Current Development Situation and Prospects of Blueberry in Guangdong Province

Lixia GAO，Hualan XIAO ，Sen LI，Fengm in LIU，Aiqiong MO

1.Teaching and Researching Base Administration Center，ZhongkaiUniversity of Agriculture and Engineering，Guangzhou 510225，China；2.College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture，Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering，Guangzhou 510225，China；3.Science and Technology Department，Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering，Guangzhou 510225，China

1 Introduction

Blueberry（Vaccinium ssp.L.）originates from North America，Scotland，Russia，and Changbai Mountain and Daxing'an Mountain Range of China［1］.It belongs to Vaccinium of Ericaceae，perennial deciduous or evergreen shrubs，and it is highly nutritional berry economic tree.Highbush blueberries，lowbush blueberries，and rabbiteye blueberries are three largestblueberry varieties，and highbush blueberries are divided into north highbush blueberries，south highbush blueberries，and half highbush blueberries［2］.According to regional climate characteristics and adaptability of blueberry varieties to environment，cold areas in temperate zone are suitable for planting lowbush blueberries and half highbush blueberries，warm temperate zone is suitable for planting north highbush blueberriesand some halfhighbush blueberries，and subtropical areas are suitable for planting rabbiteye blueberries and south highbush blueberries［2］.Blueberry is not just fruitand ithas powerful health function.Researches have shown thatblueberry is rich in antioxidants，bacterial inhibitor，uosolic acid，Tannins，folic acid，anthocyanin，and flavonoids closely connected with removal of free radicals and inhibiting and reversing aging［3］，confirming health function of blueberries.In recent years，rich in anthocyanidin and having functions of anti-aging，anti-cancer and improving eyesight［4-5］，blueberry is reputed as"Fruit Queen"and"Berry King".Besides，with in-depth understanding of the public，blueberries are widely applied in medical，cosmetic，food coloring，and food processing industries.

2 Current development situation of blueberry

American Professor F.V.Coville firstlymade selection and cultivation ofwild blueberry species in 1906 and carried out commercial cultivation of 15 varieties in 1937.By the 1980s，the United States had cultivated more than 100 excellent blueberry varieties suitable for various climatic conditions，and put into planting and production in Maine，New Jersey，Michigan，Georgia，Florida，Minnesota，and Oregon states，which have becomemajor economic production areas of blueberries［6］.Later，South American countries，the Netherlands，Canada，Germany，Austria，Denmark，Italy，Finland，Great Britain，Poland，Romania，Australia，Bulgaria，New Zealand and Japan have started commercial cultivation［6-7］.

2.1 Current development situation of blueberry in ChinaIn north Daxing'an Mountain Range and Xiaoxing'an Mountain Range of China，due to small fruit and low yield，blueberries are notwidely planted and used all the time.Professor Li Yadong firstly launched introduction and cultivation of blueberries in the 1980s，which fills the gap of artificial planting of blueberries in China.Institute of Botany of Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences has also launched introduction and cultivation researches of blueberries，and successfully cultivated fine blueberry species suitable for cultivation in south China areas［8］.Rabbiteye blueberries originate from subtropical areas of North America where the climate is similar to southern areas of China.With drought and heat resistance features，rabbiteye blueberries are suitable for cultivation in southern areasof China［9］.Blueberry industry develops slowly in China.It ismainly distributed in Liaoning，Jilin，Shandong，Jiangsu，Zhejiang and Anhui［10］.In recent 5 years，blueberry industry developed rapidly.In 2012，more than 20 provinces had large scale planting of blueberries，the cultivation area reached 18600 hm2，Shandong having planting area of 2000 hm2followed by Liaoning about1000 hm2.At present，Dan-dong of Liaoning Province，Yichun of Heilongjiang Province，Qingdao of Shandong Province，Jiangsu Province，Zhejiang Province，and Fengyang of Anhui Province have issued preferential policies for planting blueberries，to guide farmers to change traditional plantingmodel.By 2015，China's blueberry yield will rise to 100000 tons and Chinawill become a large supplier of blueberries at the international market［10-11］.Since the introduction of blueberries，at theoretical foundation，China has made extensive studies on physiological and biochemical properties，cold resisting gene and nutrients metabolism［12］.At cultivation technologies，blueberry variety screening and cultivation and planting technologies have great improvement.At state policies，former premier Wen Jiabaomade a reply to Suggestions of Accelerating Development of Blueberry Industry in China submitted by blueberry experts at the National People's Congress，showing blueberrywill be popularized in suitable areasasan importanteconomic fruit tree［13］.At production development，since Nanjing Plant Research Institute built 100 hm2blueberry industrialized production base in Zhejiang，Jiangsu，and Guizhou in 1988，all suitable areas have established blueberry industrialized production bases and achieved a great success and receivedmuch attention of local government and investors.Now，blueberry has been determined as new fruit tree for adjusting agricultural planting structure in future 10 years.Since 2006，China has established more than 10 large blueberry cultivation and breeding centerswith area exceeding100 hm2，annual breeding of seedlings more than 100 million，and domestic industrial and commercial enterprises and international financial capitals are also actively participating in blueberry industry［14］.Due to unique health and nutrition functions，blueberries are in high demand，but due to low yield，blueberries are in short supply.In 2005，in large cities，such as Beijing，Shanghai，Guangzhou and Shenzhen，there are sales of blueberries，but they are mainly imported from North America，the price is as high as 400-600 yuan／kg［15-18］.According to survey，at large supermarkets of Guangzhou，the retail price of imported blueberry is about 160 yuan／kg.Such high price and consumption demandmake blueberry become a high lucrative fruit.

2.2 Current development situation of blueberries in Guangdong ProvinceGuangdong Province has excellent foundation of blueberry technology research and base construction.In 2008，with cooperation of Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering and experts of Japan Shimane University，Guangdong Province firstly launched introduction and cultivation technology research，and base construction of blueberries.In 2010，with support of Guangdong Department of Agriculture，Guangdong set up special fund project for agricultural science and technology"Introduction and Cultivation Technology Research of New High Yield Blueberry Varieties"，and introduced 23 varieties tomake screening test in areas of Guangdong Province.Panyu testing base selected 10 blueberry varieties suitable for planting in damp and hot areas of Guangdong and developed a complete set of blueberry planting technologies inmountain areas，established testing bases for larger than 130 hm2in Heyuan，Qingyuan，Huizhou and Yu'nan.At present，the planting area of blueberry in Guangdong Province is about260 hm2.In 2014，ZhongkaiUniversity of Agriculture and Engineering cooperated with Guangdong Ronghe Ecological Agriculture Co.，Ltd to make planning for 100000 mu blueberry of Heyuan Dengta Basin National Modern Agriculture Demonstration Area.Now，the plan has been approved by review of domestic and foreign blueberry experts.Heyuan is the earliest area planting blueberry and developing blueberry industry in Guangdong Province.Now，many enterprises there have successfully planted blueberries，the planting area is up to 260 hm2；in Qingyuan，the blueberry planting area is about 30 hm2；Yu'nan introduced and planted 6000 blueberry seedlings in spring of 2014，the varieties aremainly rabbiteye and south highbush blueberry series.Since 2008，Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering hasmade phenological observation test in differentecological environment conditions for growth，flowering and fruiting of blueberries in west，north mountain areas and east of Guangdong Province.It has screened hot resistant varieties suitable for planting in south areas，summarized low temperature accumulation necessary for fruiting of blueberries，and grasped suitable areas for popularization of corresponding blueberry varieties.Through nutrition physiological and optimum ecological environment tests，it summarized a set of domestication technologies for adaptation of fine blueberry varieties to local ecological environment.Through cottage，group cultivation，hybridization，or grafting，it hasmade extensive preparation for fundamental researches for further cultivating new blueberry varieties and making improvement.Also，it hasmade resistance researchesof blueberry to AM bacteria，to improve resistanceof plantdiseasesand insectpests in high damp areas in south China.

3 Analysis on strengths of Guangdong Province in developing blueberry industry

3.1 M arket strengthsGuangdong Province is a large province of planting fruits.As a new type of fruit tree，blueberry has broad market demand and huge consumption potential.With improvement of people's living conditions，more and more people care abouthealth and healthy foods.People start to realize health function ofblueberry，which will further increase consumption of blueberries.Since blueberry price is very in Guangdong Province at present，it is urgent to deeply carry out researches of blueberry breeding.

3.2 Soil and climate strengthsBlueberries are short root shrubs and their root system is not developed andmainly distributed in shallow soil.Therefore，the plant growth is less influenced by terrain and soil depth.When pH value of soil is higher than 5.2，shallow root system of blueberry fails to absorb free ferrite of soil，blueberry growthmay have problem of chlorosis due to lack of iron；when pH value of soil is 4.5-5.5，it is favorable for growth of blueberries.Fertile and deep soil with well ventilation and rich organic matters are more favorable for blueberry growth［19］.Soil in Guangdong Province is typical red soil，completely suitable for blueberry growth.Besides，rabbiteye blueberry and south highbush blueberry series originate from subtropical areas of North America，where there are similar climate conditions of Guangdong Province，so they are suitable for planting in Guangdong Province.

3.3 Labor resource strengthsTo squeeze into market as fresh healthy fruit，blueberry needs high labor.Guangdong Province belongs to labor intensive area and there are lots of healthy labors in poor mountain areas.Through artificial picking，it is able to reduce input cost for blueberry production.Besides，manual labor can avoid injury of mechanical picking to blueberry planting and fruit，provide high quality delicious blueberries，increase jobs for surplus labor，develop new fruit industry and increase farmers'income.South，West and North of Guangdong Province have largemountain areasand climate condition and acid soil are suitable for planting high yield blueberry varieties.With rich nutrition and high health function，market price of blueberry is high，output value of planting blueberry can reach 20000 yuan／667 hm2.Sincemechanical operation is not suitable for blueberry picking，artificial planting needs numerous labors.It is able to bring into full play advantages of labor resources inmountain areas.East，westand north ofGuangdong can plantblueberrieswithout using greenhouse.In May，blueberries can fruit，which is earlier for onemonth than North China.This not only reduces production cost and grabs seizes domestic and international market.In addition，there are problems of high benefit，few varieties，unreasonable variety structure，seasonal saturation，surplus and serious plant diseases and insect pests in fruit industry of Guangdong Province.Developing blueberry industry in east，west，and north Guangdong Province provides excellent opportunity for upgrade of fruit industry in Guangdong Province.

4 Main factors restricting development of blueberry industry in Guangdong Province

4.1 ClimateGuangdong Province is situated in subtropical monsoon climate zone，abundant heat resources，warm climate，not cold in winter，the average annual temperature is 20.4-23.1℃，high temperature and plentiful rainfall in summer，which justmeets the best fruiting period of blueberry，so itwill exert certain influence onmaturity and harvesting of blueberries.

4.2 Soil fertilitySoil increases fertilitymainly relying on organicmatters to improvemechanical，physical and chemical properties.Researches show that high soil organicmatter can improve soil structure，increase porosity，reduce volume weight，and improve soil fertility retention ability［20］，increase soilenzyme activity［21］，increase soilwater holding capacity and aeration，which is favorable for formation and stability of soil aggregates［22］；water content of soil is directly proportional to organicmatter of soil［23］.Researches of suitable soil conditions for cultivation of blueberries indicate that blueberries have high requirement for soil organic matters，whilemost parts of Guangdong Province have low soil organicmatters，which is a large restriction to development of blueberry industry.Organicmattersare favorable for blueberry growth，but growth condition of blueberries is not directly proportional to content of organic matters.In three largest cultivation varieties，the requirement of soil organic matters is highbush blueberries＞rabbiteye blueberries＞lowbush blueberries.For highbush blueberries，soil organic matters should reach 3%；rabbiteye blueberries can grow healthily in sandy and clay soil；lowbush blueberries can normally grow in barren highland soil［24］.Therefore，planting highbush blueberries and rabbiteye blueberries in Guangdong Province can increase soil organicmatters and improve soil fertility.

4.3 TechnologiesAt present，China's agricultural production basically relies on operation of farmers，so the level ofmodernization and automation is low.The blueberry industry is still a labor intensive industry，there is still no suitable planting，picking and harvesting technologies for mechanical production and industrial development lacks technological talents.Thus，in the process of building the blueberry industry，it is required to strengthen technical training and cultivate professional blueberry talents.

4.4 Blueberry product processingBlueberry is the variety with the longest industrial chain in fruit industry.In low temperature rapid freezing condition，fresh blueberries can be stored fro a long time.Blueberries can bemade into blueberry tea，fruitwine，jam，dry fruit，dessert，dairy products，health care products，and cosmetics.At present，blueberries can be processed into many types of products，but due to lack of processing skills and technologies，few products are really put into production and sales.This greatly restricts rapid development of blueberrymarket.In addition，fresh keeping time of blueberry is not long.In the processof picking and packing，blueberries are easy to break.Therefore，it is very necessary to research and develop many deep processing products to extend the industrial chain andmaximize the benefit.

4.5 Policy factorCompared with other industries，support policies related to blueberry industry are not enough.Firstly，due to lack ofmarket access system of seedling production and operation，issue and management of seedling production and operation license，testing of seedling quality，and seedling label system，it is difficult to ensure quality of blueberry seedlings.It is recommended to establish and improve seedling production and operation files，reinforce seedling administrative law enforcement，legally strike ataction ofmaking or selling fake，forged and inferior seedlings and new plant varieties.Secondly，it is recommended that government should provide policy supportand coordination in fresh keeping，processing，transactionalmarket circulation and scientific popularization education，and labor employment for blueberry products，to stimulate production enthusiasm of blueberry farmers.Thirdly，it is recommended to establish blueberry industry insurance for price drop，plant diseases and insect pests，and natural disasters of blueberries，to strengthen risk resistance ability of blueberry construction projects.Through gradually establishing and improving government support insurancemechanism，it is expected to stimulate enthusiasm of economic entities for participat-ing in construction of blueberry trees，and expand scale of blueberry industry on thewhole.Finally，it is recommended to formulatemore operable preferential policies for fresh keeping and processing of blueberries.Specifically，it is required to formulate practical preferential policies on the principle of supporting large，strong and high quality，establish protection mechanism for agricultural production，increase financial support for agricultural development，enhance support for leading enterprises，help enterprises to build blueberry planting bases and accelerate development of blueberry industry，so as to reach large-scale intensive operation.

5 Recommendations for development of blueberries in Guangdong Province

5.1 Strengthening p lanning and support to cultivate blueberry industrial chainIt is recommended to speed up blueberry industry planning and support policies，to promote economic development of northeasternmountain areas of Guangdong Province.（i）Scientifically formulating blueberry planting plan combining local actual situations of northeasternmountain areas of Guangdong Province on the principle of"developing in suitable areas atmoderate scale".In the aspect of planting technologies，it is recommended to provide active guidance and conductscientific planting；in the developmentmodel，it is recommended to encourage largescale operation，and promote blueberry picking garden and set up ecological sightseeing characteristic agriculture；in industrial development，it is recommended to strengthen scientific and technological research and development，to promote development of industries related to blueberry industries.（ii）Providing related policy support for development of blueberry industries.Firstly，it is proposed to establish special fund to support this new industry and provide corresponding financing and insurance system for blueberry planting and processing.Secondly，it is recommended to provide credit support for strategic investment entities with economic strength and market expansion capacity，actively build blueberry industry development base，to speed up introduction and cultivation of leading enterprises.Thirdly，it is recommended to cultivate and support development of blueberry related enterprises，such as picking，harvesting，storage and preliminary processing，and establish deep blueberry processing system，to form industrial chain.

5.2 Strengthening infrastructure construction to ensure necessary ecological environment for blueberry p lantingIt is recommended to make careful and comprehensive survey on soil conditions，climate conditions，water source，traffic，and power supply of all areas of Guangdong Province，select suitable areas for planting blueberries，make consolidation of land in these areas and provide the land for blueberry producers at preferential price.Besides，it is recommended tomake land administration and infrastructure construction for areas suitable for planting blueberries and making ready for building blueberry production base，to realize connection ofwater，electricity and road.It is recommended to combine carbon sink forest and ecological public welfare forest of northeasternmountain areas of Guangdong Province，include blueberry into the characteristic fruit tree project，to fundamentally solve ecological environment and infrastructure problems necessary for blueberry planting.

5.3 Strengthening scientific and technological research and development and input，to provide science and technology and talent supportIt is recommended to cooperatewith scientific research institutes and colleges and universities，accelerate cultivating blueberry planting and processing talents，take agricultural technology extension station as leading，invite blueberry experts to serve as technical consultation，explain blueberry planting technologies for enterprises and farmers，cultivate technical backbone and skilled workers，provide suitable blueberry seedling breeding and after-sales service，increase input to blueberry planting，cold storage，fresh keeping and processing technologies，incline scientific and technological projects to blueberry industry，and increase input to blueberry yoghurt，jam，fruit juice，and wine，to increase added value of blueberry products.It is recommended to establish Guangdong Blueberry Research Center and gather various talents to tackle problems in the development of blueberry industry.

6 Development prospects

As health care fruit，blueberry has hugemarket consumption potential.At present，domestic blueberries are mainly imported at price of240 yuan／kg，market retail price is 160-320 yuan／kg，planting blueberry can realize annual output value of 100000 yuan／667m2having huge economic value.Blueberry growth needs much sunshine，water，and acid soil，themost suitable temperature is 15.6-26.7℃，the selected varieties can withstand 40-45℃temperature and are suitable for planting in mountain and hilly areas.East and north areas of Guangdong Province are rich in sunshine resources and have acid soil，the annual average temperature is22.3℃，so it isvery suitable for growth ofblueberries.Energetically developing the blueberry industry is of great significance for fully bringing into play advantages of fruit production，improving ecologicalenvironment，adjusting fruitproduction structure，and raising fruit quality level.Besides，blueberry planting provides a convenient way for farmers in east and north areas of Guangdong Province to get rich.Asa new fruit tree variety，blueberry has great development potential in Guangdong Province.

6.1 High added value of blueberry products can change the situation of lack of agricultural product processing industries in Guangdong ProvinceFresh blueberries are directly edible and also can be processed into blueberry products，such as drink，wine，yoghurt，and other foods.Apart from fruit，blueberry flowers have great appreciation value.Planting blueberries in mountain areas can not only increase economic benefits of local areas，but also attract urban residents and tourists to go picking and appreciation.Thiswill promote ecological tourism ofmountain areas.Industries related to picking，harvesting，storage，and deep processing of blueberrieshave a long ecological chain，so blueber-ry is a high efficient agricultural cash crop.

6.2 Blueberries are popular fruit in developed countriesIn the condition of increasing living demands，domestic people also have higher and higher demands for nutritional and healthy fruits.Guangdong Province is the centralized place of sales of blueberries.Every year，itneeds transport from north areas.In winter，it needs import from Chile and other blueberry production countries，so the fresh blueberry demand is huge.Therefore，blueberry products have hugemarket potential in Guangdong Province.

6.3 Blueberry planting and production have high econom ic benefits in ChinaThree years after field planting，blueberry can fruit，and in best fruiting period，the yield per667m2isabout 1.0-1.5 tons.At the price of 60 yuan／kg，the output value per 667 m2is up to 30000-45000 yuan.

6.4 Traditional fruit structure of Guangdong Province badly needs adjustmentFruit industry of Guangdong Province has problems of few high benefit varieties，unreasonable structure，seasonal saturation and surplus，and serious plant diseases and pest insects.Developing blueberry industry in east，west and north areas of Guangdong Province is an excellent opportunity for upgrade of fruit industry for Guangdong Province.Production of blueberries can promote rapid development of fruit processing industry.However，planting area of blueberries in Guangdong Province is relatively small，fresh blueberriesare in shortsupply and it is required to plant large amount of blueberries.Blueberry industry is a new industry and blueberry farmers lack related technologies.Therefore，it is badly necessary to establish standardized blueberry planting demonstration，popularize blueberry planting technology，set up blueberry technology training bases，and improve science and technology level of farmers'blueberry production，so as to promote rapid development of blueberry industry in Guangdong Province.Atpresent，blueberry isalready successfully cultivated in Guangdong，and about 10 varieties are suitable for planting in mountain areas of Guangdong.Compared with north blueberry planting bases，Guangdong Province has the advantage of early fruiting，so it is able to seize themarket.South China is economically developed and people's living standard is high.Besides，it adjoins to Hong Kong，Macau，Taiwan and Southeast Asian countries，so it is gifted with advantages of export of fresh fruits and processed products.Blueberry as a new healthy and nutritional fruitwill show its huge consumption potential.

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