Effects of Different Plastic films Mulching on Soil TemPerature and Moisture，the Growth and Yield of Sugarcane

Shuning XP，Jianming WP*，Xing HPANG，Jinlan XlE，Yawei LPO，Tian LlANG，Jiayong HPANG，Yangrui Ll

1.Sugarcane Research lnstitute，Guangxi AcademY of Agricultural Science，Nanning 530007，China；

2.Sugarcane Research Center，Chinese AcademY of Agricultural Sciences/Guangxi KeY LaboratorY of Sugarcane Genetic lmprovement，Nanning 530007，China；

3.Guangxi AcademY of Agricultural Sciences，Nanning 530007，China

Effects of Different Plastic films Mulching on Soil TemPerature and Moisture，the Growth and Yield of Sugarcane

Shuning XP1，2，Jianming WP1，2*，Xing HPANG1，2，Jinlan XlE1，2，Yawei LPO1，2，Tian LlANG1，2，Jiayong HPANG1，2，Yangrui Ll2，3

1.Sugarcane Research lnstitute，Guangxi AcademY of Agricultural Science，Nanning 530007，China；

2.Sugarcane Research Center，Chinese AcademY of Agricultural Sciences/Guangxi KeY LaboratorY of Sugarcane Genetic lmprovement，Nanning 530007，China；

3.Guangxi AcademY of Agricultural Sciences，Nanning 530007，China

［Objective］The effects of different plastic films mulching on soil temperature and moisture，and growth and Yield of sugarcane were discussed in order to provide

for using different plastic film in sugarcane pro-duction.［Method］Four kinds of plastic films viz.，normal colorless transparent plastic film，milkY photodegradation weeding plastic film，black plastic film and graY-black plastic film were used in sugarcane cultivation bY using no film mulching as the control.Soil temperature and moisture were measured during plastic film mulching period，and sugarcane agronomic traits such as emergence rate，tillering rate，plant hight，stalk diameter and effective stalk number were investigated during growth period，the cane Yield and economic benefits were calculated during harvest period. ［Result］The results showed that plastic film mulching could significantlY increase soil temperature and moisture.Com-pared with the control，soil temperature was increased bY 0.3-0.8℃ in three plastic films mulching treatment except for graY-black plastic film mulching.The soil moisture of all mulching treatments was 10.1%-17.4%higher than the control.Furthermore，the seedling emergence rate，tillering rate，effective stalk number and cane Yield also could be improved using plastic film mulching，which were increased bY 0.8%-9.9%，20.6%-34.9%，5190-10980 stalks/hm2and 6.4%-14.9%as compared to the control，while plant height and stalk diameter were found to be no significant effect bY plastic film mulching.The results of benefit anal-Ysis indicated that，milkY photodegradation weeding film mulching had the highest economic benefit，the second were normal colorless transparent plastic film mulching and black plastic film mulching，which were 5 987.2，1 876.5 and 1 813.5 Yuan/hm2higher than the control.The graY-black film mulching treatment had poor benefit.［Conclusion］The milkY photodegradation weeding plastic film could be vigorouslY extended in sugarcane production.Normal colorless transparent plastic film and black plastic film could be ex-tended graduallY as a new kind of plastic film.The graY-black film should not be used for its higher cost and more thickness.

Plastic film mulching；Soil temperature；Soil moisture；Sugarcane；Yield；Economic benefit

P lastic film mulching，a kind of cultivation technologY to improve the living environment of crops，is able to conserve the soil temperature and moisture，and promotes the growth of crops［1］.At present，plastic film mulching has become a common waY to cultivate sugarcane production，and the common used ones are mostlY colorless and transparent film，but it is difficult for them to degrade in the natural condition，and it will result in white pollution and the growth of weeds.With the development of industrY，there is photodegradable weeding film，various kinds of colorful films，and liquid film，etc.［2-4］.Because of different color andthickness of films，the thermal and light transparencY rates are different，which would exert different influences on the growth and qualitY of crops［5］.As a result，studies on the influences of different kinds of plastic films on the growth and Yield of sugarcane are of great significance to the sustainable development of sugarcane industrY.Studies on the plastic film cultivation technologY in China started from 1980 when Guangdong carried out the film cultivation experiment on the sugarcane，and then in 1981 Zhejiang started the plastic film experiment on newlY-planted sugarcane.Later on，each province carried out various kinds of experiments［6］.ln recent Years，manY scholars have explored new approaches for plastic film cultivation.Chen Ningzhou et al analYzed the features of different kinds of plastic films，and believed that the light transparencY of common colorless plastic film was good，but it was easY to grow weeds.The black plastic film was of low transparencY，so it was difficult to grow weeds.Photodegradable weeding film not onlY can increase the temperature in the soil，but also can degrade itself and removal weeds.Han Shijian et al studied the photodegradable weeding film，and studies suggest that the photodegradable weeding film was better off than common colorless and transparent film in the aspect of strain height，the number of effective stalk，the output of sugarcane stalk.Experts often focus on the influences of plastic film on the growth of sugarcane or the cultivation technologY，and there are few reports on the influences of different films on the soil environment and sugarcane growth.Four kinds of plastic films，normal colorless transparent plastic film，milkY photodegradation weeding plastic film，black plastic film and graY-black plastic film were used in sugarcane cultivation bY using no film mulching as the control.Soil temperature and moisture were measured during plastic film mulching period，and sugarcane agronomic traits such as emergence rate，tillering rate，plant hight，stalk diameter and effective stalk number were investigated during growth period，the cane Yield and economic benefits were calculated during harvest period.

Materials and Methods

Tested materials

The tested sugarcane species was GT03-2287.The tested plastic film includes:common colorless transparent film，at a thickness of 0.005 mm andawidthof40cm （Nanning Chuangsheng Agricultural Plastic Products Ltd，CO.）；The milkY photodegradable weeding film at a thickness of 0.007 mm and a width of 40 cm （Nanning Naohe Plastic Products Ltd，CO.），provided bY Guangzhou Sugarcane Research lnstitute；Black film，at a thickness of 0.005 mm and a width of 40 cm （Nanning Chuangsheng AgriculturalPlastic Products Ltd，CO.）；GreY and black plastic film，at a thickness of 0.02 mm and a width of 40 cm （Xiamen Tong’an Ouzhen Plastic Film Processing FactorY）.Tested fertilizers:DeYa 25% compound（Nanning Yingde Fertilizer Ltd，CO.），and the proportion of nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium was 13:5:7.

Test methods

The experiment was carried out in the Sugarcane Research lnstitute of Guangxi AcademY of Agricultural Science.There is perfect irrigation condition.There are five treatments.Treatment 1:normal colorless and transparent plastic film；treatment 2:NilkY photodegradable weeding film；treatment 3:Black film；treatment 4:GreY black film；Treatment 5:Ground cultivation（CK）.The length was 7.3 m and the distance between two lines was 1.2 m.There were four lines in each area，and the area covered 35.04 m2. There were 20 regions in total.The total area for the experiment was 0.13 hm2.

Seedlings were sowed from Narch 5 to 6，2013.The sowing area covered 0.1125 million plants/ha.900 kg/ha ofcompound fertilizerwas sowed.Narch 7 witnessed the covering of the film，and April 18 saw the revealing of the film.750 kg/hm2of compound fertilizer was applied on NaY 10，and 1350 kg/hm2of stalk fertilizer was applied on June 15.We harvested on December 9.Field management was the same as the large filed production.

Determination Program and methods

From Narch 25 to the daY before revealing the plastic film，we measured the soil temperature and the moisture content in the soil at the depth of 5 to 10 cm from 8:00 in the morning，to 14:00 and 20:00 in the afternoon.Five points were measured randomlY for each treatment.The soil temperature was measured with tube.The moisture in the soil was measured bY TZS-soil moisture determination machine.The seedling rate and tillering rate were investigated in the earlY stage of the growth ofsugarcane.From the seedling period to the tillering period，the number of seedlings was checked everY ten daYs.The growth speed of strain height was measured in the middle period of the growth.The strain height was measured as the end of each month from June to October.The strain height，stalk diameter and effective stalknumberwas studied in November.The stalk Yield in each reagion was studied during the harvest period.

Statistics analysis

Excel 2003 was used for data processing.DPS 7.55 used difference significance analYsis.

Results and Analysis

lnfluences of different Plastic film treatment on the soil temPerature and soil moisture in the sugarcane

According to Table 1，the performance of dailY soil average temperature of different plastic film covering treatment was as treatment 1＞treatment 2＞treatment 3＞treatment 4= treatment 5，which suggested that except for the dailY average temperature of soil of treatment 4 being the same as the control，the soil temperature of other plastic film increased.The dailY average temperature of soil of treatment 1 and treatment 2 was 22.6 and 22.5℃，which was 0.8 and 0.7℃higher than the control，and was significantlY different from the significance level of the control（P＜0.05，as below）；treatment 3 was 0.3℃higher than the control，and the difference between both was insignificant（P＞0.05，as below）.Different plastic films showed different outcomes in increasing the soil temperature，and the lighter the film color is，the higher the temperature increases，and vice versa.

Compared with ground cultivation，the plastic film can increase the moisture in the soil（Table 1）.The average soil moisture of different film treatments was as follow:Treatment 4＞treatment 1＞treatment 2＞treatment 3＞treatment 5.That is to saY the soil moisture in treatment 4 was the highest one，while that in the control was the lowest one.The average soil moisture in treatment 4，1，2 and 3 increased bY 17.4%，13.4%，11.5%and 10.1%than the control respectivelY，and reached the extreme level compared with the control（P＜0.01，as below）.The average soil moisture in treatment 4 was 7.3%higher than that of treatment 3，and the difference reached significant level.The average soil moisture in the graY black treatment was the highest one，which suggested that it was good at conserving water.This might have relation with the thick membrane，dark color and poor performance in increasing soil temperature.

Table 1 Comparison of soil temperature and soil moisture in different plastic film mulching treatments

Table 2 Comparison of sugarcane seedling emergence rate and tillering rate in different plastic film mulching treatments %

Effects ofdifferentPlastic film mulching treatments on the seedling and tillering of sugarcane

According to Table 2，in the earlY stage of seedling，the seedling of treatment 1 was the highest one，at 47.7%，which was followed bY treatment 2，treatment 3 and treatment 4，as the seedling rate of the control was the lowest，onlY 22.1%.ln the middle period ofseedling （April5），the seedling rate of each treatment all increased，as the seedling rate of treatment 2 was the highest one，at 67.0%，and the control was the lowest one，at 35.7%.During the final period of seedling，the seedling rate was treatment 2＞treatment 4＞treatment 1＞treatment 3＞treatment 5，and the absolute value of the seedling rate of treatment 2，4，1，and 3 was 9.9%，2.8%，1.1%and 0.8%higher than the control，among which the seedling rate of treatment 2 was 74.8% ，and it reached significant level with other treatments.The seedling rate of treatment 4，1 and 3 was indifferent to the difference of the control.

According to Table 2，in the earlY stage of tillering of sugarcane（April 25），the tillering rate was consistent with the seedling rate，namelY the tillering rate of treatment 1 was the highest one，30.0%，followed closelY bY treatment 2，3，and 4，and the control was the lowest，onlY 5.6%.During the middle period of tillering （NaY 5），the tillering rate of each treatment was higher than the earlY stage of tillering，and at this time the tillering rate of treatment 1 still was the highest one，49.4%.Compared with the earlY stage of tillering，the seedling of treatment 3 was the highest （20.4%），and its seedling rate was 47.05，which was onlY second to treatment 1.The lowest seedling rate still was the control（20.0%）.At the end of tillering（NaY 15），the tillering rate ranged from treatment 3，treatment 1，treatment 4，treatment 2 to treatment 5.The tillering rate of treatment 3，1，4，and 2 reached the significant level as the control，and the absolute value of tillering rate was 34.9%，31.3%，30.9%and 20.6%higher than the control，and the tillering rate of treatment 3 was 68.2%，which was significantlY higher than the treatment 2，but it differed little to the tillering rate of treatment 1 and 4.

Table 3 Comparison of sugarcane plant height in different plastic film mulching treatments at elongating stage cm

Effects ofdifferent Plastic film mulching treatments on the growth of strain height of sugarcane

According to Table 3，the strain height at the end of June was as treat-ment 2＞treatment 1＞treatment 3＞treatment 4＞treatment 5，among which the strain height of treatment 2 was 156 cm，much higher than the control 12 cm.The strain height of treatment 1，3 and 4 was 7，6 and 4 cm higher than the control respectivelY，and the difference was insignificant. From JulY to October，the strain height of each treatment changed a little，and the strain height of treatment 4 and the control grew fast.Until the end of October，the strain height of each treatment was as treatment 4＞treatment 5＞treatment 3＞treatment 2＞treatment 1，but the difference was insignificant. The films were uncovered in the middle ten daYs of April.The strain grew tall in the earlY stage，but it grew insignificantlY at the middle and later period.

Table 4 Comparison of sugarcane Yield traits and cane Yield in different plastic film mulching treatments

Table 5 Comparison of economic benefits in different plastic film mulching treatments

Effects of different Plastic film on the sugarcane outPut and its com-Ponent factors

According to Table 4，the differences between each treatment in the stalk length and stalk diameter of sugarcane were insignificant，but the differences in the number of effective stalks were significant.The number of effective stalk of each treatment was extremelY higherthan the control（66 870 plant/hm2）.Among the different treatments，the number of effective stalks in the treatment 2 was the highest，up to 77 850 plant/hm2，extremelY higher than treatment 1 and treatment 4.The Yield of sugarcane stalk was treatment 2＞treatment 4＞treatment 1=treatment 3＞treatment 5.Compared with the control，the Yield of treatment 2 and 4 increased bY 14.9% and 6.5%，and the Yield of treatment 1 and 3 rose bY 6.4%.

Studies on the economic benefits of different Plastic films

According to Table 5，compared with the ground cultivation，the film treatmentincreased the sugarcane output，and the Yield ranked as treatment 2＞treatment 4＞treatment 1= treatment 3＞treatment 5.ln terms of economic benefits， treatment 2 brought the highest income per hectare，up to 55 235.2 Yuan/hm2，while the control generated the lowest income，onlY 49 248.0 Yuan/hm2. Treatment 2，1，3 and 4 was 12.2%，3.8%，3.7%and 2.6%higher than the control.

Discussions

Temperature，asthedominant factor，exerted the greatest effects on the seedling and growth of sugarcane. The initial temperature of sugarcane was 13℃，and the optimal temperature for germination was between 25 and 32℃.The germination process fastened along with the increasing temperature［7］.The plastic film can enhance the growth environmentof crops，and it can maintain the temperature and water［1］.However，different color and thickness of plastic film result in different thermal transparencY rate and light transparencY rate［5］. Studies suggest that the photobiodegradable can enhance the temperature in the soil［2，8，15］.Studies prove that except greY black film，the soil temperature of other treatments rose dramaticallY，as the common colorless and transparentfilm，milkY photobiodegradable weeding film，and the black greY film rose bY 0.8，0.7 and 0.3℃.This was the same as the studY results bY Gong Peizhen et al.（2003），Chen Ningzhou et al.（2012）and Li XueYing et al（2012）.The lighter the plastic film，the higher the temperature；and vice versa［10，16］.

Water is the foundation of all phYsiological activitY，so the soil needs certain degree of moisture for the sugarcane to grow.Films cut down the passage of moisture in the soil to the air，and contained the moisture under the plastic film［12］.Studies found that the average soil moisture of each plastic film was significantlY higher than the control，which can effectivelY enhance the soil moisture bY from 10.1%to 17.4%.The soil moisture in the greY and black soil moisture was the highest，followed bY common transparent film，milkY film and black film.The moisture in the soil might be related to the soil temperature.Because the soil temperature of the greY black film was low，so the soil moisture was relativelY high.

Plastic film can increase the temperature and conserve the moisture，which can coordinate the relation among moisture，heat，gas and fertilizer in a certain degree，which create a favorable ecological environment for the sugarcane，and maintained relativelY stable［1］.Therefore，plastic films promote the sugarcane germination，shorten the germination period and enhance the germination rate.Neanwhile，with the growth of seedlings and tillering，both the number of effective stalk and sugarcane Yield increased significantlY［7］.This studies prove that the films of different treatments enhance the seedling rate and tillering rate，and both figures are proportionalto the soil temperature.Yield increase is the main source of economic benefits.Except the greY black film treatment，the economic benefits of other treatments are proportional to the sugarcane stalk Yield［2，9，14］.The sugarcane stalk Yield of greY black membrane ranked the second，but its economic benefit ranked the fourth，because the membrane was thick and it was costlY.

Conclusions

This studY proves that the milkY photodegradation weeding plastic film could be vigorouslY extended in sugarcane production.Normal colorless transparent plastic film and black plastic film could be extended graduallY as a new kind of plastic film.The graY-black film should not be used for its higher cost and more thickness.

［1］BAl LT（白丽婷），HAl JB（海江波），HAN QF（韩清芳），et al.Effects of mulching with different kinds of plastic film on growth and water use efficiencY of winter wheat in Weibei Highland（不同地膜覆盖对渭北旱塬冬小麦生长及水分利用效率的影响）［J］.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas（干旱地区农业研究），28（4）:135-139，2010.

［2］CHEN NZ（陈明周），HUANG YZ（黄瑶珠），YANG YJ（杨友军）.Existing problems on sugarcane plastic film mulching（关于甘蔗地膜覆盖存在问题的探讨）［J］. Sugarcane and Cane-sugar，2012，（3）: 44-46.

［3］FU JG（符建国），JlA ZH（贾志红），SHEN H（沈宏）.Effects of different nitrogen application rates on chlorophYll fluorescence parameters of to-bacco leaves under condition of not uncovering plastic film（免揭地膜不同施氮量对烟叶叶绿素荧光参数的影响）［J］.Acta Agricultural Jiangxi（江西农业学报），2012，24（2）: 103-105.

［4］GONG PZ（龚佩珍），SHENG JF（沈建峰），SHENG BL（盛保龙），et al.Brief report of different plastic film mulching on watermelon experiment（不同地膜覆盖西瓜试验简报）［J］.Watermelon and Nuskmelon in China（中国西瓜甜瓜），2003，（6）:15-16.

［5］GAO HF（高鸿飞）.Effects of different plastic film mulching on growth of potato（不同地膜覆盖对马铃薯生长的影响分析）［J］.Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and ForestrY Science and TechnologY（宁夏农林科技），2011，52（7）:8.

［6］HAN SJ（韩世健），PEl TX（裴铁雄），LlAO JG（廖建国），et al.Re-search on the effect of sugarcane cultivation techniques mulched photo-degradation weeding plastic film（甘蔗覆盖光降解除草地膜的轻简栽培技术效应研究）［C］//Guangxi Sugarcane SocietY（广西甘蔗学会）Annual Neeting SYmposium of Guangxi Sugarcane SocietY in 2013（2013年学术交流会论文集）.

［7］Ll YR（李杨瑞）.Nodern Sugarcane Science（现代甘蔗学）［N］.Beijing:China A-griculture Press（北京:中国农业出版社），2010.

［8］Ll XY（李雪英），ZHU HB（朱海波），LlU G（刘刚），et al.Effects of plastic film mulching of sweet potato on in-row temperature and Yield（地膜覆盖对甘薯垄内温度和产量的影响）［J］.Crops（作物杂志），2012，（1）:121-123.

［9］NA YG（马耀光），ZHANG BJ（张保军），ZHAl HP（翟惠平），et al.High-efficient Water-saving and lrrigation Technologies for DrY Land Agriculture（旱地农业高效节水与灌溉技术）［N］.北京:化学工业出版社.Beijing:Chemical lndustrY Press.

［10］XUE J（薛晶），YANG XL（杨晓丽），ZHANG HH（张会华）.High Yield cultivation techniques of plastic film mulching sugarcane in drY land（旱地甘蔗地膜覆盖高产栽培技术）［J］.Sugar Crops of China（中国糖料），2012，（4）: 55-57.

［11］XU JY（徐建云），CHEN CJ（陈超君），Ll S（李松），et al.Sugarcane Cultivation（甘蔗栽培学）［N］.Nanning:Guangxi Science and TechnologY Press（南宁:广西科学技术出版社）:139-142，2009.

［12］YAN CR（严昌荣），HE WQ（何文清），NEl XR （梅旭荣）.Applications and Pollution Prevention ofAgriculture Nulching（农用地膜的应用与污染防治）［N］.Beijing:Science Press（北京:科学出版社），2010:1-23.

［13］YAN S（闫伸），FU YP（符云鹏），ZENG Y（曾宇），et al.Research progress in effects of liquid film mulching on tobacco-planting soil and root sYstem of tobacco plants（液体地膜覆盖对植烟土壤和烟株根系影响的研究进展）［J］.Acta Agriculturae Jiangxi（江西农业学报），2013，25（4）:161-163.

［14］ZHANG GG（张贵国），CHEN XY（陈香艳），SUN W （孙伟），et al.lnfluences of different plastic film mulching on cultivation effect and benefit analYsis of peanut（花生不同地膜覆盖栽培效果与效益分析）［J］.Bulletin of Agricultural Science and TechnologY（农业科技通讯），2010，（5）:74-75.

［15］ZHANG GG（张贵国），LV JJ（吕敬军），ZHAO CH（赵存花），et al.Effects of differentfilm mulching on economic character，Yield and economic benefit of peanut（不同地膜覆盖对花生经济性状及产量和经济效益的影响）［J］. Shandong Agricultural Sciences（山东农业科学），（3）:52-53.

［16］ZHANG WG （张维国）.Effects of film mulching of different tYpes on potato Yield and qualitY（不同类型地膜覆盖对马铃薯产量及品质的影响）［J］.Crops（作物杂志），2013，（1）:87-90.

ResPonsible editor：Nana FAN

ResPonsible Proofreader：Xiaoyan WP

不同地膜覆盖对土壤温度、水分及甘蔗生长和产量的影响

许树宁1，2，吴建明1，2*，黄 杏1，2，谢金兰1，2，罗亚伟1，2，梁 阗1，2，黄家雍1，2，李杨瑞2，3（1.广西农业科学院甘蔗研究所，广西南宁 530007；2.中国农业科学院甘蔗研究中心/广西甘蔗遗传改良重点实验室，广西南宁 530007；3.广西农业科学院，广西南宁530007）

［目的］探讨不同地膜覆盖对土壤温度、水分及甘蔗生长和产量的影响，为不同地膜在甘蔗生产中的应用提供参考。［方法］以露地栽培为对照，采用普通无色透明地膜、乳白色光降解除草地膜、黑色及灰黑双色4种不同地膜进行甘蔗覆盖栽培，盖膜期测定土壤温度和含水量，生长期调查甘蔗出苗率、分蘖率，测量甘蔗株高、茎径和有效茎数等农艺性状，收获期计算蔗茎产量和效益。［结果］覆盖地膜可明显提高土壤温度和土壤含水量，除灰黑双色地膜外，其他覆膜处理可提高土壤温度0.3～0.8℃；各覆膜处理较对照可有效提高土壤含水量10.1%～17.4%。覆盖地膜同时可提高甘蔗出苗率、分蘖率、有效茎数和蔗茎产量，分别比对照增加0.8%～9.9%、20.6%～34.9%、5 190～10 980条/hm2和6.4%～14.9%，但对甘蔗株高和茎径影响不明显。经济效益分析结果表明，乳白色光降解除草地膜处理的经济效益最好，比对照增效5 987.2元/hm2；其次为普通无色透明地膜和黑色地膜，分别增效1876.5和1813.5元/hm2；灰黑双色地膜效益较差。［结论］乳白色光降解除草地膜可在甘蔗生产中大力推广应用，黑色地膜与普通无色透明地膜可作为新型地膜逐步推广，灰黑双色地膜较厚不宜推广使用。

地膜覆盖；土壤温度；土壤含水量；甘蔗；产量；经济效益

国家科技支撑计划项目（2012BAD40B04-3）；广西八桂学者专项资金项目（［2013］3号）。

许树宁（1954-），男，广西大新人，高级农艺师，主要从事甘蔗栽培技术推广研究工，E-mail：13077748639@126.com。*通讯作者，博士，副研究员，主要从事甘蔗栽培及分子生物学研究工作，E-mail：Wujianming2004@126. com。

2015-06-01

Supported bY National State Supporting Program （2012BAD40B04-3）；Guangxi Bagui Scholar Program（No.［2013］3）.

*Corresponding author.E-mail:Wujianming2004@126.com

Received:June 1，2015 Accepted:August 23，2015

修回日期 2015-08-23