Problems of Land Pse during Prbanization of Western China：A Case Study in Baoji City，Shaanxi Province

Honglian WAN，Dongyue LlP

1.The KeY LaboratorY of Disaster Nonitoring and Nechanism Simulation of Shaanxi Province，Baoji UniversitY of Arts and Sciences，Baoji 721013，China；

2.Baoji UniversitY of Arts and Sciences，College of GeographY and Environment，Baoji 721013，China；

3.School of Literature of Huzhou Teachers College，Huzhou 313000，China

Problems of Land Pse during Prbanization of Western China：A Case Study in Baoji City，Shaanxi Province

Honglian WAN1，2*，Dongyue LlP3

1.The KeY LaboratorY of Disaster Nonitoring and Nechanism Simulation of Shaanxi Province，Baoji UniversitY of Arts and Sciences，Baoji 721013，China；

2.Baoji UniversitY of Arts and Sciences，College of GeographY and Environment，Baoji 721013，China；

3.School of Literature of Huzhou Teachers College，Huzhou 313000，China

Baoji CitY develops much faster recentlY，and much progress has made on urbanization.On the other hand，urbanization has been closelY linked to use of land resources，for citY expansion relies on lands.According to the 6th demographic census of Baoji and land surveY in 2009，the research analYzed problems in urbanization of Baoji and concluded that urbanization proceeds well，as well as land intensified use.Still，the problems can never be ignored，such as poor land qualitY，decreasing farmland，low land use ratio and intensive use degree，slow optimization process of land use structure，more limiting factors of land development and use，heavier eco-environment protection tasks.AdditionallY，the research proposed specific countermeasures based on status quo of land use.

Urbanization；Land use；Baoji

U rbanization isa population shift from rural to urban areas and the waYs in which rural residents adapt to the change of urban modern cultivation in terms of production mode and lifestYle.ln other words，it is a kind of urban land expansion.Lands laY foundation for urban development and closelY related to urbanization［1］.

Problems in urbanization have been discussed bY manY experts.For example，Jiang et al.［2］analYzed land use problems during urbanization and proposed countermeasures for new urbanization with a case of Hunan Province.Fang et al.［3］introduced urbanization process in China，analYzed land use state and problems during urbanization process and proposed intensive land use.Li［4］analYzed regional differences of land use change in Shaanxi Province and pointed out causes of policY，nature，economic leverage and population on basis of land use status during 1991-2001. Zhang et al.［5］constructed a GN （1，1）greY prediction model and predicted changes of construction lands in Baoji in 2010 and 2020 based on dYnamic changes and rules in urban and rural areas during 2002-2007.Wan et al.［6］made research on land use problems during urbanization in Shaanxi Province.However，less attention is paid to land use problems during urbanization process in Baoji CitY.

Prbanization DeveloPment of Baoji

lntroduction of Baoji

As shown in Fig.1，Baoji is thesecond largest citY and in western ShaanxiProvince.The prefecturelevel citY of Baoji has a population of 3 736 700，inhabiting an area of 18 117 km2（the length of 162 km from east to west and 159 km width from south to north），representing 8.8%of Shaanxi Province.Baoji consists of Fengxiang CountY， Qishan CountY， Fufeng CountY，Feng CountY，Taibai CountY，Nei CountY，Long CountY，QianYang CountY and LinYou CountY.

Table 2 Urban land use intensitY of Baoji

Status quo of urbanization develoP-ment

Urbanization reflects transformation agricultural population to nonagricultural population as well as concentration process in counties or cities，contributed bY social and economic development.According to the 6thChinese census［7］，urban population of permanent resident population in Baoji reached 1.538 4 million，taking up to 41.39%in 2010.Compared with the 5th Chinese census，urban population grew bY 454 000，which indicated that urbanization ratio advanced 11.8 percentage points.Therefore，Baoji urbanization further expedites during the 10 Years.Nevertheless，the growth still fell behind to national level and provincial level.lt can be concluded that regional characteristics of Baoji advance urbanization of Shaanxi Province and even our nation.

The use of land in a region plaYs a crucial role in political and economic development.Hence，it is feasible to research land use status，seek the problems and formulate scientific countermeasures based on urban land use intensitY.

Existing Problems

Reduction of farmland area and Poorer land quality

With application of the strategY of constructing large cities，construction lands are increasing and farmlands are going down，deteriorated bY agricultural structure adjustment and ecological de-farming policY.For example，according to statistics，net farmland area reduced bY over 249 000 hm2in Baoji during 2000-2009（Table 1）and annual average reduction rate reached 7.4%.ln 2009，agricultural farmland per capita dropped to 0.082 hm2，accounting for 82%of national level.Baoji is an important crop production base in Shaanxi Province，and cereal crops are intensive-oriented products，so that grain production scales are significantlY influenced bY farmland resources.The shrinkages of farmland per capita and highlY-Yielding farmland have become a major issue preventing Baoji agriculture development.

Low use rate of lands and intensive degree of construction lands

ln the end of 2005，industrial and mining lands per capita reached 128.6 m2and residential land per capita was 190 m2in Baoji.Output values of the secondarY industrY and tertiarY industrY achieved 414 000 Yuan/hm2，which represented 82.8%nationwide.

However，spatial laYout of construction lands is not well formulated. For example，there are some idle lands in industrial parks.Some problems exist of urban constructions，such as ignoring potential exploration，but highlighting expansion.ln rural residential areas，inner structure tends to be loose and the issue of＂emptY village＂becomes serious because of ex-tensive land use，without scientific planning.Land use intensifications were classified in different counties and districts in Baoji according to urban land use intensification and intensitY［10］（Table 2）.As sown in Table 2，Weibin District，JintaiDistrict，and Chencang District proved the highest in land use intensification；extensive land use dominatesin Fengxiang CountY，Qishan CountY，Nei CountY，and Feng CountY and severelY extensive land use dominates in rest areas.

Slowadvancementoflanduse structure and more limiting factors in utilization and develoPment

ln Baoji，LinYou CountY，Fengxiang CountY and Nei CountY are rated as national ecological restoration counties，with limited reserved farmlands.What’s worse，the importance of planning is not widelY accepted，and it is hard for comprehensive control to be implemented on land use.AdditionallY，the issues of illegal land occupancY and illegalland transaction are much common and should be controlled.

Extensively distributed geological disaster sPots and heavier tasks of eco-environment Protection

With complicated landforms，Baoji has a serious issue of geological disasters occurring mainlY along Wei River，tributaries，as well as traffic lines and residential areas.What’s worse，human activities actuallY deteriorate the disasters，covering slope reclamation，road and canal construction，mining and pond building.

With growing land use intensitY，soil environment would be affected bY chemical fertilizer，pesticides and industrial pollutants，and farmland fertilitY is declining due to highlights on utilization rather than cultivation.Furthermore，water sources are destroYed in certain degrees，resulting in farmland productive decreasing.ln addition，illegal mining affects forests and leads to water and soil losses.

Countermeasures of Land Pse in Prbanization Process

To administer idle lands to ready for future use

There are some idle lands in Baoji，worsening the problem of land shortage.Therefore，it is necessarY for relevant departments to well deal with the lands regularlY.lt is notable that measures should be volatile upon specific lands in order to reduce land waste and improve use rate.As for reserved lands，it is recommended to make full use of to exploit the potential and accomplish sustainable use.

To comPrehensively advance land consolidation

lt is necessarY to enhance consolidation on abandoned homestead，mining lands and other lands to improve land use rate and land reclamation should be conducted on rural wasted residential areas and kilns.

ln general，it is important to rationallY lead concentrated construction of farmers’houses and advance demolition and merging residential area to reduce scales of rural residential areas as per construction of new countrYside demands.Besides，top prioritY should be given to using idle lands，homesteads and other lands and it is recommended to guide and rule rational land circulation in rural areas and to improve use rate of rural homestead.

To exPand urban greenbelt areas

lt is keY to integrate new urban district construction with old district afforestation according to the principles of＂comprehensive advancement，keY breakthrough，more investment and highlY-qualified construction＂to plaY a leading role in mobilizing green-oriented demonstration villages and enhancing afforestation nearbY.What's more，it is crucial to fullY exploit production function，ecological function，landscape function and isolating of farmland and broaden urban and rural production space.AdditionallY，it is feasible to construct landscapes，improve construction of eco-garden citY and enhance sustainable capacitY of lands.

To Protect lands，farmlands in Particular

lt is important to give top prioritY to protection of highlY-qualified and largescale farmlands with well accommodated infrastructure and improvements should be conducted on lowlY or moderatelY qualified farmlands in large scales to enhance construction of infrastructure and supporting facilitY and extend irrigation area in order to increase farmland productivitY and Yielding ratio.Neanwhile，land consolidation should be carried out to improve farmland protection and monitoring，reduce the number of farmland damaged bY natural disasters and conduct reclamation timelY.lt is notable that land occupation bY non-agricultural construction should be under strict control.

To exPloit urban land Potential and make use ofmulti-dimensional sPace

lt is keY to expand urban land scale，as well as exploit land potential to adapt to urbanization，such as improving floor space ratio and utilizing multi-space.Still，the waY of space use tends to be volatile.For instance，the development of viaduct and metro actuallY makes use of space verticallY and improves use rate of land per unit area，which is conductive to transport construction and farmland protection. Besides，such practices accomplish three-dimensional construction of public services as well as industrial plants，formulating industrial building or complex［11］.

Conclusion

Cities are a result of industrialization，and urbanization is a modern phenomenon linked to modernization.ln the context of rapid economic growth，it has a high demand on urban construction lands，and therefore，it is understandable that several land use problems might occur.Nevertheless，with consideration of foreign cases and self-characters and advantages，it is possible that Baoji urbanization be accomplished bY improving use intensitY of urban land and distributing land tYpes in a rational waY.The research detailed existing problems of urbanization in Baoji and proposed development countermeasures，which provide theoretical references for mitigating the conflict between urbanization and land shortage as well as advancing intensified use of land and urbanization.

［1］ZHANG D（张迪），GUO WH（郭文华）. Effects of urbanization on land use （城镇化对土地利用的影响浅析）［J］.Land and Resources lnformation（国土资源情报），2010，（5）:43-47.

［2］JlANG J（蒋菁），Ll HJ（李杭江），TANG Y（唐 琰）.Land use research in the context of urbanization（新型城镇化背景下土地利用研究）［J］.Journal of Hunan Normal UniversitY（湖南师范大学学报），2010，（3）:26-27.

［3］FANG BH（方必和），CAO LL（曹丽丽）. Research on the problem and its countermeasure of the land-use in the urbanization process in China （我国城市化进程中的土地利用问题及其应对措施的研究）［J］.Economic Research Guide（经济研究导刊），2010（8）:68-70.

［4］Ll TS（李团胜）.AnalYsis on dYnamic change of land use in Shaanxi Province（陕西省土地利用动态变化分析）［J］.Geographical Research（地理研究），2004，23（2）:157-162.

［5］ZHANG YK（张永康），Ll SP（李世平），XlA XL（夏显力）.StudY on Forecasting GreY SYstem Nodel of Rural-urban Construction Land in Baoji CitY（宝鸡市城乡建设用地规模灰色系统模型预测）［J］.

Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences（安徽农业科学），2009，37（4）:1385-1386，1417

［6］WAN HL（万红莲），Ql AR（齐爱荣）.To Explore Land Use in the Process of Urbanization（对城市化过程中土地利用问题的探讨）［J］.Value Engineering（价值工程），2012，12:295-296.

［7］ZHOU JP（周娟萍），YAO HL（姚化丽）. Characteristics，problems and countermeasures of Baoji population from the 6thdemographic census（从第六次人口普查看宝鸡人口的特点问题和对策）［EB/OL］.（2012-05-17）［2013-05-04］. http://www.bjtjj.gov.cn/rkpc/show.asp id=811.

［8］Baoji Bureau of Statistics（宝鸡市统计局）.Baoji statistical Yearbook during 2000-2009（宝鸡市2000-2009统计年鉴）［N］.Beijing:China Statistics Press（北京:中国统计出版社），2001-2010.

［9］The Baoji CitY Land Resources Bureau（宝鸡市国土资源局）.Land resources planning in Baoji citY（宝鸡市土地资源规划）［R］.2006.

［10］XU YL（徐银良），HU N（胡宁）.Research on land use during the course of urbanization in Shandong Province（山东省城市化过程中的土地利用问题研究）［J］.Journal of Shandong Normal UniversitY（Natural Science）（山东师范大学学报 （自然科学版）），2004，19（1）: 68-71.

［11］WANG DZ（王德忠），DU ZR（杜正仁）. lnnovation of urban land development model in China（我国城市土地开发利用模式的创新）［J］.Territorial EconomY（国土经济），1999，（2，3）:17-18.

ResPonsible editor：Xiaoxue WANG

ResPonsible Proofreader：Xiaoyan WP

关中西部城市化过程中的土地利用问题研究——以陕西省宝鸡市为例

万红莲1，2*，刘东玥3（1.宝鸡文理学院灾害监测与机理模拟陕西省重点实验室，陕西宝鸡721013；2.宝鸡文理学院地理与环境学院，陕西宝鸡 721013；3.湖州师范学院文学院，浙江湖州 313000）

宝鸡市经济近年来有了较大的发展，城市化进程也有了较好的发展，城市化进程与土地资源的利用有着紧密的联系，城市的扩张需要土地资源作为支撑。根据宝鸡市第六次人口普查数据和2009年土地调查数据分析了宝鸡市城市化进程中出现的土地利用问题。研究认为宝鸡市近几年城市化进程与土地集约利用总体上保持着较好较快的发展，与此同时也存在着一些问题。如耕地面积减少与土地质量较差、土地利用效率偏低，建设用地集约化利用程度不高、土地利用结构优化进展缓慢，开发利用限制因素多、地质灾害点多面广，生态环境保护任务加剧等问题。结合宝鸡土地利用现状提出了具体发展对策。

城市化；土地利用；宝鸡

国家社会科学基金项目（07XZZ006）；陕西省教育厅重点实验室项目（11JS011）；陕西省教育科学“十二五”规划课题 （SGH140676）；宝鸡市科技计划项目（14SFGG-2）；宝鸡文理学院院级重点项目（ZK12050）；宝鸡文理学院自然地理学陕西省重点学科基金资助；国家级大学生创新创业训练计划（201410721029）；陕西省大学生创新创业训练计划（2014S1716）。

万红莲（1969-），女，陕西麟游人，副教授，博士，硕士生导师，主要从事资源开发与环境变迁等方面的研究和教学工作，E-mail：hyhm2006@163.com。*通讯作者。

2015-07-06

Supported bY National Social Science Fund Project（07XZZ006）；Shaanxi KeY laboratorY project of the Education Department（11JS011）；The 12thPlanning Topic of Education Science in Shaanxi Province （SGH140676）；Baoji Science and TechnologY Planning Program（14SFGG-2）；KeY Program of Baoji UniversitY of Arts and Sciences（ZK12050）；KeY Subject Funds of Shaanxi Province of PhYsical GeographY of Baoji UniversitY of Arts and Sciences；National Undergraduate Training Program for lnnovation and Entrepreneurship （201410721029）；Shaanxi Undergraduate Training Program for lnnovation and Entrepreneurship（2014S1716）.

*Corresponding author.E-mail:hYhm2006@163.com

Received:JulY 6，2015 Accepted:August 16，2015

修回日期 2015-08-16