Ecological Planning for Urban Green Space System——A Case Study of Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone

Lei YlN，Guoqing Ll

China Merchants Chongqing Communications Technology Research&Design Institute Co.，Ltd，Chongqing 400067，China

Ecological Planning for Urban Green Space System
——A Case Study of Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone

Lei YlN，Guoqing Ll*

China Merchants Chongqing Communications Technology Research&Design Institute Co.，Ltd，Chongqing 400067，China

Based on overview of development history and research advances of domestic and foreign urban green space system planning，this paper made clear relevant concepts of the urban green space system.Urban green space system is a key region for protecting ecological resources.Taking Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone as an example，on the basis of in-depth survey，it made a systematic study on green space system planning combining current situations of green space and regional spatial characteristics of Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone.It discussed how to restore and build urban green space system，protect ecological environment，and promote regional economic development and harmony between human and nature through design of ecological technologies and landscape in the ecological planning of urban green space system.

Urban areas；Green space system；Ecological planning

W ith strengthening of domestic economic strength and improvementofpeople’s environmental protection awareness，urban green space system planning has been lifted to an unprecedented height.The ultimate purpose of urban green space planning is to improve urban ecological environment，optimize urban living environment，and promote sustainable development of urban areas.The ecological planning for urban green space is based on ecology.It is required to study and try every means and methods，restore damaged natural environment and landscape，create favorable ecological environment for species，and promote harmonious development of human and nature［1］.

Chongqing Municipality plans to build itself into a provincial level garden city and livable city in a short term，build itself into a national level garden city and modern low carbon industrial city in the medium term，and build itself to national level ecological garden city and ecologically livable garden industrial green city in the long term.Under the guidance of this objective，Chongqing Municipality made green space system planning of Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone at downtown and citywide levels，proposed structure of citywide green space system，made planning for city-wide landscape system and ecological environment construction，and proposed grid structure for downtown green space，forming urban green space distribution framework.

The implementation of planning for urban green space system will bring huge changes to both human and natural environment.Based on research advances in domestic and foreign urban green space system planning，combining the ecological planning for green space system in Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone，we discussed overall thought，planning objectives and positioning，and distribution structure of green space system，as well as idea of ecological and environmental protection，in the hope of improving ecological environment ofChongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone，raise the utilization ratio of urban green space，provide a beautiful green space full of vitality for urban residents，reach the harmony of human and nature，and form a picturesque ecological scenery.

Overview of Research AdvancesinDomesticand Foreign Urban Green Space Planning

Research advances in foreign urban green space planning

In ancient Greek period，Aristotle put forward the site selection of ideal city.In Homeri period，the Greek transformed orchards and vegetable gardens，cultivated ornamental flowers and trees，and built ornamental courtyards.However，before the industrial revolution，urban green projects reflected individual hobbies of the ruling class，and both form and functions were simple，and urban gardens were used just for satisfying aesthetic and recreational demands［2］.The British royal family started opening the hunting ground to the public from the 18th century.By the 19th century，the royal gardens were opened to the citizen class and there appeared some parks open to the citizens.In the middle of the 19thcentury，France launched transformation of Paris under the responsibility of Osman.Park construction plays an important position in the transformation process and imitated natural landscape style of the UK.In 1858，the American government approved the first park （New York’s Central Park）of the United States designed by Frederick Law Olmsted，father of landscape design.The success of Central Park started Urban Park Campaign in the second half of the 19th century and launched the climax of urban park construction［3］.

Researchadvancesindomestic and foreign urban green space planning

In ancient times of China，there was the philosophical idea of“Nature and Man in One”.The concept of harmony between urban areas and nature runs through the urban construction.In the 1950s，China started caring about urban green space.The earliest urban green space system planning was carried out in the implementation of First Five-Year Plan assisted by the former Soviet Union.It made planning for health protection green space and public green space for recreation of urban residents.TheCity Planning Law of the People’s Republic of China passed in 1989 guarantees status of urban green space system in urban planning；in 1992，the State Council promulgatedRegulations on Urban Greening，making definite regulations on planning construction，protection andmanagementofurbangreen space.The campaign of“Building National Garden City”carried out in the same year greatly stimulated enthusiasm of all cities and provinces for urban green space construction［3］. At present，all cities in China are making urban green space system planning，and gradually establish an urban green space system with improving functions.In the mean time，theoretical researches about urban green space planning are undertaken in garden institutions and colleges and universities all the time.Liu Binyi made a series of studies aboutdevelopmenthistory，planning theories，planning practice，ecological network planning，and existing problems in both domestic and foreign urban green space system［4，5］. Yu Kongjian studied saving type green space and ecologicalinfrastructure based Beijing green space system planning strategies［6-7］.Jiang Yunfang made a systematic study on methods and theories of urban green space system planning in doctoral dissertationTheories and Methods of Urban Green Space System Planning，and came up with methods and ecological recommendations for evaluation of urban green space system［8］.

Overview of the Study Area

Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone was established in the beginning ofthe 1990s，and was approved to be the first national level economic and technological development zone in western region by the State Council in April of 1993. Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone is located in the east of Chayuan New District，a sub-center of Chongqing Municipality，and forms the tripod pattern together with Liangjiang New Area and Chongqing Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone，to jointly boost development of Chongqing’s export-oriented economy.In the south，Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone borders on Nanquan Street of Ba’nan District；in the north，it faces with Jiangbei District across the Yangtze River；in the west，it is contiguous to Chayuan District；in the east，it is adjacent to Mingyue Mountain.Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone is a key development area for eastern expansion strategy of Chongqing.

Geography and landform

The study area is situated in parallel ridge and valley region of eastern Sichuan Province，south of Yangtze River，and between the Tongluo Mountain and Mingyue Mountain. Adapting to the structural evolution，there are characteristics of low mountains，hills，plain areas，and rivers in the region.The terrain in the region is high in east and low in west，and central areas are mainly low mountains and plain areas.In the south，the Qiaoping Mountain extends from the south to north，leading to scattered and undulated landform on the whole. The altitude in the region is 160-375 m with height difference of 215 m，and the average altitude is 241 m.Areas with altitude lower than 200 m are mainly situated in valley region of Kuxi River，Changsheng River，Tiaodeng River，and Yuxi River；areas with altitude above 300 m are mainly situated in low mountain areas of Yakou Village of Guangyang Town and Siping of Yinglong Town.

Climate and vegetation

The study area is situated in south ofSichuan Basin with subtropical monsoon climate.There are rich heat source，plentiful rainfall，long frost-free period，little ice and snow，light wind，little sunshine，high humidity，much cloud and fog，early spring and long summer，short autumn and warm winter，average annual temperature of 16℃，average frost-free period of 320 days，1080 mm rainfall，average annual sunshine 1230 hours，and 67.8 fog days.Warm and humid climate is favorable for plant growth.Plant com-munities and plant types in the study area are diverse.Zonal vegetation is evergreen broad-leaf trees.Forests are mainly secondary masson pines，black pines，Cinnamomum camphora plantation，bamboo groves，and few nanmu trees.

Geology and hydrology

In planning range of Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone，there are mainly Kuxi River，Changsheng River，Tiaodeng River，and Yuxi River.All these flow to the Yangtze River from south to north. Besides， there is Shanwangmiao Reservoir in Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone. There are also Yinglong Lake Reservoir，Jiajiagang Reservoir，Mu’erchang Reservoir，and Leizikou Reservoir nearby，so it is rich in the water resources.

Green Space System Planning of the Study Area

General idea of green space system planning

Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone plans to build a natural landscape integrating water（Yangtze River，Kuxi River，Yuxi River，and Yangcha River），mountains（Niutou Mountain and Mingyue Mountain）and forest，taking the mountain and water green space as the core，and park green space as radiation，and taking roads，rivers，and streams as links，to protect biological diversity and form an ecological garden city connecting water and mountain and integrating city and green space.Besides，it gives prominence to spatial greening pattern of“mountains surrounding and rivers flowing through”. Relying on this advantage，Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone plans to build an excellent regional ecological environment and picturesque urban green landscape，and form the “barrier enclosing，water running through，green corridor connecting，and green points evenly distributed”urban green space system.On the basis of existing urban planning framework，according to overall planning and various special planning of Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone，it is intended to make reasonable distribution，elaborated plan various green spaces，and improve and optimize spatialstructure ofvarious urban green spaces，to form unique urban green ecological landscape.

Planning positioning and indicators Planning positioning Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone plans to build itself into a new ecological livable riverside district，modern ecological garden district，and national level environmental protection model district，and plans to build itself into a port side ecological district with deep concept of ecological protection，excellent ecological environment，developed ecological industry，harmony and happiness of residents relying on its unique characteristics.

Planning indicators Major indicators for green space system planning of Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone are listed in Table 1.

Distribution structure of green space system

Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone plans to build a natural landscape integrating water（Yangtze River，Kuxi River，Yuxi River，and Yangcha River），mountains（Niutou Mountain and Mingyue Mountain）and forest，taking the mountain and water green space as the core，and park green space as radiation，and taking roads，rivers，and streams as links，to protect biological diversity and form an ecological garden city connecting water and mountain and integrating city and green space.Besides，it gives prominence to spatial greening pattern of“mountains surrounding and rivers flowing through”. Relying on this advantage，Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone plans to build an excellent regional ecological environment and picturesque urban green landscape，and form the “barrier enclosing，water running through，green corridor connecting，and green points evenly distributed”urban green space system.

Park green space planning According to ecological garden city（district）standard and urban development demand of Chongqing Municipality，by the end of planning period （2020），the total area of park land is 569.56 hm2，and the park land per capita is 18.99 m2/person.

As the largest centralized green space in Chongqing，Niutou Mountain Park is a district level comprehensive park and planned to be a city level comprehensive park，and is the lung of Chongqing.The park is mainly serving residents of Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone，radiating residents of the whole Chongqing Municipality，and plans to build into a multi-functional urban ecological and recreational park integrating tourism，sightseeing，health care，animal and plant appreciation，and ecological and environmental protection，as shown in Fig.1.

Table 1 Major indicators for green space system planning of Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone

Road green space planning

Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone makes effort to realize “one tree type for one road，one flower type for one road，one landscape type for one road”mainly at Kaiying Road，Chafu Road，Yuma Road，Kaicheng Road，and Guangbin Road.The green space planning idea of Kaiying Road:road pavement is mainly grey stones to form background color；roadside adopts Camphor trees and sweet-scented osmanthus trees interspersed with small flowering trees or bushes such as oriental cherry；under high bushes，there are streams of flowers，to build comfortable and pleasant road green space environment，as shown in Fig.2.

Treespeciesplanning ofgreen space

On the principle of suitable tree species for suitable land，it is expected to create the following prospect: mountains and rivers keeping harmony with islands，rivers and valleys running through the district，like spring lasts forever，and forget to return because of being so enchanted by the scenery.Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone plans to build itself into a simple but grand，colorful and prosperous place with spring characteristics all the year round，to promote sustainable development of environment.The keynote tree species includes Ficus virens（city tree of Chongqing），Camphor trees and sweet-scented osmanthus tree，Koelreuteria bipinnata，Common Elaeocarpus，and Camellia japonica L.（city flower of Chongqing）.

ldeas of ecological and environmental protection for green space system

Overall requirements It is required to carry out environmental protection and ecological construction in accordance with social and economic development demands，and difference of resource and environmentcarrying capacity，on the principle of classified control.In Niutou Mountain core areas，it is recommended to take Kuxi River and Yuxi River as key areas of ecological and environmental protection，strictly prohibited to conduct development and construction activities with pollution；in areas with better ecological and environmental situation and vulnerable to ecological environment，such as the area along Guangbin Road，it is required to carry out ecological and environmental protection，create green space，and limit development and construction activities with great ecological and environmental impact；in areas with high development intensity and vulnerable to bring about environmental pollution，it is required to take ecological preventive measures；in other areas，it is required to maintain ecological and environmental quality at the same time.

Building ecologicalnetwork Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone plans to build open green space system with mountain and water complementing each other，manifesting style and features of the Economic and Technological Development Zone，stress the preservation and optimization of original terrain and mountains and rivers，and reflect urban green space landscape with human and nature，and urban area and nature in harmony with each other. Niutou Mountain will be built into an ecological park，to become the green lung of Chongqing；Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone plans to build Kuxi River，Yuxi River，Shiba River，and Yangcha River，to purify the water quality，conserve water source，provide riverside corridor for urban residents，and form the urban green corridor，and establish a green corridor system connecting the Yangtze River system and Mingyu Mountain ecological barrier.Logistics，energy，and information can flow to Chongqing through this corridor.Thus，it will become a powerful complement for internal green space.In addition，according to direction of rivers and roads，characteristics of urban wind direction，as well as requirements for biological diversity protection，green space system will run through areas with poor ecological and environmental quality，and connect urban parks and green space as much as possible，to form intact ecological green space system.

Conclusions

Construction of urban green space system is of utmost importance to development of cities at all levels.It is very essential to realize the importance of urban green space system in or before the urban construction process.On the basis of actual survey，in accordance with related laws，regulations and governmentdocuments，combining actual demands of Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone for constant expansion and greening construction，we found some problems to be solved badly.In this situation，we analyzed possible causes of key problems andcame up with recommendations to solve actual problems in the urban green space system planning.It is recommended to establish an urban green space system with scientific structure，complete system，and perfect function，to bring into full play its ecological，social，and economic benefits，and provide reference for future development of Chongqing Economic and Technological Development Zone and for urban green space system development of other urban areas.

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Responsible editor：Huadong GUO

Responsible proofreader：Xiaoyan WU

城市绿地系统生态规划——以重庆市经开区为例

阴磊，李国庆*（招商局重庆交通科研设计院有限公司，重庆400067）

在对国内外城市绿地系统规划研究的发展历史、研究进展综述的基础上，明确城市绿地系统的相关概念。城市绿地系统是城市保护生态资源的重点区域，以重庆经开区为例，在深入调研的基础上，结合重庆市经开区绿化现状及地域空间特色进行了绿地系统规划研究。论述了在城市绿地系统生态规划中，如何通过生态技术和景观设计手法恢复和营造城市绿地系统，保护生态坏境，促进区域经济的发展以及人与自然的和谐共生。

城市；绿地系统；生态规划

阴磊（1982-），男，黑龙江鹤岗人，工程师，研究方向：夜景照明与市政景观设计。

2015-11-05

*Corresponding author.E-mail:782402466@qq.com

Received:November 5，2015 Accepted:December 1，2015

*通讯作者，男，安徽宣城人，工程师，研究生，研究方向：市政与公路景观设计。

修回日期 2015-12-01