APP下载

土壤污染与修复

2015-11-01ElectrokineticRemediationBasicsandTechnologyStatus

中国学术期刊文摘 2015年19期
关键词:重金属污染物生物

Electrokinetic Remediation-Basics and Technology Status

Acar,YB; Gale,RJ; Alshawabkeh,AN; et al.

Electrokinetic remediation 1.Pilot-scale tests with lead-spiked kaolinite

Acar YB; Alshawabkeh,AN

Electroremediation of contaminated soils

Page,MM; Page,CLL

The use of chelating agents in the remediation of metal-contaminated soils: A review

Lestan,Domen; Luo,Chun-ling; Li,Xiang-dong

污染土壤修复技术研究现状与趋势

骆永明

(中国科学院南京土壤研究所中国科学院土壤环境与污染修复重点实验室 南京210008)

土壤重金属污染现状与修复技术研究进展

崔德杰,张玉龙

热点追踪

土壤污染与修复

·编者按·

2015年8月12日23点30分左右,位于天津市滨海新区天津港的瑞海国际物流中心货柜码头集装箱内发生易燃易爆品连环爆炸事件。在环境突发事件中,土壤污染同大气污染和水污染一样对人体健康和生态环境有着严重危害,由于土壤的自净能力较弱,其危害期绝对时间和相对时间都更长,更应及时地进行土壤修复。随着国民经济的发展,人们对土壤污染的认识也不断在加深,2014年底修订的《国家突发环境事件应急预案》就明确了需要对土壤污染采取紧急措施予以应对。

一般来说,当外来污染物进入土壤,就认为发生了“土壤污染”。土壤通常会对外来污染物具有一定的吸附—固定能力、化学氧化—还原作用及土壤微生物分解作用,只有外来污染超过土壤自净作用的负荷才将成为土壤污染。按照污染物的性质,可将土壤污染物分为无机污染物和有机污染物。土壤修复是指利用物理、化学和生物的方法转移、吸收、降解和转化土壤中的污染物,使其浓度降低到可接受水平,或将有毒有害的污染物转化为无害的物质。污染土壤修复技术主要有生物修复、物理修复、化学修复及其联合修复技术,经过十多年国内外的研究与应用,污染土壤修复技术体系已经形成,积累了不同污染类型场地土壤综合工程修复技术应用经验,也出现了污染土壤的原位生物修复技术和基于监测的自然修复技术。

由于土壤污染的严重性及其修复难度,以及对污染土壤的修复技术的迫切性和需要,污染土壤修复已成为当今环境科学研究的热点与极具挑战性的领域。近20多年来,美国、德国、荷兰等国家先后投入大量人力、财力,深入开展了土壤污染研究,国际上污染场地修复技术体系目前已基本形成。与国外相比,我国对土壤污染的修复研究起步较晚,针对我国城市污染土壤的修复,一定程度上可以通过国外先进修复技术的引进—吸收—消化—再创新的方式来进行。但是国内独特的地质与水文地质条件,复杂的污染物类型、程度与范围特点以及场地再开发过程实施的特殊性决定了在确定污染场地修复技术时一定要充分考虑中国特有的国情,选择充分符合国情条件的实用性的修复技术。目前,在国内城市土壤修复过程中应用较为广泛的修复技术有:固化稳定化处理、高/低温热脱附修复、生物堆肥技术、土壤气体抽提/生物通风、化学氧化、强化生物修复。针对土壤中污染物的修复技术的选择将直接决定修复工程的成败,并在很大程度上决定了修复工程的持续时间及所需费用。适合特定场地的修复技术的选择,要从修复技术的有效性、制度可操作性、工程周期和公众接受度等方面综合考虑,实现社会、经济以及环境效益的有效统一。

本专题得到了叶飞教授(《农业资源与环境学报》编辑部)的大力支持。

·热点数据排行·

截至2015年8月1日,中国知网(CNKI)和Web of Science(WOS)的数据报告显示,以“土壤污染(soil pollution)、土壤修复(soil remediation)”为词条可以检索到的期刊文献分别为1119与10247条,本专题将相关数据按照:研究机构发文数、作者发文数、期刊发文数、被引用频次进行排行,结果如下。

研究机构发文数量排名(CNKI)

研究机构发文数量排名(WOS)

作者发文数量排名(CNKI)

作者发文数量排名(WOS)

期刊发文数量排名(WOS)

根据中国知网(CNKI)数据报告,以“土壤污染(soil pollution)、土壤修复(soil remediation)”为词条可以检索到的高被引论文排行结果如下。

国内数据库高被引论文排行

根据Web of Science统计数据,以“土壤污染(soil pollution)、土壤修复(soil remediation)”为词条可以检索到的高被引论文排行结果如下。

国外数据库高被引论文排行

·经典文献推荐·

基于Web of Science检索结果,利用Histcite软件选取LCS(Local Citation Score,本地引用次数)TOP 30文献作为节点进行分析,得到本领域推荐的经典文献如下。

来源出版物:Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,1998,49: 643-668

Electrokinetic Remediation-Basics and Technology Status

Acar,YB; Gale,RJ; Alshawabkeh,AN; et al.

Abstract: Electrokinetic remediation,variably named as electrochemical soil processing,electromigration,electrokinetic decontamination or electroreclamation uses electric currents to extract radio nuclides,heavy metals,certain organic compounds,or mixed inorganic species and some organic wastes from soils and slurries. An overview of the principals of the electrokinetic remediation technique in soils is presented. The types of waste and media in which the technology could potentially be applicable are outlined and some envisioned environmental uses of conduction phenomena in soils under electric fields are presented. The current status of the electrokinetic remediation technique and its limitations are discussed through a review of the bench-scale and pilot-scale tests. The recent findings of research on different techniques that may improve the technology's effectiveness are mentioned and the status of ongoing efforts in wide-scale implementation and commercialization of the technique in the USA are described.

Keywords: removal; electroosmosis; contaminants; soils

来源出版物:Journal of Hazardous Materials,1995,40(2): 117-137

Electrokinetic remediation 1.Pilot-scale tests with lead-spiked kaolinite

Acar YB; Alshawabkeh,AN

Abstract: The feasibility and efficiency of transporting lead under electric fields are investigated at pilot scale in three 1 t Georgia kaolinite specimens spiked with lead nitrate solution and at an electrode spacing of 72 cm. Enhancement methods such as cathode depolarization and/or catholyte neutralization techniques are not used in processing. A constant direct current density of 133 mu mA/cm2is applied. Twoof the tests are conducted on specimens spiked with lead at concentrations of 856 mg/kg and 1533 mg/kg. The third test is conducted on a 1:1 mixture of compacted kaolinite/sand spiked with lead at a concentration of 5322 mg/kg. Lead was transported toward the cathode and precipitated at its hydroxide solubility value within the basic zone in direct contact with the cathode compartment. Subsequent to 2950 h of processing and an energy expenditure of 700 kWh/m3,55% of the lead removed across the soil was found precipitated within the last 2 cm close to the cathode,15% was left in the soil before reaching this zone,20% was found precipitated on the fabric separating the soil from the cathode compartment,and 10% was unaccounted. Heavy metals and species that are solubilized in the anodic acid front can be efficiently transported by electromigration under an electrical field applied across electrodes placed in soils.

Keywords: Removal; Electroosmosis

来源出版物:Journal of Geotechnical Engineering-Asce,1996,122(3): 173-185

Electroremediation of contaminated soils

Page,MM; Page,CLL

Abstract: This paper presents a comprehensive review of the literature on electroremediation of soils. Laboratory studies of the technique are outlined,mechanisms of contaminant transport discussed,and major factors affecting the decontamination process examined. Enhancement techniques and hybrid processes are considered and examples of field trials and commercial applications described.

Keywords: soil pollution; contaminants; transportation; reviews

来源出版物:Journal of Environmental Engineering-Asce,2002,128(3): 208-219

The use of chelating agents in the remediation of metal-contaminated soils: A review

Lestan,Domen; Luo,Chun-ling; Li,Xiang-dong

Abstract: This paper reviews current remediation technologies that use chelating agents for the mobilization and removal of potentially toxic metals from contaminated soils. These processes can be done in situ as enhanced phytoextraction,chelant enhanced electrokinetic extraction and soil flushing,or ex situ as the extraction of soil slurry and soil heap/column leaching. Current proposals on how to treat and recycle waste washing solutions after soil is washed are discussed. The major controlling factors in phytoextraction and possible strategies for reducing the leaching of metals associated with the application of chelants are also reviewed. Finally,the possible impact of abiotic and biotic soil factors on the toxicity of metals left after the washing of soil and enhanced phytoextraction are briefly addressed.

Keywords: metal; chelant; phytoextraction; soil washing; metal leaching

来源出版物:Environmental Pollution,2008,153(1): 3-13联系邮箱:Li,Xiang-dong; cexdli@polyu.edu.hk

·推荐综述·

污染土壤修复技术研究现状与趋势

骆永明

(中国科学院南京土壤研究所中国科学院土壤环境与污染修复重点实验室 南京210008)

摘编自《化学进展》2009年21卷2/3期:558~565页,图、表、参考文献已省略。

1引言

污染土壤修复技术的研究起步于20世纪70年代后期。在过去的30年期间,欧、美、日、澳等国家纷纷制定了土壤修复计划,巨额投资研究了土壤修复技术与设备,积累了丰富的现场修复技术与工程应用经验,成立了许多土壤修复公司和网络组织,使土壤修复技术得到了快速的发展。我国的污染土壤修复技术研究起步较晚,在“十五”期间才得到重视,列入了高技术研究规划发展计划[1],其研发水平和应用经验都与美、英、德、荷等发达国家存在相当大的差距。近年来,顺应土壤环境保护的现实需求和土壤环境科学技术的发展需求,科学技术部、国家自然科学基金委、中国科学院、环境保护部等部门有计划地部署了一些土壤修复研究项目和专题,有力地促进和带动了全国范围的土壤污染控制与修复科学技术的研究与发展工作。期间,以土壤修复为主题的国内一系列学术性活动也为我国污染土壤修复技术的研究和发展起到了很好的引领性和推动性作用。土壤修复理论与技术已成为土壤科学、环境科学以及地表过程研究的新内容。土壤修复学已经成为一门新兴的环境科学分支学科,修复土壤学也将发展成为一门新兴的土壤科学分支学科[2,3]。本文将着重介绍近年来国内外污染土壤修复技术的研究现状与发展趋势,并探讨我国土壤修复技术研发的重点,以促进土壤修复科学技术的发展。

2污染土壤修复技术的研究现状

经过近十多年来全球范围的研究与应用,包括生物修复、物理修复、化学修复及其联合修复技术在内的污染土壤修复技术体系已经形成,并积累了不同污染类型场地土壤综合工程修复技术应用经验,出现了污染土壤的原位生物修复技术和基于监测的自然修复技术等研究的新热点。下面简要介绍国内外污染土壤修复技术研究现状。

2.1污染土壤生物修复技术

土壤生物修复技术,包括植物修复、微生物修复、生物联合修复等技术,在进入21世纪后得到了快速发展,成为绿色环境修复技术之一。

2.1.1植物修复技术

从20世纪80年代问世以来,利用植物资源与净化功能的植物修复技术迅速发展[4,5]。植物修复技术包括利用植物超积累或积累性功能的植物吸取修复[6,7,8]、利用植物根系控制污染扩散和恢复生态功能的植物稳定修复[9]、利用植物代谢功能的植物降解修复[10]、利用植物转化功能的植物挥发修复[4]、利用植物根系吸附的植物过滤修复[4]等技术;可被植物修复的污染物有重金属、农药、石油和持久性有机污染物、炸药、放射性核素等。其中,重金属污染土壤的植物吸取修复技术在国内外都得到了广泛研究,已经应用于砷、镉、铜、锌、镍、铅等重金属以及与多环芳烃复合污染土壤的修复[6,7,11,12],并发展出包括络合诱导强化修复[13]、不同植物套作联合修复、修复后植物处理处置的成套集成技术[1]。这种技术的应用关键在于筛选具有高产和高去污能力的植物,摸清植物对土壤条件和生态环境的适应性。近年来,我国在重金属污染农田土壤的植物吸取修复技术应用方面在一定程度上开始引领国际前沿研究方向。但是,虽然开展了利用苜蓿、黑麦草等植物修复多环芳烃、多氯联苯和石油烃的研究工作[1],但是有机污染土壤的植物修复技术的田间研究还很少,对炸药、放射性核素污染土壤的植物修复研究则更少。

植物修复技术不仅应用于农田土壤中污染物的去除,而且同时应用于人工湿地建设、填埋场表层覆盖与生态恢复、生物栖身地重建等。近年来,植物稳定修复技术被认为是一种更易接受、大范围应用、并利于矿区边际土壤生态恢复的植物技术,也被视为一种植物固碳技术和生物质能源生产技术;为寻找多污染物复合或混合污染土壤的净化方案,分子生物学和基因工程技术应用于发展植物杂交修复技术[14];利用植物的根圈阻隔作用和作物低积累作用[15],发展能降低农田土壤污染的食物链风险的植物修复技术正在研究。

2.1.2微生物修复技术

微生物能以有机污染物为唯一碳源和能源或者与其他有机物质进行共代谢而降解有机污染物。利用微生物降解作用发展的微生物修复技术是农田土壤污染修复中常见的一种修复技术。这种生物修复技术已在农药或石油污染土壤中得到应用。在我国,已构建了农药高效降解菌筛选技术、微生物修复剂制备技术和农药残留微生物降解田间应用技术;也筛选了大量的石油烃降解菌,复配了多种微生物修复菌剂,研制了生物修复预制床和生物泥浆反应器,提出了生物修复模式[1]。近年来,开展了有机胂和持久性有机污染物如多氯联苯和多环芳烃污染土壤的微生物修复技术工作。分离到能将PAHs作为唯一碳源的微生物如假单胞菌属、黄杆菌属等,以及可以通过共代谢方式对4环以上PAHs加以降解的如白腐菌等[16]。建立了菌根真菌强化紫花苜蓿根际修复多环芳烃的技术和污染农田土壤的固氮植物—根瘤菌—菌根真菌联合生物修复技术[17,18]。总体上,微生物修复研究工作主要体现在筛选和驯化特异性高效降解微生物菌株,提高功能微生物在土壤中的活性、寿命和安全性,修复过程参数的优化和养分、温度、湿度等关键因子的调控等方面。微生物固定化技术因能保障功能微生物在农田土壤条件下种群与数量的稳定性和显著提高修复效率而受到青睐。通过添加菌剂和优化作用条件发展起来的场地污染土壤原位、异位微生物修复技术有:生物堆沤技术、生物预制床技术、生物通风技术和生物耕作技术等。运用连续式或非连续式生物反应器、添加生物表面活性剂和优化环境条件等可提高微生物修复过程的可控性和高效性[19,20]。目前,正在发展微生物修复与其他现场修复工程的嫁接和移植技术,以及针对性强、高效快捷、成本低廉的微生物修复设备,以实现微生物修复技术的工程化应用。

2.2污染土壤物理修复技术

物理修复是指通过各种物理过程将污染物(特别是有机污染物)从土壤中去除或分离的技术。热处理技术是应用于工业企业场地土壤有机污染的主要物理修复技术,包括热脱附[21]、微波加热[22]和蒸气浸提[23]等技术,已经应用于苯系物、多环芳烃、多氯联苯和二英等污染土壤的修复。

2.2.1热脱附技术

热脱附是用直接或间接的热交换,加热土壤中有机污染组分到足够高的温度,使其蒸发并与土壤介质相分离的过程。热脱附技术具有污染物处理范围宽、设备可移动、修复后土壤可再利用等优点,特别对PCBs这类含氯有机物,非氧化燃烧的处理方式可以显著减少二英生成[21]。目前欧美国家已将土壤热脱附技术工程化,广泛应用于高污染的场地有机污染土壤的离位或原位修复,但是诸如相关设备价格昂贵、脱附时间过长、处理成本过高等问题尚未得到很好解决,限制了热脱附技术在持久性有机污染土壤修复中的应用[24]。发展不同污染类型土壤的前处理和脱附废气处理等技术,优化工艺并研发相关的自动化成套设备正是共同努力的方向。

2.2.2蒸气浸提技术

土壤蒸气浸提(简称SVE)技术是去除土壤中挥发性有机污染物(VOCs)的一种原位修复技术。它将新鲜空气通过注射井注入污染区域,利用真空泵产生负压,空气流经污染区域时,解吸并夹带土壤孔隙中的VOCs经由抽取井流回地上;抽取出的气体在地上经过活性炭吸附法以及生物处理法等净化处理,可排放到大气或重新注入地下循环使用。SVE具有成本低、可操作性强、可采用标准设备、处理有机物的范围宽、不破坏土壤结构和不引起二次污染等优点。苯系物等轻组分石油烃类污染物的去除率可达90%[25]。深入研究土壤多组分VOCs的传质机理,精确计算气体流量和流速,解决气提过程中的拖尾效应,降低尾气净化成本,提高污染物去除效率,是优化土壤蒸气浸提技术的需要。

2.3污染土壤化学/物化修复技术

相对于物理修复,污染土壤的化学修复技术发展较早,主要有土壤固化/稳定化技术、淋洗技术、氧化/还原技术、光催化降解技术和电动力学修复等。

2.3.1固化—稳定化技术

固化—稳定化技术是将污染物在污染介质中固定,使其处于长期稳定状态,是较普遍应用于土壤重金属污染的快速控制修复方法,对同时处理多种重金属复合污染土壤具有明显的优势[26]。该处理技术的费用比较低廉,对一些非敏感区的污染土壤可大大降低场地污染治理成本。常用的固化稳定剂有飞灰、石灰、沥青和硅酸盐水泥等,其中水泥应用最为广泛。在美国的非有机物污染的超级基金项目中大部分采用固化—稳定化技术处理。我国一些冶炼企业场地重金属污染土壤和铬渣清理后的堆场污染土壤也采用了这种技术。国际上已有利用水泥固化—稳定化处理有机与无机污染土壤的报道[27]。目前,需要加强有机污染土壤的固化—稳定化技术研发、新型可持续稳定化修复材料的研制及其长期安全性监测评估方法的研究。

2.3.2淋洗技术

土壤淋洗修复技术是将水或含有冲洗助剂的水溶液、酸/碱溶液、络合剂或表面活性剂等淋洗剂注入到污染土壤或沉积物中,洗脱和清洗土壤中的污染物的过程。淋洗的废水经处理后达标排放,处理后的土壤可以再安全利用。这种离位修复技术在多个国家已被工程化应用于修复重金属污染或多污染物混合污染介质[28]。由于该技术需要用水,所以修复场地要求靠近水源,同时因需要处理废水而增加成本。研发高效、专性的表面增溶剂,提高修复效率,降低设备与污水处理费用,防止二次污染等依然是重要的研究课题。

2.3.3氧化—还原技术

土壤化学氧化—还原技术是通过向土壤中投加化学氧化剂(Fenton试剂、臭氧、过氧化氢、高锰酸钾等)或还原剂(SO2、FeO、气态H2S等),使其与污染物质发生化学反应来实现净化土壤的目的[29,30,31]。通常,化学氧化法适用于土壤和地下水同时被有机物污染的修复。运用化学还原法修复对还原作用敏感的有机污染物是当前研究的热点。例如,纳米级粉末零价铁的强脱氯作用已被接受和运用于土壤与地下水的修复。但是,目前零价铁还原脱氯降解含氯有机化合物技术的应用还存在诸如铁表面活性的钝化、被土壤吸附产生聚合失效等问题[29],需要开发新的催化剂和表面激活技术。

2.3.4光催化降解技术

土壤光催化降解(光解)技术是一项新兴的深度土壤氧化修复技术,可应用于农药等污染土壤的修复[32]。土壤质地、粒径、氧化铁含量、土壤水分、土壤pH值和土壤厚度等对光催化氧化有机污染物有明显的影响:高孔隙度的土壤中污染物迁移速率快,粘粒含量越低光解越快;自然土中氧化铁对有机物光解起着重要调控作用;有机质可以作为一种光稳定剂;土壤水分能调解吸收光带;土壤厚度影响滤光率和入射光率。

2.3.5电动力学修复

电动力学修复(简称电动修复)是通过电化学和电动力学的复合作用(电渗、电迁移和电泳等)驱动污染物富集到电极区,进行集中处理或分离的过程。电动修复技术已进入现场修复应用[33,34]。近年来,我国也先后开展了铜、铬等重金属、菲和五氯酚等有机污染土壤的电动修复技术研究[1]。电动修复速度较快、成本较低,特别适用于小范围的粘质的多种重金属污染土壤和可溶性有机物污染土壤的修复;对于不溶性有机污染物,需要化学增溶,易产生二次污染[35]。发展电动强化的复合污染土壤联合修复技术将是值得研究的课题。

2.4污染土壤联合修复技术

协同两种或以上修复方法,形成联合修复技术,不仅可以提高单一污染土壤的修复速率与效率,而且可以克服单项修复技术的局限性,实现对多种污染物的复合/混合污染土壤的修复,已成为土壤修复技术中的重要研究内容。

2.4.1微生物/动物—植物联合修复技术

微生物(细菌、真菌)—植物、动物(蚯蚓)—植物联合修复是土壤生物修复技术研究的新内容[17,18,36,37]。筛选有较强降解能力的菌根真菌和适宜的共生植物是菌根生物修复的关键。种植紫花苜蓿可以大幅度降低土壤中多氯联苯浓度[17]。根瘤菌和菌根真菌双接种能强化紫花苜蓿对多氯联苯的修复作用[18]。利用能促进植物生长的根际细菌[36]或真菌,发展植物—降解菌群协同修复、动物—微生物协同修复[37]及其根际强化技术,促进有机污染物的吸收、代谢和降解将是生物修复技术新的研究方向。

2.4.2化学/物化—生物联合修复技术

发挥化学或物理化学修复的快速优势,结合非破坏性的生物修复特点,发展基于化学—生物修复技术是最具应用潜力的污染土壤修复方法之一。化学淋洗—生物联合修复是基于化学淋溶剂作用,通过增加污染物的生物可利用性而提高生物修复效率。利用有机络合剂的配位溶出,增加土壤溶液中重金属浓度,提高植物有效性,从而实现强化诱导植物吸取修复[12]。化学预氧化—生物降解和臭氧氧化—生物降解等联合技术已经应用于污染土壤中多环芳烃的修复[38,39]。电动力学—微生物修复技术可以克服单独的电动技术或生物修复技术的缺点,在不破坏土壤质量的前提下,加快土壤修复进程[33]。电动力学—芬顿联合技术已用来去除污染黏土矿物中的菲[40],硫氧化细菌与电动综合修复技术用于强化污染土壤中铜的去除[41]。应用光降解—生物联合修复技术可以提高石油中PAHs污染物的去除效率。总体上,这些技术多处于室内研究的阶段。

2.4.3物理—化学联合修复技术

土壤物理—化学联合修复技术是适用于污染土壤离位处理的修复技术。溶剂萃取—光降解联合修复技术是利用有机溶剂或表面活性剂提取有机污染物后进行光解的一项新的物理—化学联合修复技术。例如,可以利用环己烷和乙醇将污染土壤中的多环芳烃提取出来后进行光催化降解。此外,可以利用Pd/Rh支持的催化—热脱附联合技术或微波热解—活性炭吸附技术修复多氯联苯污染土壤[42,43];也可以利用光调节的TiO2催化修复农药污染土壤[32]。

3污染土壤修复技术的发展趋势

从2000、2004和2008年连续3届的土壤污染与修复国际会议主题与交流情况来看[44,46],在污染土壤修复决策上,它已从基于污染物总量控制的修复目标发展到基于污染风险评估的修复导向;在技术上,已从物理修复、化学修复和物理化学修复发展到生物修复、植物修复和基于监测的自然修复,从单一的修复技术发展到多技术联合的修复技术、综合集成的工程修复技术;在设备上,从基于固定式设备的离场修复发展到移动式设备的现场修复;在应用上,已从服务于重金属污染土壤、农药或石油污染土壤、持久性有机化合物污染土壤的修复技术发展到多种污染物复合或混合污染土壤的组合式修复技术;已从单一厂址场地走向特大城市复合场地(mega city site),从单项修复技术发展到融大气、水体监测的多技术多设备协同的场地土壤—地下水综合集成修复;已从工业场地走向农田耕地,从适用于工业企业场地污染土壤的离位肥力破坏性物化修复技术发展到适用于农田耕地污染土壤的原位肥力维持性绿色修复技术。

3.1向绿色与环境友好的土壤生物修复技术发展

利用太阳能和自然植物资源的植物修复、土壤中高效专性微生物资源的微生物修复、土壤中不同营养层食物网的动物修复、基于监测的综合土壤生态功能的自然修复,将是21世纪土壤环境修复科学技术研发的主要方向。农田耕地土壤污染的修复技术要求能原位地有效消除影响到粮食生产和农产品质量的微量有毒有害污染物,同时既不能破坏土壤肥力和生态环境功能,又不能导致二次污染的发生。发展绿色、安全、环境友好的土壤生物修复技术能满足这些需求,并能适用于大面积污染农地土壤的治理,具有技术和经济上的双重优势[7]。从常规作物中筛选合适的修复品种,发展适用于不同土壤类型和条件的根际生态修复技术已成为一种趋势。应用生物工程技术如基因工程、酶工程、细胞工程等发展土壤生物修复技术,有利于提高治理速率与效率,具有应用前景。

3.2从单项向联合、杂交的土壤综合修复技术发展

土壤中污染物种类多,复合污染普遍,污染组合类型复杂,污染程度与厚度差异大。地球表层的土壤类型多,其组成、性质、条件的空间分异明显。一些场地不仅污染范围大、不同性质的污染物复合、土壤与地下水同时受污染,而且修复后土壤再利用方式的空间规划要求不同。这样,单项修复技术往往很难达到修复目标,而发展协同联合的土壤综合修复模式就成为场地和农田土壤污染修复的研究方向,例如:不同修复植物的组合修复,降解菌-超积累植物的组合修复,真菌—修复植物组合修复,土壤动物/植物/微生物组合修复,结合增溶强化植物修复,化学氧化/生物降解修复,电动修复/生物修复,生物强化蒸气浸提修复,光催化纳米材料修复等。

3.3从异位向原位的土壤修复技术发展

将污染土壤挖掘、转运、堆放、净化、再利用是一种经常采用的离场异位修复过程。这种异位修复不仅处理成本高,而且很难治理深层土壤及地下水均受污染的场地,不能修复建筑物下面的污染土壤或紧靠重要建筑物的污染场地。因而,发展多种原位修复技术以满足不同污染场地修复的需求就成为近年来的一种趋势。例如,原位蒸气浸提技术、原位固定—稳定化技术、原位生物修复技术、原位纳米零价铁还原技术等。另一趋势是发展基于监测的发挥土壤综合生态功能的原位自然修复[47,48]。

3.4基于环境功能修复材料的土壤修复技术发展

黏土矿物改性技术、催化剂催化技术、纳米材料与技术已经渗透到土壤环境和农业生产领域,并应用于污染土壤环境修复,例如利用纳米铁粉、氧化钛等去除污染土壤和地下水中的有机氯污染物[29,32]。但是,目标土壤修复的环境功能材料的研制及其应用技术还刚刚起步,具有发展前景。但是,对这些物质在土壤中的分配、反应、行为、归趋及生态毒理等尚缺乏了解,对其环境安全性和生态健康风险还难以进行科学评估。基于环境功能修复材料的土壤修复技术的应用条件、长期效果、生态影响和环境风险有待回答。

3.5基于设备化的快速场地污染土壤修复技术发展

土壤修复技术的应用在很大程度上依赖于修复设备和监测设备的支撑,设备化的修复技术是土壤修复走向市场化和产业化的基础。植物修复后的植物资源化利用、微生物修复的菌剂制备、有机污染土壤的热脱附或蒸气浸提、重金属污染土壤的淋洗或固化-稳定化、修复过程及修复后环境监测等等都需要设备。尤其是对城市工业遗留的污染场地,因其特殊位置和土地再开发利用的要求,需要快速、高效的物化修复技术与设备。开发与应用基于设备化的场地污染土壤的快速修复技术是一种发展趋势。一些新的物理和化学方法与技术在土壤环境修复领域的渗透与应用将会加快修复设备化的发展,例如,冷等离子体氧化技术可能是一种有前景的有机污染土壤修复技术(未发表资料),将带动新的修复设备研制。

3.6向土壤修复决策支持系统及后评估技术发展

污染土壤修复决策支持系统是实施污染场地风险管理和修复技术快速筛选的工具。污染土壤修复技术筛选是一种多目标决策过程,需要综合考虑风险削减、环境效益与修复成本等要素。欧美许多土壤修复研究组织如CLARINET、EUGRIS、NATO/CCMS等针对污染场地管理和决策支持进行了系统研究和总结。一些辅助决策工具如文件导则、决策流程图、智能化软件系统等已陆续出台和开发,并在具体的场地修复过程中被采纳[49]。基于风险的污染土壤修复后评估也是污染场地风险管理的重要环节,包括修复后污染物风险评估、修复基准及土壤环境质量评价等内容。土壤污染类型多种多样,污染场地错综复杂,需要发展场地针对性的污染土壤修复决策支持系统及后评估方法与技术。

4对我国污染土壤修复技术研发的思考

我国土壤污染防治与修复技术的研发需要针对国内土壤污染特征与发展趋势,既要满足土壤污染问题的解决,也要联系国家的经济社会发展现状和相关的技术研发基础与条件。

4.1我国土壤污染态势

总体上,我国土壤环境污染形势严峻[1,50]。在一些经济快速发展地区耕地土壤中持久性毒害物质已经大量积累,部分农田、菜地重金属(镉、汞、砷等)、农药(滴滴涕等)、多环芳烃、多氯联苯、二英等持久性有机污染物复合污染突出,影响粮食生产和农产品质量安全。在快速的城市化和实施“退二进三”的城市布局改造战略的进程中,污染企业搬迁引发的场地土壤环境污染事故已经影响到人居环境安全健康。在一些矿区、油田区及其周边土壤中重金属和有机污染也相当严重,对周边生态安全和人体健康构成威胁。一些湿地不仅是生物栖身地和生态敏感区,而且也是污水和废弃物的汇集地,污染严重,影响生物多样性和生态安全。在高强度的资源和能源利用与污染物排放过程中,我国土壤污染的范围在扩大,土壤污染物的种类在增多,出现了复合型、混合型的高风险污染土壤区,呈现出从污灌型向与大气沉降型并重转变,城郊向农村延伸,局部向区域蔓延的趋势;从有毒有害污染发展至有毒有害污染与养分过剩、土壤酸化的交叉,形成点源与面源污染共存、生活污染、种植养殖业污染和工矿企业排放叠加、各种新旧污染与次生污染相互复合/混合的态势,危及粮食生产与质量安全、生态环境安全和人体健康,迫切需要治理和修复。

4.2我国污染土壤修复技术研发需求

我国的污染土壤修复技术研发应该为解决农田土壤(含污灌区)污染、工业场地土壤污染、矿区及周边土壤污染以及生态敏感的湿地土壤污染等问题提供技术支持。这就需要研发能适合原位或异位、现场或离场的土壤修复技术与设备,能适用于不同土壤类型与条件、不同土地利用方式和不同污染类型与程度的土壤修复技术,能快速、高效、廉价、安全、使土地再开发利用的修复技术体系。针对受重金属、农药、石油、多环芳烃、多氯联苯等中轻度污染的农业土壤或湿地土壤,需要着力发展能大面积应用、安全、低成本、环境友好的生物修复技术和物化稳定技术,实现边修复边生产,以保障农产品安全和生态安全。针对工矿企业废弃的化工、冶炼等各类重污染场地土壤,需要着力研究优先修复点位确定方法和修复技术决策支持系统,发展场地针对性、能满足安全与再开发利用目标、原位或异位的物理、化学及其联合修复工程技术,开发具有自主知识产权的成套修复技术与设备,形成系统的场地土壤修复标准和技术规范,以保障人居环境安全健康。针对各类矿区及尾矿污染土壤,现阶段需要着力研究能控制水土流失与污染物扩散的生物稳定化与生态工程修复技术,将矿区边际土壤开发利用为植物固碳和生物质能源生产的基地,以保障矿区及周边生态环境安全,并提高其生态服务价值。

5结语

污染土壤的修复是以去污染、复质量、再利用、保安康为目的的。土壤修复往往是控污、减污、降毒、化险的综合净化过程,可使土壤恢复生产力、场地安全健康、矿区及湿地生态安全和景观美化。但是,土壤修复也是耗人力、物力和财力的过程。只有做好土壤污染防控管理工作,才能避免或减少这样的消耗。“万物土中生”,土壤质量决定万物的质量。为保障人类的食物安全和身体健康,需要实施“净土”战略,制定土壤污染的“防控修复”行动计划。这对我国这样的拥有13亿人口的农业大国尤为重要。这也就需要政府和社会大力支持土壤污染防控修复技术的研究,需要建立土壤修复技术应用的规范、融资机制和立法管理政策。污染土壤的修复不同于污染水体的修复,土壤中的污染物难移动、难稀释,加上土壤类型、土地利用方式和污染场地的空间分异,更需要发展场地针对性和专门化的修复技术与设备。国际上,污染土壤修复技术体系基本形成,虽然我国可以通过引进-吸收-消化-再创新来发展土壤修复技术,但是国内的土壤类型、条件和场地污染的特殊性决定了需要发展更多的具有自主知识产权并适合国情的实用性修复技术与设备,以推动土壤环境修复技术的市场化和产业化发展。全球土壤修复产业市场容量约达万亿美元,发展我国土壤修复技术与设备,不仅是土壤环境保护与技术产业化的需要,而且是使我国这一新兴产业进入国际环境修复市场竞争的需要。

·高被引论文摘要·

被引频次:614

土壤重金属污染现状与修复技术研究进展

崔德杰,张玉龙

阐述了土壤重金属污染物的来源和重金属污染土壤修复技术研究现状,分析了各种修复技术的优缺点、实用性与发展动态,为土壤重金属污染综合治理与修复提出了新的思路。

土壤污染;重金属;修复技术

来源出版物:土壤通报,2004,35(3): 366-370

被引频次:437

宝山堇菜(Viola baoshanensis)——一种新的镉超富集植物

刘威,束文圣,蓝崇钰

摘要:通过野外调查和温室试验,发现并证实宝山堇菜(Viola baoshanensis)是一种Cd超富集植物。自然条件下,宝山堇菜地上部Cd平均含量为1168 mg/kg,变化范围为465~2310 mg/kg;地下部Cd平均含量为981 mg/kg,变化范围为233~1846 mg/kg。地上与地下部Cd含量比值变化范围0.41~2.22,平均为1.32。Cd生物富集系数变化范围为0.75~5.2,平均为2.38。营养液培养试验研究表明,宝山堇菜地上部Cd含量随生长介质中Cd浓度的增加而呈线性增加。营养液Cd浓度为50 mg/L时,地上部Cd平均含量达到4825 mg/kg,在Cd浓度为30 mg/L时,生物量达到最大值;地上与地下部Cd含量的比值变化范围为1.14~2.22,平均为1.67,显示宝山堇菜不仅可以超量吸收Cd,而且可以从地下向地上部有效输送。宝山堇菜的发现将为Cd超富集植物的生理、生化、遗传和进化及其在Cd污染土壤修复方面的研究提供新的重要材料。

关键词:超富集植物;Cd;宝山堇莱(Viola baoshanensis);植物修复

来源出版物:科学通报,2003,48(19): 2046-2049

被引频次:356

土壤中重金属形态分析及其环境学意义

韩春梅,王林山,巩宗强,等

摘要:介绍了土壤重金属的形态及各种分析方法,重点说明了土壤中重金属形态分布及影响因素;讨论了影响土壤环境中重金属形态转化的因素,重金属形态与重金属在土壤中的迁移性、可给性、活性的关系,重金属污染土壤修复与重金属形态分布的关系。形态分析在一定程度上反映自然与人为作用对土壤中重金属来源的贡献,并反映重金属的生物毒性。重金属可以因形态中某一个或几个方面不同而表现出不同的毒性和环境行为。

关键词:土壤;重金属;形态;形态分析

来源出版物:生态学杂志,2005,24(12): 1499-1502

被引频次:282

重金属污染土壤的修复技术

陈志良,仇荣亮,张景书,等

摘要:重金属污染是当今土壤污染中污染面积最广、危害最大的环境问题之一,由于重金属污染毒理机制和生物效应的复杂性及其在土壤中的稳定性,对重金属污染的研究一直是当前学术界的热点研究课题。本文在介绍当前重金属污染土壤修复技术的基础上,对重金属污染土壤修复技术的发展趋势作综合预测和展望。

关键词:重金属污染;修复技术;组合修复技术

来源出版物:环境保护,2002(6): 21-23

被引频次:223

污染土壤修复的技术再造与展望

周启星

摘要:污染土壤的面积在迅速扩大,迫切需要修复、治理;随着土壤污染组分的日益复杂化,等待着全面、高效的修复技术的研制。对污染土壤修复相关技术现状进行剖析表明,现有的各种污染土壤修复技术由于存在着许多技术上难以克服的问题,需要从技术的现有进展和技术构想进行整体意义上的创新,即如何把现有的技术进行参数优化、改造后进行最佳组合与综合,才能取得该技术领域的重大突破。污染土壤的生态化学修复,其实质在于技术的再造,代表了21世纪污染土壤修复技术的发展方向。

关键词:污染土壤;生态化学修复;技术再造

来源出版物:环境污染治理技术与设备,2002,3(8): 36-40

被引频次:211

污染土壤修复技术研究现状与趋势

骆永明

摘要:本文综述了国内外污染土壤修复技术的研究现状和发展趋势,并联系我国土壤污染态势探讨了中国土壤修复技术研发的需求。文中指出,包括生物修复、物理修复、化学修复及其联合修复的污染土壤修复技术体系已经基本形成;土壤修复技术正朝着6大方向发展,即向绿色与环境友好的生物修复、联合杂交的综合修复、原位修复、基于环境功能材料的修复、基于设备化的快速场地修复以及土壤修复决策支持系统及修复后评估等技术方向发展。我国土壤环境污染态势严峻,需要发展能广泛应用、安全、低成本的原位农田生物修复技术和物化稳定技术,发展安全、土地能再开发利用、针对性强的工业场地快速物化工程修复技术与设备,发展能控制水土流失与污染物扩散的矿区植物稳定化与生态工程修复技术,建立污染土壤修复技术规范、评价标准和管理政策。

关键词:土壤污染;土壤修复;技术发展

来源出版物:化学进展,2009,21(2/3): 558-565

被引频次:210

重金属污染土壤的植物修复研究I. 金属富集植物Brassica juncea对铜、锌、镉、铅污染的响应

蒋先军,骆永明,赵其国,等

摘要:用来修复污染土壤的理想植物应具有高的生物量并能忍耐和积累污染物。印度芥菜(Bras sicajuncea)能富集多种重金属且生物量较大。本文研究了Zn、Cd、Cu、Pb 4种重金属对印度芥菜生长的影响,特别是重金属对印度芥菜地上部生物量的影响。结果表明,在含Cu 250 mg/kg、Pb 500 mg/kg或Zn 500 mg/kg的污染土壤上,印度芥菜能够忍耐,正常生长。印度芥菜在含Cd 200 mg/kg的土壤上发生镉毒而出现失绿黄化症状,Cd与中等浓度的Zn、Cu、Pb共存时毒害更为严重。这种植物适合Cu、Zn、Pb中等污染土壤的修复。

关键词:植物修复;印度芥菜;重金属;土壤污染

来源出版物:土壤,2000(2): 71-74

被引频次:202

污染土壤的修复技术研究进展

周东美,郝秀珍,薛艳,等

摘要:分析了当前我国严峻的土壤环境状况,并从重金属和有机污染物两个方面,全面介绍了当前污染土壤的各种修复技术,包括物理化学修复方法、植物修复方法和微生物修复方法等;对各种方法的修复原理、已取得的研究进展、存在的优缺点及其将来的发展趋势进行了较全面的综述和展望。文章认为,污染土壤修复将是一项非常具有挑战性同时又是一项非常有前途的修复技术,将会对人类健康和经济可持续发展发挥重要作用。

关键词:土壤污染;修复;综述

来源出版物:生态环境,2004,13(2): 234-242

被引频次:158

污染土壤修复技术介绍

钱暑强,刘铮

摘要:本文简要介绍了污染土壤治理的各种方法,包括换土法、化学修复、生物修复、电修复、热修复等的基本原理、适用范围及其基础研究和应用的最新进展。

关键词:修复技术;化学修复;生物修复;电修复;热修复

来源出版物:化工进展,2000(4): 10-12

被引频次:152

磷肥对砷污染土壤的植物修复效率的影响:田间实例研究

廖晓勇,陈同斌,谢华,等

摘要:通过田间试验研究施用磷肥对砷超富集植物蜈蚣草(Pterisvittata. L)生长和砷污染土壤修复效率的影响。结果表明,适量施用磷肥促进蜈蚣草的生长,显著提高其生物量,但过量施用磷肥对植物产量无贡献。随着磷肥施用量的增加,蜈蚣草地上部砷含量呈先增加后减少的趋势,理论上在施磷量为340 kg·hm-2时,砷含量可达最高(1622 mg·kg-1)。磷的含量与施磷量呈极显著的正相关关系。施磷量为200 kg·hm-2的砷累积量最高,是不施磷处理砷累积量的24倍及600 kg·hm-2施磷量砷累积量的12倍。种植蜈蚣草7个月后,土壤总砷均有不同程度的下降,施磷量为200 kg·hm-2的土壤中砷含量下降50 mg·kg-1,土壤修复效率最高(7.84%)。对照和600 kg·hm-2施磷量处理的土壤修复效率分别为2.31%和6.63%。理论上达到最大土壤修复效率所需施磷量为369 kg·hm-2。施用磷肥可以维持土壤有效态砷含量在蜈蚣草种植前后变化不大,保证蜈蚣草下个生育期对砷的吸收。这些结果说明施用磷肥是蜈蚣草等砷超富集植物在现场修复中的必要手段,优化施磷技术可大大提高砷污染土壤的修复效率。

关键词:植物修复;蜈蚣草;砷;磷肥;修复效率

来源出版物:环境科学学报,2004,24(3): 455-462

被引频次:1183

Phytoremediation

Salt,DE; Smith,RD; Raskin I

Abstract: 参见本期“经典文献推荐”栏目。

被引频次:939

Phytoremediation-A Novel Strategy for the Removal of Toxic Metals from the Environment Using Plants

Salt,DE; Blaylock,M; Kumar,NPBA; et al.

Abstract: Toxic metal pollution of waters and soils is a major environmental problem,and most conventional remediation approaches do not provide acceptable solutions. The use of specially selected and engineered metal-accumulating plants for environmental clean-up is an emerging technology called phytoremediation. Three subsets of this technology are applicable to toxic metal remediation:(1)Phytoextraction the use of metal-accumulating plants to remove toxic metals from soil;(2)Rhizofiltration the use of plant roots to remove toxic metals from polluted waters; and(3)Phytostabilization the use of plants to eliminate the bioavailability of toxic metals in soils. Biological mechanisms of toxic metal uptake,translocation and resistance as well as strategies for improving phytoremediation are also discussed.

Keywords: heavy-metals; binding peptides; cadmium-binding; zinc tolerance; lemna-minor; soil; accumulation; transport; selenium; tobacco

来源出版物:Bio-Technology,1995,13(5): 468-474

被引频次:822

Advanced oxidation processes for organic contaminant destruction based on the Fenton reaction and related chemistry

Pignatello,JJ; Oliveros,E; MacKay,A

Abstract: Fenton chemistry encompasses reactions of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of iron to generate highly reactive species such as the hydroxyl radical and possibly others. In this review,the complex mechanisms of Fenton and Fenton-like reactions and the important factors influencing these reactions,from both a fundamental and practical perspective,in applications to water and soil treatment,are discussed. The review covers modified versions including the photoassisted Fenton reaction,use of chelated iron,electro-Fenton reactions,and Fenton reactions using heterogeneous catalysts. Sections are devoted to nonclassical pathways,by-products,kinetics and process modeling,experimental design methodology,soil and aquifer treatment,use of Fenton in combination with other advanced oxidation processes or biodegradation,economic comparison with other advanced oxidation processes,and case studies.

Keywords: advanced oxidation technologies; aquifier remediation; electro-Fenton; photo-Fenton; soil remediation; waste treatment; water treatment

来源出版物:Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,2006,36(1): 1-84

被引频次:777

Nanoscale iron particles for environmental remediation: An overview

Zhang,WX

Abstract: Nanoscale iron particles represent a new generation of environmental remediation technologies that could provide cost-effectivesolutions to some of the most challenging environmental cleanup problems. Nanoscale iron particles have large surface areas and high surface reactivity. Equally important,they provide enormous flexibility for in situ applications. Research has shown that nanoscale iron particles are very effective for the transformation and detoxification of a wide variety of common environmental contaminants,such as chlorinated organic solvents,organochlorine pesticides,and PCBs. Modified iron nanoparticles,such as catalyzed and supported nanoparticles have been synthesized to further enhance the speed and efficiency of remediation. In this paper,recent developments in both laboratory and pilot studies are assessed,including:(1)synthesis of nanoscale iron particles(10-100 nm,>99.5% Fe)from common precursors such as Fe(II)and Fe(III);(2)reactivity of the nanoparticles towards contaminants in soil and water over extended periods of time(e.g.,weeks);(3)field tests validating the injection of nanoparticles into aquifer,and(4)in situ reactions of the nanoparticles in the subsurface.

Keywords: nanoparticles; iron; palladium; nanotechnology; groundwater; remediation

来源出版物:Journal of Nanoparticle Research,2003,5(3/4): 323-332

被引频次:661

Sequestration of hydrophobic organic contaminants by geosorbents

Luthy,RG; Aiken,GR; Brusseau,ML; et al.

Abstract: The chemical interactions of hydrophobic organic contaminants(HOCs)with soils and sediments(geosorbents)may result in strong binding and slow subsequent release rates that significantly affect remediation rates and endpoints. The underlying physical and chemical phenomena potentially responsible for this apparent sequestration of HOCs by geosorbents are not well understood. This challenges our concepts for assessing exposure and toxicity and for setting environmental quality criteria. Currently there are no direct observational data revealing the molecular-scale locations in which nonpolar organic compounds accumulate when associated with natural soils or sediments. Hence macroscopic observations are used to make inferences about sorption mechanisms and the chemical factors affecting the sequestration of HOCs by geosorbents. Recent observations suggest that HOC interactions with geosorbents comprise different inorganic and organic surfaces and matrices,and distinctions may be drawn along these lines,particularly with regard to the roles of inorganic micropores,natural sorbent organic matter components,combustion residue particulate carbon,and spilled organic liquids. Certain manipulations of sorbates or sorbent media may help reveal sorption mechanisms,but mixed sorption phenomena complicate the interpretation of macroscopic data regarding diffusion of HOCs into and out of different matrices and the hysteretic sorption and aging effects commonly observed for geosorbents. Analytical characterizations at the microscale,and mechanistic models derived there from,are needed to advance scientific knowledge of HOC sequestration,release,and environmental risk.

Keywords: distributed reactivity model; humic substances; nonequilibrium sorption; aromatic-hydrocarbons; interfacial films; aquifer material; soils; sediments; water; chemicals

来源出版物:Environmental Science & Technology,1997,31(2): 3341-3347

被引频次:530

Phytoremediation of soil metals

Chaney,RL; Malik,M; Li,YM; et al.

Abstract: The phytoremediation of metal-contaminated soils offers a low-cost method for soil remediation and some extracted metals may be recycled for value. Both the phytoextraction of metals and the phytovolatilization of Se or Hg by plants offer great promise for commercial development. Natural metal hyper accumulator phenotype is much more important than high-yield ability when using plants to remove metals from contaminated soils. The hyper tolerance of metals is the key plant characteristic required for hyper accumulation;vacuolar compartmentalization appears to be the source of hyper tolerance of natural hyper accumulator plants. Alternatively,soil Pb and Cr6+may be inactivated in the soil by plants and soil amendments(phytostabilization). Little molecular understanding of plant activities critical to phytore mediation has been achieved,but recent progress in characterizing Fe,Cd and Zn uptake by Arabidopsis and yeast mutants indicates strategies for developing transgenic improved phytore mediation cultivars for commercial use.

Keywords: transgenic tobacco plants; vulgaris moench garcke; Thlaspi-Caerulescens J; contaminated soils; Arabidopsis-Thaliana; binding peptides; C-presl; cadmium; phytochelatins; ZINC

来源出版物:Current Opinion in Biotechnology,1997,8(3): 279-284

被引频次:481

Phytoextraction of toxic metals: A review of biological mechanisms

Lasat,MM

Abstract: Remediation of sites contaminated with toxic metals is particularly challenging. Unlike organic compounds,metals cannot be degraded,and the cleanup usually requires their removal. However,this energy-intensive approach can be prohibitively expensive. Inaddition,the metal removing process often employs stringent physicochemical agents which can dramatically inhibit soil fertility with subsequent negative impacts on the ecosystem. Phytoremediation has been proposed as a cost-effective,enviromnental-friendly alternative technology. A great deal of research indicates that plants have the genetic potential to remove many toxic metals from the soil. Despite this potential,phytoremediation is yet to become a commercially available technology. Progress in the field is hindered by a lack of understanding of complex interactions in the rhizosphere and plant-based mechanisms which allow metal translocation and accumulation in plants. In this paper,four research areas relevant to metal phytoextraction from contaminated soil are reviewed. The review concludes with an assessment of the current status of technology deployment and suggestions for future phytoremediation research.

Keywords: hyper accumulate or thlaspi-caerulescens; hexavalent chromium reduction; gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase;genetically-engineered plants; escherichia-coli atcc-33456; zinc-transporter genes; arabidopsis-thaliana; Indian mustard; heavy-metals;contaminated soils

来源出版物:Journal of Environmental Quality,2002,31(1): 109-120

被引频次:454

Bioremediation of Soil Contaminated with Poly nuclear Aromatic-Hydrocarbons(Pa Hs): A Review

Wilson,SC; Jones,KC

Abstract: Poly nuclear aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs)constitute a group of priority pollutants which are present at high concentrations in the soils of many industrially contaminated sites. Criteria established for the removal or treatment or both of soils contaminated with PAHs vary widely within and between nations. The bioremediation of contaminated soils with in-situ,on-site,and bioreactor techniques is reviewed,together with the factors affecting PAHs degradation. Current in-situ remediation techniques are considered ineffective for the removal of most PAHs from contaminated soil. On-site ‘land farming' methods have been used successfully(and within a reasonable period of time)to degrade only those PAHs with three or fewer aromatic rings. Bioreactors have proved most effective for soil remediation,since conditions for enhanced degradation can be achieved most readily. However,bioreactors are still at the development stage,and further research is required to optimize their efficiency and economy for routine use. Degradation of the more recalcitrant high-molecular-weight PAHs in contaminated soil has not been particularly successful to date. Further research needs are identified to help develop bioremediation into a more cost-effective technology. The importance of full site assessments and treatability studies for successful application in the field is emphasized.

Keywords: biological treatment processes; bench-scale evaluation; phanerochaete-chrysosporium; microbial-degradation; organic contaminants; fuel spills; denitrification conditions; denitrifying conditions; phase bioremediation; incite biotreatment

来源出版物:Environmental Pollution,1993,81(3): 229-249

被引频次:272

Electrokinetic soil remediation-critical overview

Virkutyte,J; Sillanpaa,M; Latostenmaa,P

Abstract: In recent years,there has been increasing interest in finding new and innovative solutions for the efficient removal of contaminants from soils to solve groundwater,as well as soil,pollution. The objective of this review is to examine several alternative soil-remediating technologies,with respect to heavy metal remediation,pointing out their strengths and drawbacks and placing an emphasis on electrokinetic soil remediation technology. In addition,the review presents detailed theoretical aspects,design and operational considerations of electrokinetic soil-remediation variables,which are most important in efficient process application,as well as the advantages over other technologies and obstacles to overcome,The review discusses possibilities of removing selected heavy metal contaminants from clay and sandy soils,both saturated and unsaturated. It also gives selected efficiency rates for heavy metal removal,the dependence of these rates on soil variables,and operational conditions,as well as a cost-benefit analysis. Finally,several emerging in situ electrokinetic soil remediation technologies,such as Lasagna(TM),Elektro-Klean(TM),electro bioremediation,etc.,are reviewed,and their advantages,disadvantages and possibilities in full-scale commercial applications are examined.

Keywords: electrokinetic soil remediation; heavy metals

来源出版物:Science of the Total Environment,2002,289(1-3): 97-121

被引频次:259

Electrokinetic Remediation-Basics and Technology Status

Acar,YB; Gale,RJ; Alshawabkeh,AN; et al.

Abstract: 参见本期“经典文献推荐”栏目。

·推荐论文摘要·

生物炭的土壤环境效应及其机制研究

王萌萌,周启星

摘要:近年来,随着土壤污染的逐渐加重以及食品安全问题的频出,生物炭作为重要的土壤改良剂以及对污染土壤修复表现出的巨大潜力引起人们的广泛关注。本文首先对国内外生物炭的土壤环境效应方面的研究以及成果进行分析总结。生物炭具有疏松多孔的性质以及巨大的表面积和阳离子交换量(CEC),可以改善土壤理化性质,能强烈吸附土壤中的污染物,降低其生物有效性和迁移转化能力;生物炭的碱性对于改良酸性土壤降低土壤中污染物的生物毒性具有很大的潜力;生物炭还可以为微生物提供生长繁殖的场所,有利于微生物对污染物的降解,但同时又可以保护被吸附的有机物免受微生物的降解,对不同的微生物影响不同;生物炭可以对蚯蚓等土壤动物的生存产生影响。在此基础上,依据生物炭的基本理化性质,对其土壤环境效应机制进行了分析。最后,从当前工作中存在的不足对今后的研究重点和方向进行了展望。

关键词:生物炭;土壤;化学污染物;环境效应;微观作用机制

来源出版物:环境化学,2013,32(5): 768-780联系邮箱:周启星,Zhouqx@nankai.edu.cn

纳米零价铁在污染土壤修复中的应用与展望

高园园,周启星

摘要:近年来,纳米零价铁因其大的表面积和高的表面反应活性,在生态环境保护和污染控制中的作用与贡献越来越大;同时,作为在污染土壤和水体修复与治理方面可以提供具有成本-效益解决方案的一项新技术,已经受到越来越多的关注。关于纳米零价铁在污染水体和地下水修复方面的报道已有很多,但极少是有关纳米零价铁在污染土壤修复方面的。本综述中,对近期纳米铁及其在环境修复特别是土壤修复中的研究进展作了概括和展望,总结了提高纳米零价铁的活性、稳定性及迁移性的改性技术,如聚合物包覆、活性炭负载、CMC稳定等。这些纳米零价铁可以去除/转移环境中广泛的污染物,如重金属、无机盐及有机物。随后对纳米零价铁及其改性材料在污染土壤修复中的研究进展进行了较为详细的概述,并对影响反应效率的因素加以讨论;另外,还对零价纳米铁在环境中的稳定性、迁移性及其潜在生态毒性效应做了简要的探讨。对其未来的应用方向进行了展望,以期为今后研究纳米零价铁作为参考。

关键词:纳米零价铁;污染土壤;修复;环境保护;污染控制

来源出版物:农业环境科学学报,2013,32(3): 418-425联系邮箱:周启星,Zhouqx@nankai.edu.cn

植物对铅的吸收、转运、累积和解毒机制研究进展

段德超,于明革,施积炎

摘要:揭示植物对铅的吸收、转运、累积和解毒的分子机制,可以明晰农作物吸收铅的关键过程,阻控铅在粮食、蔬菜中的积累,降低重金属的食用风险;也可以阐明某些铅超积累植物的耐性与解毒机制,分离并克隆铅超积累的功能基因,培育高效的铅污染土壤修复植物。本文从铅进入植物的两个重要途径(叶片的吸附与吸收以及根系的吸收与转运)出发,系统总结讨论了植物对铅的吸收、转运、累积和分布的研究进展;采用胞外至胞内的空间顺序,分别从植物根系分泌物的解毒、细胞壁的固定和动态响应、细胞质膜的选择透过性作用、液泡的区隔化作用以及金属有机配体的螯合等方面论述植物铅耐性和解毒的分子机理,并在此基础上提出存在的问题和今后研究的重点。

关键词:重金属;铅胁迫;吸收;转运;累积;解毒机制

来源出版物:应用生态学报,2014,25(1): 287-296联系邮箱:于明革,mgyu_369@zju.edu.cn

土壤环境基准/标准研究需要解决的基础性问题

周启星,滕涌,展思辉,等

摘要:土壤环境基准/标准研究是一个复杂的系统工程,涉及到多方面的基础性问题。了解和解决其所涉及的这些基础性问题,是土壤环境基准/标准是否科学准确并在国家层面上能否全面应用的前提。本文从土壤环境基准/标准研究相关的概念及其内涵、基础方法标准化、生物受体的选择和变量归一化4大方面阐述了土壤环境基准/标准研究需要解决的基础性问题,从而为全面系统地开展此项研究工作提供思想、理论、方法和技术等依据。具体来说,包括“环境质量”、“土壤环境质量”、“土壤质量”、“土壤污染”、“污染土壤”、“土壤环境质量基准”、“污染土壤修复基准”等诸多相关概念,采样、前处理、分析步骤和测试方法等的统一与标准化,敏感种与优势种等生物受体的正确选择,以及涉及到总量与有效态或提取态、复合污染与交互作用的情况、土壤本身的一些影响因素(土壤类型、有机质、粘粒、pH、Eh和CEC等)、土壤外部的一些影响因素(地理区域、温度、水分或湿度、施肥或农业措施等)诸多变量的基础数据的归一化处理。最后,结合这些基础性问题,对土壤环境基准/标准的研究进行了展望。

关键词:土壤;土壤环境基准;修复基准;方法学;环境标准;生态安全

来源出版物:农业环境科学学报,2014,33(1): 1-14联系邮箱:周启星,Zhouqx@nankai.edu.cn

不同钝化剂对重金属复合污染土壤的修复效应研究

殷飞,王海娟,李燕燕,等

摘要:通过向重金属复合污染土壤分别施加5%和20%(钝化剂与土壤质量比)磷矿粉、木炭、坡缕石、钢渣4种钝化剂,测定了土壤pH值、重金属(Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn、As)生物有效态(单级提取)和各赋存形态(分级提取)的变化,评价了钝化剂对土壤重金属的钝化效果,采用X射线衍射法(XRD)和比表面—孔径分布仪测定了钝化剂的物相组成、比表面积和孔径特征,并探讨了钝化剂的修复机制。土壤重金属生物有效态单级提取结果表明,在20%处理下,坡缕石、钢渣、磷矿粉能显著降低土壤中5种重金属生物有效态含量,其中坡缕石降低Pb、Cd、Cu、As的最高比例可分别达54.3%、48.8%、50.0%、35.0%,钢渣降低Zn则高达43.7%。土壤重金属各赋存形态的分级提取结果表明,20%坡缕石能使植物易吸收的土壤可交换态Pb显著减少,而使难吸收的残渣态Pb显著增加;20%坡缕石、钢渣或磷矿粉能显著降低土壤中可交换态Cd含量;20%钢渣或20%磷矿粉处理后可交换态和碳酸盐结合态Zn含量明显减少,坡缕石处理使残渣态Zn显著增加;钢渣或20%磷矿粉能显著增加残渣态Cu含量;添加20%磷矿粉后生物难吸收的钙型砷含量显著增加。4种钝化剂对重金属的钝化机制各有不同,木炭和坡缕石具有较大的比表面积和孔容,对重金属的钝化以吸附和表面络合为主;钢渣和磷矿粉具有较高的pH值,其对重金属的修复机制以化学沉淀为主。

关键词:钝化剂;重金属;土壤修复;生物有效态

来源出版物:农业环境科学学报,2015,34(3): 438-448联系邮箱:王宏镔,whb1974@126.com

污染土壤植物修复效率影响因素研究进展

苗欣宇,周启星

摘要:为提高植物修复技术对污染土壤的修复效率,根据当今植物修复技术在污染土壤修复中的应用现状及发展趋势,对近年来国内外植物修复技术的各种影响因素进行分析。首先从污染物的理化性质及其交互作用、土壤与气象因子、植物种类及其根际效应以及栽培措施等方面,系统论述影响土壤中重金属污染物及有机污染物植物修复效率的主要因素,阐述植物添加剂对植物修复效率的影响。最后指出植物修复今后研究的重点:营造促进植物生长发育的环境,针对影响植物修复效率的各个因素对植物修复技术进行改良及强化,并合理应用植物添加剂,提高植物修复效率。

关键词:污染土壤;植物修复;修复效率;影响因素;植物添加剂

来源出版物:生态学杂志,2015,34(3): 870-877联系邮箱:周启星,zhouqx523@126.com

Using biochar for remediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals and organic pollutants

ZHANG Xiao-kai; WANG Hai-long; HE Li-zhi; et al.

Abstract: Soil contamination with heavy metals and organic pollutants has increasingly become a serious global environmental issue in recent years. Considerable efforts have been made to remediate contaminated soils. Biochar has a large surface area,and high capacity to absorb heavy metals and organic pollutants. Biochar can potentially be used to reduce the bioavailability and leach ability of heavy metals and organic pollutants in soils through adsorption and other physicochemical reactions. Biochar is typically an alkaline material which can increase soil pH and contribute to stabilization of heavy metals. Application of biochar for remediation of contaminated soils may provide a new solution to the soil pollution problem. This paper provides an overview on the impact of biochar on the environmental fate and mobility of heavy metals and organic pollutants in contaminated soils and its implication for remediation of contaminated soils. Further research directions are identified to ensure a safe and sustainable use of biochar as a soil amendment for remediation of contaminated soils.

Keywords: biochar; black carbon; heavy metals; organic pollutants; remediation; soil contamination

来源出版物:Environmental Science and Pollution Research联系邮箱:WANG Hai-long; nzhailongwang@gmail.com

Remediation of heavy metal(loid)s contaminated soils-To mobilize or to immobilize?

Bolan,Nanthi; Kunhikrishnan,Anitha; Thangarajan,Ramya; et al.

Abstract: Unlike organic contaminants,metal(loid)s do not undergo microbial or chemical degradation and persist for a long time aftertheir introduction. Bioavailability of metal(loid)s plays a vital role in the remediation of contaminated soils. In this review,the remediation of heavy metal(loid)contaminated soils through manipulating their bioavailability using a range of soil amendments will be presented. Mobilizing amendments such as chelating and desorbing agents increase the bioavailability and mobility of metal(loid)s. Immobilizing amendments such of precipitating agents and sorbent materials decrease the bioavailability and mobility of metal(loid)s. Mobilizing agents can be used to enhance the removal of heavy metal(loid)s though plant uptake and soil washing. Immobilizing agents can be used to reduce the transfer to metal(loid)s to food chain via plant uptake and leaching to groundwater. One of the major limitations of mobilizing technique is susceptibility to leaching of the mobilized heavy metal(loid)s in the absence of active plant uptake. Similarly,in the case of the immobilization technique the long-term stability of the immobilized heavy metal(loid)s needs to be monitored.

Keywords: metals; metalloids; bioavailability; mobility; soil amendments

来源出版物:Journal of Hazardous Materials,2014,266: 141-166

Use of phytoremediation and biochar to remediate heavy metal polluted soils: A review

Paz-Ferreiro,J; Lu,H; Fu,S; et al.

Abstract: Anthropogenic activities are resulting in an increase of the use and extraction of heavy metals. Heavy metals cannot be degraded and hence accumulate in the environment,having the potential to contaminate the food chain. This pollution threatens soil quality,plant survival and human health. The remediation of heavy metals deserves attention,but it is impaired by the cost of these processes. Phytoremediation and biochar are two sound environmental technologies which could be at the forefront to mitigate soil pollution. This review provides an overview of the state of the art of the scientific research on phytoremediation and biochar application to remediate heavymetal-contaminated soils. Research to date has attempted only in a limited number of occasions to combine both techniques,however we discuss the potential advantages of combining both,and the potential mechanisms involved in the interaction between phytoremediators and biochar. We identified specific research needs to ensure a sustainable use of phytoremediation and biochar as remediation tools.

Keywords: arsenic contaminated soil; 2-year field experiment; straw-derived biochar; green waste compost; pteris-vittata l.; organic-matter;mine tailings; Cd uptake; hydrothermal carbonization; commercial phytoextraction

来源出版物:Solid Earth,2014,5(1): 65-76联系邮箱:Paz-Ferreiro,J; jorge.paz@upm.es

Combining phytoextraction and biochar addition improves soil biochemical properties in a soil contaminated with Cd

LU Huan-ping; LI Zhi-an; FU Sheng-lei; et al.

Abstract: The main goal of phytoremediation is to improve ecosystem functioning. Soil biochemical properties are considered as effective indicators of soil quality and are sensitive to various environmental stresses,including heavy metal contamination. The biochemical response in a soil contaminated with cadmium was tested after several treatments aimed to reduce heavy metal availability including liming,biochar addition and phytoextraction using Amaranthus tricolor L. Two biochars were added to the soil: eucalyptus pyrolysed at 600 degrees C(EB)and poultry litter at 400 degrees C(PLB). Two liming treatments were chosen with the aim of bringing soil pH to the same values as in the treatments EB and PLB. The properties studied included soil microbial biomass C,soil respiration and the activities of invertase,beta-glucosidase,beta-glucosaminidase,urease and phosphomonoesterase. Both phytoremediation and biochar addition improved soil biochemical properties,although results were enzyme specific. For biochar addition these changes were partly,but not exclusively,mediated by alterations in soil pH. A careful choice of biochar must be undertaken to optimize the remediation process from the point of view of metal phytoextraction and soil biological activity.

Keywords: biochar; Cadmium; Amaranthus tricolor L.; phytoremediation; soil quality; soil enzymes

来源出版物:Chemosphere,2015,119: 209-216联系邮箱:LI Zhi-an; lizan@scbg.ac.cn

Phytoremediation: Role of terrestrial plants and aquatic macrophytes in the remediation of radionuclides and heavy metal contaminated soil and water

Sharma,Sunita; Singh,Bikram; Manchanda,V. K

Abstract: Nuclear power reactors are operating in 31 countries around the world. Along with reactor operations,activities like mining,fuel fabrication,fuel reprocessing and military operations are the major contributors to the nuclear waste. The presence of a large number of fission products along with multiple oxidation state long-lived radionuclides such as neptunium(Np-237),plutonium(Pu-239),americium(Am-241/243)and curium(Cm-245)make the waste streams a potential radiological threat to the environment. Commonly high concentrations of cesium(Cs-137)and strontium(Sr-90)are found in a nuclear waste. These radionuclides are capable enough to produce potential health threat due to their long half-lives and effortless translocation into the human body. Besides the radionuclides,heavy metal contamination is also a serious issue. Heavy metals occur naturally in the earth crust and in low concentration,are also essential for themetabolism of living beings. Bioaccumulation of these heavy metals causes hazardous effects. These pollutants enter the human body directly via contaminated drinking water or through the food chain. This issue has drawn the attention of scientists throughout the world to device eco-friendly treatments to remediate the soil and water resources. Various physical and chemical treatments are being applied to clean the waste,but these techniques are quite expensive,complicated and comprise various side effects. One of the promising techniques,which has been pursued vigorously to overcome these demerits,is phytoremediation. The process is very effective,eco-friendly,easy and affordable. This technique utilizes the plants and its associated microbes to decontaminate the low and moderately contaminated sites efficiently. Many plant species are successfully used for remediation of contaminated soil and water systems. Remediation of these systems turns into a serious problem due to various anthropogenic activities that have significantly raised the amount of heavy metals and radionuclides in it. Also,these activities are continuously increasing the area of the contaminated sites. In this context,an attempt has been made to review different modes of the phytoremediation and various terrestrial and aquatic plants which are being used to remediate the heavy metals and radionuclide-contaminated soil and aquatic systems. Natural and synthetic enhancers,those hasten the process of metal adsorption/absorption by plants,are also discussed.

Keywords: radionuclides; heavy metals; terrestrial plants; macrophytes; chelating agents

来源出版物:Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(2): 946-962

联系邮箱:Singh,Bikram; bikram_npp@rediffmail.com

Integrated phytobial remediation for sustainable management of arsenic in soil and water

Roy,Madhumita; Giri,Ashok K; Dutta,Sourav; ET AL.

Abstract: Arsenic(As),cited as the most hazardous substance by the U.S. Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry(ATSDR,2005),is an ubiquitous metalloid which when ingested for prolonged periods cause extensive health effects leading to ultimate untimely death. Plants and microbes can help mitigate soil and groundwater. As problem since they have evolved elaborate detoxification machineries against this toxic metalloid as a result of their coexistence with this since the origin of life on earth. Utilization of the phytoremediation and bioremediation potential of the plants and microbes,respectively,is now regarded as two innovative tools that encompass biology,geology,biotechnology and allied sciences with cutting edge applications for sustainable mitigation of As epidemic. Discovery of As hyper accumulating plants that uptake and concentrate large amounts of this toxic metalloid in their shoots or roots offered new hope to As phytoremediation,solar power based nature's own green remediation. This review focuses on how phytoremediation and bioremediation can be merged together to form an integrated phytobial remediation which could synergistically achieve the goal of large scale removal of As from soil,sediment and groundwater and overcome the drawbacks of the either processes alone. The review also points to the feasibility of the introduction of transgenic plants and microbes that bring new hope for more efficient treatment of As. The review identifies one critical research gap on the importance of remediation of As contaminated groundwater not only for drinking purpose but also for irrigation purpose and stresses that more research should be conducted on the use of constructed wetland,one of the most suitable areas of application of phytobial remediation. Finally the review has narrowed down on different phytoinvestigation and phytodisposal methods,which constitute the most essential and the most difficult part of pilot scale and field scale applications of phytoremediation programs.

Keywords: arsenic; bioremediation; phytoremediation; rhizoremediation; hyper accumulation; transgenic; constructed wetland

来源出版物:Environment International,2015,75: 180-198

Remediation of Cr(VI)contaminated soil using long-duration sodium thiosulfate supported by micro-nano networks

HE Lu-lu; WANG Min; ZHANG Gui-long; et al.

Abstract: In this work,a long-duration remediation agent(LRA)on hexavalent chromium(Cr(VI))was developed using sodium thiosulfate(ST)supported by attapulgite(ATP)micro-nano networks induced through high-energy electron beam(HEEB)irradiation. The ATP networks could effectively reduce the leaching amount of Cr(VI)in soil. More importantly,the ATP networks could significantly control the leaching behavior of ST,and then prolong the duration and increase the reduction efficiency of ST on Cr(VI). As a result,LRA displayed high performance on controlling the migration of Cr(VI)and reducing Cr(VI)to Cr(III). Additionally,pot experiment indicated that LRA could effectively decrease the absorbed amount of Cr(VI)in corn,and reduce the inhibition effect of Cr(VI)on the growth of corn. Therefore,this work could provide a facile approach to remediate the Cr(VI)-contaminated soil and lower the harmful effect of Cr(VI)on crop.

Keywords: remediation; chromium; sodium thiosulfate; long-duration; networks

来源出版物:Journal of Hazardous Materials,2015,294: 64-69联系邮箱:CAI Dong-qing; dqcai@ipp.ac.cn

编辑:卫夏雯

Contaminated soils and waters pose a major environmental and human health problem,which may be partially solved by the emerging phytoremediation technology. This cost-effective plant-based approach to remediation takes advantage of the remarkable ability of plants to concentrate elements and compounds from the environment and to metabolize various molecules in their tissues. Toxic heavy metals and organic pollutants are the major targets for phytore mediation. In recent years,knowledge of the physiological and molecular mechanisms of phytore mediation began to emerge together with biological and engineering strategies designed to optimize and improve phytoremediation. In addition,several field trials confirmed the feasibility of using plants for environmental cleanup. This review concentrates on the most developed subsets of phytore mediation technology and on the biological mechanisms that make phytoremediation work.

decontamination; hyperaccumulator; phytoextraction; phytodegradation; heavy metals

文章题目第一作者来源出版物1PhytoremediationSalt,DEAnnual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology,1998,49: 643-668 2 Electrokinetic remediation: Basics and Technology Journal of Hazardous Materials,1995,40(2):Status Acar,YB 117-137 3 Electrokinetic remediation.1.Pilot-scale tests with Journal of Geotechnical Engineering-Asce,lead-spiked kaolinite Acar YB 1996,122(3): 173-185 4 Electroremediation of contaminated soils Page,MM Journal of Environmental Engineering-Asce,2002,128(3): 208-219 5 The use of chelating agents in the remediation of metal-contaminated soils: A review Lestan,Domen Environmental Pollution,2008,153(1): 3-13

Phytoremediation

Salt,DE; Smith,RD; Raskin I

猜你喜欢

重金属污染物生物
生物多样性
生物多样性
上上生物
菌株出马让畜禽污染物变废为宝
《新污染物治理》专刊征稿启事
《新污染物治理》专刊征稿启事
你能找出污染物吗?
重金属对膨润土膨胀性的影响
第12话 完美生物
测定不同产地宽筋藤中5种重金属