥视及其受到的来自白人世界的普遍的凝视，小说揭示了种族主义和殖民主义对美国黑人与白人身份和意识形态造成的共同限制。在视觉文化理论中，看与被看的行为往往与阶级、种族、性别等身份问题联系在一起，构建出如黑人凝视白人，男人凝视女人，西方凝视东方等一系列二元对立的权力话语[1]。本文以萨特和拉康为代表的视觉理论为基础，结合法农对于种族与黑人身体的后殖民论述，解读小说中作为文化主体的白人群体与作为文化他者的黑人群体间的视线交流，分析在各自目光中被异化的黑/白人形象，从而揭示被种族化的人类整体共同面临的身份危机。

一、主体注视下的不可见性

小说以无名黑人“我”的第一人称回忆角度，讲述了其在20世纪二三十年代在美国南部的社会里打拼的生活。作为非裔美国人，他在白人社会中几乎没有任何地位，他的遭遇被人忽视。艾里森也没有赋予小说主人公姓名，在他看来，“这种无形性的声音源自美国复杂的地底深处”[2]9。“复杂的地底深处”不仅明指主人公出场时身处的废弃地窖，也暗指美国黑人受到的隐性的种族歧视与种族隔离。南北战争结束后，美国黑人虽然名义上获得了与白人平等的权利，但实际上仍被视为野蛮的劣等民族，被边缘化和他者化，意识形态受到不断地改变和侵蚀。

殖民主义视域中种族意识的自我与他者的对立来源于萨特的注视，主体与客体的相互注视使得主客体分别得以确立。在萨特的理论中，当“主体—我”进行注视时，我就是世界的中心，万物的存在都随着我的目光向我靠拢，它们存在于我的意识中，这时的我不仅存在的，而且具有主体性质。造成无名主人公“看不见性”的原因通常被理解为作为主体的白人群体对作为客体的黑人群体采取漠视的态度。因而，作为客体存在的黑人群体虽然有血有肉，也并不是“缠磨着埃德加·爱伦·坡的那种幽灵”或是“习以为常的好莱坞电影中虚无缥缈的幻影”，他们依然无法被看见[2]1。在序言中，一天晚上无名主人公不小心撞到了一个白肤黄发的男人。主人公认为这个白人看见了他，因为那个男人用“一双蓝眼睛傲慢地注视”他，拼命挣扎，但就是拒绝道歉。从主人公的视角来看，作为主体的自己注视了白人这个对象，因此作为主人公视线中的他者的白人同样应该注视着作为主体的主人公，这种来自他者的注视虽然不是自由的，但也足以“使我是我所是了”[3]22。主人公希望通过对象—白人反观的视线定义自己的身份，所以他要求对方以恰当方式做出对身份的承认——道歉。然而，当时的美国黑人一直处于被剥削和压迫的地位，白人剥夺了他们的人身权、文化权与话语权，一如杰伦斯基指出，“白人只能看见符合他们期望扮演特定角色的黑人”[4]。尽管这个男人一直睁大那双傲慢的蓝眼睛似乎在注视着主人公，其实，作为此时注视行为发出的主体，白人并没有把主人公归类为视线中的值得被看的对象，否定了他作为对象—他者存在的权力。

这种否定往往是主动的、强制性的。毕业典礼之后，主人公应邀在镇里白人头面人物的集会上进行格斗。进入格斗场地后，他们做好准备“让人用白色宽布条把眼睛蒙起来”[2]18。白色的蒙眼布与黑色的双眼强化了黑与白这一组对立的视觉意象。镇里的白人头面人物试图用自己的行为准则与文化信仰蒙蔽主人公的视线，使他看不清社会的本质，盲目顺从主流文化的引导。黑人格斗者对白人的反抗没有付诸行动，顺从地接受了将要被蒙眼的事实。萨特认为，“在他者的注视下，我成为世界上我之外的我的存在，成了非我之我，我接受了他人赋予的存在，被物化了，这样在别人的注视下，我就感到痛苦、混乱与不安”[5]106。他者的注视对客体主体性的存在具有很大的威胁，会使主体异化甚至消亡。白人—主体害怕成为黑人—他者眼中的自我，对他者的视线感到了莫大的威胁，因此，尽管他们在视域中看到了作为他者存在的黑人格斗者们，但当白人意识到黑人客体具有“注视”的权力时，他们剥夺了黑人观视的权力，唯恐自己的世界因注视而受到损害。当长相俏丽的金发女郎一丝不挂地在会场中跳舞时，黑人格斗者们不敢注视舞者的裸体。白人观众对此反应不一：“要是我们瞧了姑娘有人就露出凶相，要是我们没有去瞅她又会有人怒形于色”[2]17。由此可见，白人群体对黑人的视线充满了矛盾心理，一些白人要求黑人通过观视来表明自己是充满兽欲的劣等种族，同时他们也能通过黑人的视线满足他们对“白人女性的不可控制的欲望”；另一些白人则禁止黑人观看，因为“黑人男性与白人女性的性接触”是被禁止的，而且白人也担心黑人展现的男性气质会破坏以白人为中心的社会结构[4]。根据萨特的视觉理论，“不管眼睛的本性是什么，眼睛显示的注视都是纯粹归结到我本身的”[6]。从本体论的角度考虑，无论他者到场与否，“世界上总有他者面对我在场而且我总有为他存在的一维”[7]。因此，白人集会者尽管在这场视觉实践中竭力强化自我的主体地位并将黑人格斗者客体化、边缘化，他们对客体注视行为的否定态度不仅剥夺了客体的在场，还使他们自己的主体身份也成了一种可以质疑的在场。

黑人在视觉实践中之所以总是被“看不见”既可以归咎于白人——主体的拒绝观视导致了“看不见性”的产生，也因为黑人缺乏正确内视的能力，无法确定自己的身份核心。正如贝尔指出的那样，“在向外看待其他人和他们认定自己的身份之前，一个人必须首先眼睛向内，找到自己存在的核心——一种历史遗产和成就的产物”[8]。主人名字的缺失意味着主体自我意识的缺失，这也是他一直找寻自我意识的原因。无论他走到哪里，总有白人告诉他这个社会的规范，尽管这些“解答往往相互矛盾，甚至本身也是矛盾的”，他总是选择全盘接受[2]13。作为奴隶的后代，主人公处处以温顺的表现迎合白人眼中顺从懦弱的黑人形象，成了“品行端正的楷模”[2]14。

在大学校园里，他成为该校奠基人布克·T·华盛顿的忠实信徒。作为融入白人思想的代表，华盛顿要求黑人“暂时放弃对平等政治权利的诉求”，以“换取白人对他们在教育、创业方面的支持和资助”[9]。主人公对自我身份的构建毫无意识，努力成为一名未来的华盛顿，成为白人期待的样子。在纽约的饭店里用餐时，他刻意拒绝了黑人的民族食物，然而，他又担心自己的刻意为之会引起别人的不满，“我得小心行事，不要像一个北方的黑人那样说的太多”[2]157。由此可见，主人公对自我意识的构建采取了消极的认知态度，对黑人文化的存在与否并没有统一性和整体性的观念，一如婴儿在镜像阶段的表现。拉康把6-18个月大的婴儿视为进入镜像阶段，在这一时期，婴儿爱照镜子，并让内在世界与外在世界以此建立起某种联系，在对镜像的观看中，婴儿不仅完成了属于想象界的自恋性认同，也完成了属于象征界的他者认同，“前者是对自己或与自己相似的他人形象的看，后者则是以他者的目光来看自己，按照他人指给自己的理想形象来看自己，以使自己成为令人满意的、值得爱的对象”[10]。然而镜像阶段却又是场悲剧，“它的内在冲劲从不足匮乏奔向预见先定——对于受空间确认诱惑的主体来说，它策动了从身体的残缺形象到我们称之为整体的矫形形式的种种狂想”[11]。换言之，尽管主人公并非是6-18个月阶段的婴儿，但是不断内化的奴性使其一直受困于镜像阶段。对他而言，白人世界的文化规范就是一面镜子，他试图从他人那里寻求自我的行动好比婴儿一次又一次地照镜子。虽然镜像有可能催生自我意识的产生，但这终究只是虚幻的存在。不断迎合他人要求的结果就是不断将一个接一个的幻象强加在自己身上而已。

二、他者凝视下虚幻的镜像

在种族主义的二元对立范式中，看与被看成了一种单向的视觉关系，构建出总是处于对立位置上的主体与他者，正如“总是男性在凝视女性，女性也变得用男性的目光和标准来凝视自己一样，正如总是白人在凝视黑人，黑人也变得用白人的目光和标准来凝视自己一样”[3]56。实际上，正如萨特指出，注视是一个双向的、可逆的过程，作为客体的对象可以对主体进行注视从而使自身主体化，使主体他者化。拉康也在凝视理论中认同了这一点，他认为，在“我”看之前，“我”已经被光线照射而被看到，来自外部的凝视先于观看而存在，因此观者被一种预先存在的凝视回望——透过这种凝视，我进入光线[12]。齐泽克进一步解读了这种凝视的预先存在，他认为“我可观看客体，客体也透过某个点位凝视我，我却永远看不到那个点位”[13]216。换言之，由于“我”的观视行为被来自四面八方的凝视所主导，“我”既是观视的主体也是被观视的客体，而“我”又通过想象逃避了一直被看的事实，因此，“我”发出的观视行为就成了对自己的观看。

就无名主人公的遭遇而言，在他观视白人社会时，白人的主导文化与社会架构具备了凝视的预先存在的全视者功能。白人无处不在的话语剥夺了黑人群体的主体性，白人的目光注视成为监视黑人一举一动的工具。白人可以“透过屋顶和墙壁的窥视洞”密切监视，“看你会不会有什么越轨的行为”，他们会在任何地方，也许“马路对面那幢灰色大楼上的大钟背后隐藏着一双锐利的眼睛”[2]145。然而通过主人公想象的反转，这个注视在他内心被删除了，所以他在序言中声称自己无法获得白人的认同，是不能被看见的人。因此，主人公对白人的观视行为其实就是对自己的观视，他眼中的白人男性形象也是自我理想形象的内化体现。

在大学校园，主人公开车载白人校董诺顿四处参观，车前的反光镜成为主人公注视诺顿先生的媒介。主人公觉得镜子中的诺顿先生动作优雅，态度随和，是“精明的银行家、熟练的科学家、董事和慈善家”，是白人“伟大传统的象征”[2]33。当两人的目光在反光镜中相遇时，主人公立刻紧张地低下了头，无法看到自己在镜子中的映像，这并不是说，他一点也不在意自己的不在场，因为诺顿先生在镜中的成功者形象掩盖了主人公自我的镜像，主人公也想当然地认为自己或许也该按照诺顿的成功经验而努力。透过诺顿先生的镜像，他似乎看到了自己想象中的未来。

到了纽约之后，主人公依然沉浸在他人虚幻的形象中，丝毫没有意识到自我主体的不在场。在旅馆里，他微笑地幻想自己成为校长先生身边的精明强干的年轻助手，“换上了上等质料、款式入时的服装，显得衣冠楚楚，就像《绅士》杂志上那种年轻经理之类的人物”[2]144。主人公投射了自己的愿望，并陷入想象界中无法自拔，以至于在去爱默生先生的办事处求职时，他还为没有在观察办公室内奢华的陈设之前先注意到白人男秘书而自责，因为这个男人“和衣领广告画上的人极为相似：红润的脸色、金黄色的头发梳的整整齐齐，一件按照热带式样编织的衣服大方地从他那宽阔的肩膀上披下来”[2]159。为了延长对虚幻镜像的体验，主人公甚至改变了黑人传统的行为方式，并为摒弃黑人文化而自得。在镜子前面，他幻想自己开始用浑厚低沉的明星腔调演讲致辞，他在南方不能这样说话，因为白人不喜欢这样的方式。这里，主人公正在“为了别人而扮演一个角色，他的想象性认同就是他的为了他人的存在，而这个别人正是他自己，他扮演角色是为了某一凝视，而他已经在符号上认同了这一凝视”[14]147。

当然，人的目光不是被动的、机械的，而是经常受到自身境遇与周遭文化和环境的制约。因而，主人公对白人观看的方式与看到的形象也会受到影响。在油漆厂的事故中，主人公受伤被送进了医院。在医院里一张冰冷的白椅子上，一个头戴反射镜的白人医生看着他，脑门当中“仿佛有一只闪闪发光的、明亮的第三只眼”正在进行窥视[2]207。此时，镜子中的形象不再是虚幻的白人形象，而是主人公自己受伤的残体。他难以接受这种突如其来的镜像转变，因而在想象中再次删除了这个穿着奇怪白色工装裤的形象，以至于失去意识前接受医生提问时，他脑中唯一的形象就是“那面灼人的镜子”[2]207。一台用玻璃和镍制造的机器在主人公身上产生了前额脑叶切除手术的效果。尽管肉体上完好无损，但他丢失了自由表达情绪的能力，他“试着想象自己发怒了，结果却发现了一种更加深刻的冷漠的意识”[2]213。换言之，主人公脑中的记忆、原有的意识乃至以往一系列虚幻的镜像和对外界的认知全部被手术抹除，再次变成了正在进入镜像阶段的婴儿。虽然他对自己的认知几乎是零，对于医生卡片上的问题难以作答，但同样，白人通过视线强加给他的约束力也降到了最低。此时，他不再是过去那个对白人文化无条件遵从的、被白人塑造出的模范黑人，经由这次手术的改造，他获得了拥有自我意识的机会。

在白人杰克的邀请下，主人公参加了兄弟会。起初，主人公像以往一样对白人的规范言听计从。为了符合杰克为他量身打造的黑人形象，他努力工作，尽可能扩大兄弟会的影响。当他与杰克产生政见分歧的时候，他意识到兄弟会需要的不过是个符合他们要求的顺从的黑人“演员”。在激烈争辩中，杰克的假眼球从他脸上弹了出来，掉进了杯中，在光线照射下投射出一个“透明的、有明显凹槽的影子”[2]430。杰克的形象由高高在上的领导者变成了独眼巨人般的怪物，可以操控视线的眼球躺在杯底，只能被光线任意扭曲，这无不暗示着白人主体形象的弱化。加之在医院手术之后，白人视觉对他的约束力早已降到最低点，因此，主人公终于看清了镜像的虚幻性，兄弟会白人并非他以往幻想的那样同情黑人群体。白人的镜中投影破碎之后，他也因此得以正视身体中的自我意识，“我不是别人，我就是我自己”[2]13。

三、互视过程中扭曲的身体意象

不论是在主体主动发出的注视中，还是在预先存在的凝视下，身体一直暴露在视线之中，成为视线的交汇点，同时，主体与客体的自我意识也会借身体的意象而展现。在先验性的白人社会中，感知与话语成为分化人种的方式，甚至在白人认识或了解黑人之前，黑人先天的黑皮肤已经成为白人评价黑人的先决条件。不管黑人的自我意识高贵与否，只要他们拥有黑色的皮肤，他们的身份就是低下的。

受到这种先入为主的偏见影响，白人在遇到黑人时总是会先看见他们外在的黑皮肤而不是他们的内在自我，黑人身体的意象在白人的种族主义的眼光中被再现、重构，最终发生扭曲。黑人从白人的眼中只能看到自己扭曲的身体意象，因而难以构建自己的自我意识。作为身处白人主导社会中的黑人知识分子，法农认为种族主义不仅异化了黑人的自我觉醒，还迫使他们屈服于先验性的白人规范。在《黑皮肤，白面具》中，他回忆了在巴黎街头遭遇白人孩童的经历。白人小男孩看到法农后对妈妈大喊“看那个黑人，我害怕！”在白人的注视下，黑人没有“任何本体论的抗力，”白人的目光将黑人的身体物化了[15]83。而对于黑人来说，他们只能从白人的眼中认识自己的身体，体内的自我意识“我”也因此成了被白人规范了性质的黑人他者。孩童污蔑性的种族主义言辞迫使作为黑人的法农获得了自己被扭曲的身体意象：他的身体使他“又觉得被暴露无遗，浑身散了架，精疲力竭”；他“客观地扫视自己，发现自己的黑色皮肤，[他]种族的特征——吃人肉、智力迟钝、拜物教”，他是长得丑的坏人，是头低劣的“牲口”[15]85-86。

格斗场上，主人公是“姜黄色的黑鬼”，是对白人舞女有不良意图的“黑杂种”。他的身体成为白人“用来构建一场想象中的色情仪式并强化他们观看对跨种族性行为的快感”的工具[16]。得知白人希望格斗者们通过争抢的方式赢取赏钱时，主人公不仅没有表现出丝毫的抵触情绪，反而乐在其中，他不顾触电的麻痹感，专拣美钞和金币，像只落水的老鼠。被种族主义扭曲的黑人身体意象不仅异化了黑人的自我觉醒，还迫使他们屈服于先验性的白人规范。白人视自己的世界为唯一正直的所在，拒绝黑人的一切参与，并要求黑人“有黑肤色人的举止——或至少是黑人的举止”[15]87。因此，想要在白人的世界中生活，黑人要么得遵守白人的苛刻要求，循规蹈矩地扮演白人想让他们扮演的低劣的黑人角色，要么就得背叛黑人的传统文化，将被漂白的自我意识与黑色的身躯分离开来，成为白人的奴隶。大学校长布莱索就是一个被白人文化奴化且背叛自己肤色的典型，他对白人唯命是从，极力讨好，一直精心扮演白人希望看到的黑鬼的角色，并扬言“不惜让国内所有的黑人一个早上都在树上吊死”[2]127。油漆工厂地下室的黑人负责人布罗克韦也是如此。他总是一身黑人工人的传统打扮，却要求主人公尊称他为布罗克韦先生，还套用了一首充满愤怒和悲哀的黑人民谣为光学白油漆编写广告语[17]。

在《论白人性与黑色身体的回归》中，彦西认为，身体的意象，不论其肤色如何，都先于其被种族化之前而存在，虽然这种存在有可能是虚幻的，因为处于主导地位的种族会将其他种族的身体视为低等的或是不在场的[16]。而在有关男性与女性的文学书写中，观者与被看者之间的关系呈现的是非对称的权力关系，女性往往是被动的、被观看的客体，是男性性幻想的目标，而“看”的动作也成了男性对女性的征服。同样，席凡德指出，主人公一直以来对男子气概与兄弟情义青睐有加，这让他无法正视女性与他一样作为人类存在的形象[18]。舞厅里，他被金发舞女的裸体强烈吸引，他既想“抚摸她柔软的大腿，爱抚她，同时又想毁掉她，想爱怜她同时又想杀害她”[2]16。在他的注视下，金发女郎的身体被物化了，正扮演着他所希望看到的诱惑角色，成为唤醒性欲的工具。在冥神大厦的聚会上，主人公一看到穿着时髦的埃玛就对她身上浓郁的香味格外注意，冲着她扑鼻的温柔的香气靠了过去。舞会后，他对埃玛的印象停留在肉欲层面，束紧的胸部，逗人的秋波，柔软的身体“紧贴”在他身上，让他“欲火旺盛”[2]467。白人妇女西比尔一出场就被主人公视为一个极具女性生育象征的角色。在她家里，主人公的视线将她物化成了与墙上挂着的“真人一样大小的粉红色的裸体画”相同的物品。西比尔的脑中充满各种色情幻想，一直希望自己能被黑人男性强奸。主人公故意让她喝醉而没有强奸她，这意味着主人公彻底物化了西比尔的身体，并没有把她视为可以进行性接触的女人来看待。之后，主人公用唇膏在她身上写下玩笑似的便条，也正是说明他将西比尔的身体异化为可以随意操纵的物体。

由此可见，白人女性从主人公眼中再次获得的身体意象也是被重构的，是被扭曲的，她们的自我意识也只能通过主人公视线的聚焦和过滤才由外及内地呈现出来。在他看来，白人女性的身体意象成为淫荡、色情、诱惑的范式，一如他自己在白人眼中始终是肮脏、低贱的黑鬼一样。

四、结语

艾里森在小说自序中坦言，他创作这部小说的目的不仅在于“揭示人类在于苦难中的普遍因素，不管他们是黑人还是美国人”，也为了“驳斥全国性拒绝共同人性的倾向”，因为这种黑人和白人和睦相处的现实的自然认知中存在“有关跨越种族、宗教、阶级、肤色和地区等障碍——这些障碍包括许多设计好并继续起作用的区分策略”[2]12。在这里，这种“拒绝共同人性的倾向”在看与被看的行为中，在以主人公为代表的黑人群体与作为文化主体的白人群体的相互观视中得到了表现。在白人注视下，黑人在发掘自我意识的过程中四处碰壁，迷失在白人文化构建的权力体系中；同时，在黑人的目光中，白人的身体意象也发生了扭曲，白人女性被物化成了他者眼中的他者。换言之，通过描写他者眼中的被异化的主体形象，艾里森还原了黑白种族矛盾的根源，进一步揭示了白人与黑人共有的人性与非人性。

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