Studies on the Fertilization Effect and OPtimal Fertilizing Amount of Brazil Banana Based on "3414"Field Trials

Yongxia LlP，Tao JlNG，Fenling TANG，XiaoPing ZANG，Wei ZHENG，Hongxin CAO，Junjie JP，Bizun WANG*，ChangPeng Ll

1.Chinese AcademY of Tropical Agricultural Sciences，Haikou Experiment Station，Haikou 570102，China；

2.Jiangsu AcademY of Agricultural Sciences，institute of agricultural economY and information，Nanjing 210014，China；

3.Nanlin Electronic TechnologY Co.，Nanjing 210037，China

Studies on the Fertilization Effect and OPtimal Fertilizing Amount of Brazil Banana Based on "3414"Field Trials

Yongxia LlP1，Tao JlNG1，Fenling TANG1，XiaoPing ZANG1，Wei ZHENG1，Hongxin CAO2，Junjie JP3，Bizun WANG1*，ChangPeng Ll1

1.Chinese AcademY of Tropical Agricultural Sciences，Haikou Experiment Station，Haikou 570102，China；

2.Jiangsu AcademY of Agricultural Sciences，institute of agricultural economY and information，Nanjing 210014，China；

3.Nanlin Electronic TechnologY Co.，Nanjing 210037，China

Fertilizer effect model such as ternarY quadratic，unarY quadratic，straight line and platform model was respectivelY used to analYze the two-Year＂3414＂test data collected from banana garden in Fushan Town of Hainan Province.The results showed that the optimal fertilizing amount of ternarY quadratic model simulation was 0.374 kg/plant of N，0.289 kg/plant of P2O5and 0.891 kg/plant of K2O.According to the Yield trend characteristic，the optimal fertilizing amount of unarY quadratic model was 0.400kg/plant of N，0.214 kg/plant of P2O5and 0.901kg/plant of K2O.Thus it can be seen that onlY partial indices of the optimal fertilizing amount of ternarY quadratic model simulation were higher than that of unarY quadratic model.Considering the results，the optimal fertilizing amount of Brazil banana was 0.374-0.400 kg/plant of N，0.214-0.289 kg/plant of P2O5and 0.891-0.901 kg/plant of K2O.

Brazil banana；＂3414＂test；the optimal fertilizing amount；fertilizer effect model

B anana （Musa nane Lour.）is herbaceous monocotYledon，which belongs to musaceae and Nusa.ln china，it has four kinds，such as Nusa AAA Cavendish，plantains，dwarf banana and Nusa AAB. The production of banana has developed rapidlY in the world，the planting area of Latin America and Caribbean were occupied 30%of the world，and Asia-Pacific region occupied 29%.According to FAO statistics，the production of banana in Asia，Americas and Africa was occupied 51.36%，32.38% and 32.38%of the world respectivelY，and the total product occupied 98%of the world.The Yield of Chinese banana exceeded 10 million t and ranked the fifth，which onlY second to lndia，Brazil，Ecuador and Philippines.Nost of these areas belong to developing countrY，and banana becomes the fourth largest crop after the rice，wheat and corn［1］.

Banana is the great fertilizer and water crop，so unbalanced fertilization is common in the current banana production.NanY banana farmers were lack of accurate grasp of fertilizer ratio，application rates and fertilization time，therefore it appeared the phenomenon that increased fertilization but the production was not increase，or higher output was not accompanied bY a higherincome.Some researches showed that when the seasonal availabilitY of nitrogen，phosphorus and potash fertilizer was 15%-30%，5%-10%，20%-30%［1-4］respectivelY，excessive fertilization or unbalanced fertilization not onlY wasted fertilizer resources and increased production costs，but also affected the qualitY of bananas and caused environmental pollution.On the contrarY，the lack of fertilizing amount could not plaY theadvantage of increase production［5-7］. On the basis of soil nutrient content determination，testing soil formulated fertilization technologY presented reasonable fertilization formula and scientific fertilization technique bY diagnosing soil fertilitY and combining with the fertilizer requirement rule of banana. Kuang shizi used＂3414＂testing soil formulated fertilization technologY to research fertilization effect of banana in luxuriant fruit farm of Haigang Village，Shenwan Town，Zhongshan CitY，Guangdong Province，and established a fertilization effect model，which indicated that the best Yield of local was 44.193 to 45.904 t/hm2，and the optimal fertilizing amount of nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was 795.1 kg/hm2，262.3 kg/hm2and 236.9 kg/hm2［8］respectivelY.Banana was one of the main pillar industrY of tropical efficiencY agriculture in Hainan province［2］.There was no report about testing soil formulated fertilization technologY ofbanana garden in Hainan Province.ln this studY，＂3414＂optimal regression was used to design the fertilization schedule，in order to studY the fertilization effect of banana garden in Wenshe Village，Fushan Town，Hainan Province，and establish fertilization effect model.The research initiallY determined the optimal fertilizing amount of nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium fertilizer，in order to provide reference for fertilization decision-making of local banana.

Materials and Methods

Testmaterialsand exPerimental field situation

Tissue culture seedlings of Brazil banana were chose as test materials，which were provided bY seedlings tissue culture center of Chinese AcademY of Tropical Agricultural sciences.

This test began from June in 2011 to June in 2013，and carried out in Quntu Nountain，Wenshe Village，Fushan Town，ChenmaiCountrY，Hainan Province.The total area of tested banana garden was 0.4 hm2. The tYpe of tested soil was basalt laterite soil.Before the test begin，0-20 cm of topsoil was collected，after airdried，levigated and sieved，the basic agriculturaltraits were determined. The testmethods referred to Liu Yongxia’s reports［9］.The results showed that the pH of soil was 5.06，the organic matter content was 8.7 g/kg，hYdrolYtic nitrogen content was 62.7 mg/kg，available phosphorus content was 16.69 mg/kg，rapidlY available potassium content was 41 mg/kg，the soil fertilitY was medium，and the potassium content was at lower level. ExPerimental design

The total area of experimental field was 0.4 hm2，＂3414＂optimal regression was used to design the fertilization schedule in this research（Table 1）.14 treatments were set in this test，and the area of each treatment was 150 m2，randomized block design，repeated three times.The row spacing was 1.6 m×2.5 m，each area planted 42 plants of banana.The soil，topographY and other conditions were the same in each experimental field. The nitrogen fertilizer of tested fertilizer was urea（46.4%N），phosphate fertilizer was superphosphate（14%P2O5），potash fertilizer was KCl（60%K2O）. Before the banana seedlings were planted in the field，digged a hole per plant and added to 2.5 kg of banana stem bio-organic fertilizer，and the organic matter content was above 30%，N，P2O5，K2O was above 4%.Field management technologY referred to Gao guangping’s studY［10］.The fertilizer application time and ratio referred to Kuang shizi’s studY［7］.Weighed and recorded the fruit qualitY per plant in harvesting time.

Data Processing

The data used SPSS16.0 and Sigmaplot10.0 for regression analYsis.

Table1 Fertilization level of each experimental treatment

Results and Analysis

Soil fertility and yield

The results of tested soil fertilitY character showed that the tested soil was in moderate fertilitY level，onlY rapid available phosphorus content was higher.The studY also found that the fertilizer effect was closelY related to fertilitY level.Treatment 1，treatment 2，treatment 4 and treatment 8 in this studY was respectivelY CK，no nitrogen area，no phosphorus area，and no potassium area.The results showed that the basic Yield of treatment 1 which the soil without nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was 15.80 kg/plant，and the relative Yield of no nitrogen area，no phosphorus area，and no potassium area was 77.5%，87.5%and 70.8%respectivelY（Table 2）.According to the＂soil testing and formulated fertilization technical manual＂established bY NinistrY of Agriculture in Narch 2008，it suggested that the relative Yield＜50%classified as verY low，50%-60%classified as low，60%-70%classified as lower，70%-80%classified as middle，80%-90% classified as higher，＞90%classified as high.Soil fertilitY of the tested soil evaluated bY soil Yield showed that nitrogen supplY was in middle level，phosphorus supplY was in higher leveland potassium supplY was in lower level.

Table 2 Nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium fertilizer single factor and Yield effect

Table 3 Fitting results of different fertilizer effects models

Establishment and analysis of fertilization model

Ternary quadratic fertilizer effect model fitting The relationships between fertilizing amount and Yield of 14 treatments in＂3414＂field trial conducted a ternarY quadratic fertilizer effect model fitting bY SPSS data management sYstem.The dependent variable of regression was Yield，the fertilizing amount of nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium fertilizer was independent variable.Then obtained a ternarY quadratic fertilizer equation. AnalYzed the model.

ln equation（1），y referred to banana Yield （kg/plant）；x1，x2and x3respectivelY referred to nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium fertilizer levels（kg/plant）.

Fitted bY ternarY quadratic fertilizer effect model，the optimal fertilizer formula obtained.The results of variance analYsis showed that banana Yield had significant regression relationship with nitrogen，phosphorus，potassium fertilizer，F=11.319，P= 0.012＜0.05，model R=0.981 0，R2= 0.962 0.lt indicated that the model fitting effect was good，and could used to guide nitrogen，phosphorus，potassium fertilizer application and Yield prediction under the same fertilitY and production condition.The constant term of the equation was 16.147，which was verY closed to 15.80 kg/lant of treatment 1（CK）.lt indicated that mathematical model was verY consistent with the actual.The monomial coefficient in this equation was positive and the quadratic coefficient was negative，which indicated that fertilizer effect function was diminishing returns，and the banana Yield increased with the decreasing rate according to the increase of fertilizing amount.The main effectcoefficientofnitrogen，phosphorus，potassium fertilizer was greater than quadratic term and interactive item coefficient，which indicated that the main effect was obvious.According to the principle of marginal revenue（dy/Py）is equal to marginal cost（dy/Px），the optimal economic fertilizing amount was calculated bY dy/dx= Py/Px.x1x2x3was respectivelY used as variable，and derived from both sides of the equation（1）.The optimal fertilizing amount of per plant was:x1= 0.374 kg/plant，x2=0.289 kg/plant，x3= 0.891 kg/plant.Among them，y referred to banana Yield，x1x2x3referred to nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium fertilization level.When the above values substituted into the equation，the calculated optimal Yield of the banana was 23.387 kg/plant.

Pnary quadratic fertilizer effect model fitting When did the research of the fertilizer effect of single factor，the other two factors should be fixed at 2 levels，and it should not be inadequate or excessive.So in this studY，two factors among the nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium were fixed at 2 levels，in order to studY the effect of another factor on banana Yield.RespectivelY established unarY quadratic fertilizer effectmodelofnitrogen，phosphorus and potassium，and selected the Yield results of treatment 2，treatment 3，treatment 6 and treatment 11 to simulate the recommended dosage of nitrogen fertilizer，selected the Yield results of treatment 4，treatment 5，treatment 6 and treatment 7 to simulate the recommended dosage of phosphate fertilizer，selected the Yield results of treatment 6，treatment 8，treatment 9 and treatment 10 to simulate the recommended dosage of potassium fertilizer.Single factor fertilizer effect curve showed in Fig.1. UnarY quadratic fertilizer effect model，the maximum fertilizing amount and the highest Yield showed in Table 2.

Straight line and Platform model fitting The nitrogen fertilizer application rate and Yield data of treatment 2，treatment 3，treatment 6 and treatment 11 was fitted bY straight line and platform model，the nitrogen fertilizer effect model could expresse bY the following equation:

The phosphorus fertilizer application rate and Yield data of treatment 4，treatment 5，treatment 6 and treatment 7 was fitted bY straight line and platform model，the phosphate fertilizer effect model could expresse bY the following equation:

The potassium fertilizer application rate and Yield data of treatment 6，treatment 8，treatment 9 and treatment 10 was fitted bY straight line and platform model，the potassium fertilizer effect model could expresse bY the following equation:

According to the above equations，the results showed that the fertilizing amount of nitrogen was 0.406 kg/plant，phosphate was 0.208 kg/plant，potassium was 0.865 kg/plant.

The oPtimal fertilizing amount of different fertilizer effect models fitting TernarY quadratic， unarY quadratic and straight line and platform fertilizer effect model was used to fit the nitrogen，phosphorus，potassium fertilizer effect respectivelY，and the results showed that the fertilizing amount of N was 0.374 kg/plant，P2O5was 0.289 kg/plant，K2O was 0.891 kg/plant in ternarY quadratic fertilizer effect model；the optimal fertilizing amount of N was 0.400 kg/plant，P2O5was 0.214 kg/plant，K2O was 0.901 kg/plant in unarY quadratic fertilizer effect model；the fertilizing amount of N was 0.406 kg/plant，P2O5was 0.208 kg/plant，K2O was 0.865 kg/plant in straight line and platform fertilizer effect model（Table 3）.

Wu bing-sun and other studies have found that when the second level closed to or reached the highest Yield，straight line and platform model could be chose；when the Yield of the first three fertilization levels increased with the increase of fertilizing amount，and the forth fertilization level was significantlY lower than the third fertilization level，the optimum fertilizing amount should be fitted bY unarY quadratic equation［11］.ln this research，the fertilizer effects ofnitrogen fertilizerand phosphate fertilizer were suitable for using unarY quadratic equation.When the Yield of first three fertilization levels increased with the increase of fertilizing amount，and the forth fertilization level had little difference with the third fertilization level，both unarY quadratic equation and straight line and platform model could be chose.ln this research，the fertilizer effect of potassium fertilizer was is the case.ln Wu bing-sun and other studies’research，the success rate of＂3414＂test results fitted bY ternarY quadratic fertilizer effect model was lower.But in this studY，the fitting was successful，and the model fitting in good effect bY variance analYsis.The constant term of the equation was 16.147，which was verY closed to 15.80 kg/plant of corresponding Yield of CK.lt indicated that the mathematical model was verY consistent with the actual.From the above analYsis，the results showed that the fertilization effect of nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium fertilizer in this studY were simulated bY ternarY quadratic and unarY quadratic equation.

Discussion and Conclusion

ln this studY，the optimal fertilizing amount of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer simulated bY ternarY quadratic fertilizer effect model was lower than unarY quadratic fertilizer effect model，but the optimal fertilizing amount of potassium fertilizer was higher than unarY quadratic fertilizer effect model.The results had some differences with Chen xin-ping’s research results，whose results showed that the when＂3414＂test results fitted bY ternarY quadratic fertilizer effect model，it possible existed unable fitting or the reliabilitY degree of fitting was not high，meanwhile the recommended fertilization application rate was higher，and would resulted in the decline of economic benefit of fertilization［12-14］.But in this studY onlY part of the index was higher.The differences might be related to the 2 levels of nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium.lf 2 levels were too low，it might cause equation extrapolation，and the optimal fertilizing amount would above three levels.On the contrarY，the designed fertilization level would far from optimal fertilizing amount，which could not accuratelY capture the optimal fertilizing amount.Due to different soil nutrient，fertilization varied widelY in different banana garden.This studY referred to the conventional fertilization practices of local farmers，seen from the results obtained from three kinds of fertilizer effect models，potassium fertilizer 2 levels was too low，and the optimalfertilizing amount exceeded 3 levels. The results was in accordance with Wu bing-sun’s research results.

Kuang shizi and other studies showed that when calculated recommended fertilizing amount based on＂3414＂test bY unarY quadratic fertilizer effect model，the success rate of fitting was high，which could used to developed information resources that could not be used bY ternarY quadratic fertilizer effect model.And the results were more comprehensive and reasonable. Neanwhile，in consideration of a factor，the other two factors were fullY meet the needs［7］.ActuallY，it studied the single factor under the condition of interaction，but the shortcomings were could notquantifY the interaction. Wang sheng-rui and other studies found that when calculated recommended fertilizing amount bY unarY quadratic fertilizer effect model，the success rate of fitting was high，and the results were more comprehensive and reasonable［13］.

The results showed that the fertilizing amountofphosphorus and potassium obtained bY straight line and platform model was the lowest，which was in accordance with Wang sheng-rui’s research［13，15-16］.The optimal fertilizing amount of nitrogen fertilizer obtained bY ternarY quadratic model was the lowest.ln this studY，the fertilization effectofnitrogen，phosphorus and potassium fertilizer were all not reach the highest point in 2 levels，and the differences between the Yields of nitrogen，phosphorus and potassium fertilizer abtained in 2，3，4 levels were significantlY，which was not suitable to use straight line and platform model.So in this studY，the optimal fertilizing amount was not abstained bY straight line and platform model.

Comprehensive the results of three kinds of fertilizer effects models，the optimal fertilizing amount of Brazil bananas was:N 0.374-0.400 kg/plant，P2O50.214-0.289 kg/plant，K2O 0.891-0.901 kg/plant.Due to the limited experimental conditions，the results of this studY could not represent the fertilization index sYstem of entire banana garden in Hainan province.ln order to obtain accurate fertilization index sYstem，it also needs more test sites and a long time to complete this test.ln addition，this studY onlY selected Brazil banana as the test material，the model obtained in this studY needed to be further verified in other species because there were differences exist in different varieties.

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ResPonsible editor：Lin FANG

ResPonsible Proofreader：Xiaoyan WP

基于“3414”试验的巴西蕉施肥效应与最佳施肥量的研究

刘永霞1，井涛1，唐粉玲1，臧小平1，郑伟1，曹红鑫2，鞠俊杰3，王必尊1*，李昌鹏1（1.中国热带农业科学院海口实验站，海南海口570102；2.江苏省农业科学院农业经济与信息研究所，江苏南京210014；3.南京南林电子科技有限公司，江苏南京210037）

分别采用三元二次、一元二次和直线加平台等肥料效应模型，对海南省福山镇蕉园2年的“3414”试验数据进行分析。结果表明，三元二次模型模拟的最佳施肥量为：N 0.374 kg/株、P2O50.289 kg/株、K2O 0.891 kg/株。根据产量趋势特点，对一元二次模型最佳施肥量为：N 0.400kg/株、P2O50.214kg/株、K2O 0.901 kg/株。可见三元二次模型模拟的最佳施肥量只有部分指标高于一元二次模型。综合考虑试验结果，初步确定巴西香蕉最佳施肥量为：N 0.374～0.400 kg/株、P2O50.214～0.289 kg/株、K2O 0.891～0.901 kg/株。

巴西香蕉；“3414”试验；最佳施肥量；肥料效应模型

国家青年基金项目（编号：31101123）；海南省自然省科学基金（编号：311062）。

刘永霞（1977-），女，山西临汾人，博士，副研究员，主要从事热带作物栽培研究，E-mail：liuyongxia0926@163.com。*通讯作者，研究员，从事热带作物栽培研究，E-mail：wbz366@yahoo.com.cn。

2015-06-15

Supported bY the National Science Found for Young Scholars of China（No.31101123）；Natural Science Foundation of Hainan Province of China（No.311062）.

*Corresponding author.E-mail:wbz366@Yahoo.com.cn

Received:June 15，2015 Accepted:August 5，2015

修回日期 2015-08-5