新生儿脑梗死早期MRI表现及其在预后评估中的价值
2015-10-17何四平徐和平罗韦华
何四平,王 海,徐和平,陈 桦,汪 圣,罗韦华
(湖南省儿童医院放射科,湖南 长沙 410007)
新生儿脑梗死早期MRI表现及其在预后评估中的价值
何四平,王海,徐和平,陈桦,汪圣,罗韦华
(湖南省儿童医院放射科,湖南 长沙410007)
目的:探讨足月新生儿大脑中动脉(MCA)缺血性脑梗死的早期MRI表现及其在运动预后评估中的价值。方法:回顾性分析26例MRI检查确诊的足月新生儿MCA缺血性脑梗死的早期MRI资料及随访至1岁时的运动发育情况。全部病例均采用Siemens Avanto 1.5T超导型MR机行脑部常规MRI及DWI检查,6例同时行SWI检查。采用Fisher确切检验来评价MR表现与运动预后的关系。结果:26例患儿中混合梗死12例,浅部梗死14例,常规MRI表现为MCA梗死区呈大片状稍长T1稍长T2信号,灰白质分界不清,其中6例可见皮质坏死;DWI表现为梗死区呈高信号,ADC图呈低信号,边界清晰,16例可见皮质脊髓束受累(其中混合梗死12例,浅部梗死4例),14例丘脑受累,6例胼胝体受累。混合梗死(P<0.05)和皮质脊髓束受累(P<0.05)高度预示偏瘫。结论:足月新生儿MCA缺血性脑梗死早期可出现梗死区皮质坏死和累及皮质脊髓束、丘脑、胼胝体,DWI能显示梗死区的范围及受累情况,可早期评估预后。
梗塞,大脑中动脉;婴儿,新生;磁共振成像
新生儿脑梗死又称新生儿卒中,是围产期各种病因导致脑主要动脉或多个分支动脉供血障碍,引起相应供血区域脑组织缺血坏死,是新生儿期神经系统的急症之一[1]。新生儿脑梗死最常发生于大脑中动脉(MCA)供血区域,以缺血性梗死多见,常引起运动障碍等神经系统后遗症[2-3]。近年来随着神经影像诊断技术在新生儿领域的广泛应用,使新生儿脑梗死的早期诊断和早期评估预后成为可能。本研究回顾性分析26例足月新生儿MCA缺血性脑梗死的早期MRI表现及其与运动预后的相关性,为临床的早期评估预后和及时治疗提供帮助。
1 资料与方法
1.1临床资料
收集我院2010年8月—2013年8月经MRI检查确诊MCA缺血性脑梗死的足月新生儿26例,日龄为1~8 d,平均3 d,其中男18例,女8例。出现最初临床症状至首次MRI检查时间为1~5 d,18例患儿在第一次MRI检查后8~10 d进行了MRI随访,6例患儿在9~12月时进行了第三次MRI随访。最初主要临床表现为惊厥(12例)、肢体抖动(8例)、气促(4例)及黄疸(2例)。3例患儿有肺部感染,血常规白细胞升高。16例为剖宫产,10例为经阴道分娩。所有患儿均无窒息病史。
1.2运动预后评价
随访至1岁时由小儿神经科专家对每位患儿进行运动评价,根据患儿姿势反射、肌张力情况将运动预后分为偏瘫、运动发育良好。偏瘫(运动损伤)主要为肢体明显运动障碍并肌张力增高或减低。
1.3MR检查方法
患儿在检查前均给予口服10%水合氯醛镇静,每次剂量:0.2mL/kg。所有患儿均采用Siemens A-vanto 1.5T超导型磁共振成像仪扫描,常规采用头部线圈行SE序列轴位、矢状位、冠状位扫描。SE T1WI(TR 500ms,TE 15ms);TSE T2WI(TR 3500ms,TE 80ms),层厚5mm,层间距1mm,视野(FOV)230mm×230mm,矩阵256×256。DWI采用单次激发SE-EPI序列,TR 3 400ms,TE 102ms;激励次数为1,b值分别取0和800 s/mm2。SWI扫描参数:TR 49ms,TE 40ms,翻转角15°,FOV 230mm×230mm,采集强度数据和相位数据,并在此数据基础上进行数据后处理,分别得到SWI图像。
1.4图像分析
由2名有经验的神经系统影像诊断医师采用盲法观察、分析和记录各种MRI征象,结果不一致时相互探讨,并达成一致意见。重点观察以下MRI表现。
①梗死部位及范围:根据MCA供血区域的梗死部位及范围分为浅部梗死、深部梗死及混合梗死3类[4]。深部梗死:梗死部位为基底节及内囊后肢(豆纹动脉供血);浅部梗死:梗死部位为MCA远端供血区及少部分基底节;混合梗死:梗死部位为基底节及MCA远端供血区。
②皮质坏死:T1WI脑梗死皮质区可见条片状高信号影,而在SWI中信号无降低。
③皮质脊髓束、丘脑及胼胝体受累:DWIMCA供血区域以外的皮质脊髓束、丘脑及胼胝体处可见条片状高信号,ADC图呈信号减低。
1.5统计分析方法
采用SPSS 17.0软件处理分析数据,对MCA梗死及受累部位与运动预后的关系采用Fisher确切概率法,以P<0.05作为显著性检验的标准。
2 结果
2.1早期MRI表现
26例均在患儿出现最初临床症状后1~5 d行脑部MRI平扫T1WI、T2WI及DWI检查,其中6例同时行SWI检查。本组病例均为MCA供血区域脑梗死,其中混合梗死12例,浅部梗死14例,常规MRI表现为MCA梗死区呈大片状稍长T1稍长T2信号,部分脑回肿胀,灰白质分界不清,其中6例可见皮质坏死 (图1);DWI表现为梗死区呈高信号,ADC图信号减低,边界清晰,16例可见皮质脊髓束受累(其中混合梗死12例,浅部梗死4例),累及范围为内囊后肢至延髓锥体处皮质脊髓束,14例丘脑受累 (8例累及丘脑枕部,6例累及整个丘脑),6例胼胝体压部受累,受累区DWI呈高信号,ADC图信号减低(图2)。
图1女,5 d,惊厥及左侧肢体抖动3 d,右侧MCA缺血性脑梗死。图1a:横断面T1WI示右侧额顶叶梗死区呈大片状稍低信号影,边缘模糊,皮质处可见迂曲条状高信号。图1b:横断面T2WI示右侧额顶叶梗死区呈大片状稍高信号影。图1c:横断面DWI示右侧额顶叶梗死区呈大片状高信号,边缘清晰。图1d:横断面SWI示右侧额顶叶梗死区皮质处迂曲条状高信号,信号无减低,提示皮质坏死。
Figure 1.A 5-day-old neonatal with seizure and jitter of left limb for 3 days,suffered from right MCA ischemic stroke.Figure 1a:Transverse T1WI showed large vague hypointense infarction with curvilinear hyperintense cortical lesions in the right frontal and parietal lobe. Figure 1b:Transverse T2WI showed slight hyperintensity.Figure 1c:DWI showed large hyperintense lesions with a clear edge.Figure 1d:Corresponding transverse SWI showed no loss of signal intensity for the curvilinear hyperintense cortical lesions which indicated cortical necrosis.
2.2MRI随访
18例患儿在第一次MRI检查后8~10 d进行了MRI随访,常规MRI检查显示梗死区范围稍缩小,T1信号较前减低,T2信号较前增高,皮质坏死较前广泛、明显;其中17例患儿DWI显示梗死及受累区高信号减少或消失,而1例患儿首次MRI检查皮质脊髓束未见异常信号,8 d后复查内囊后肢至延髓锥体处皮质脊髓束呈高信号。6例患儿在9~12月时进行了第三次MRI随访,常规MRI检查显示原梗死区明显脑软化、萎缩,呈长T1长T2信号,邻近脑白质髓鞘化异常,大脑脚及脑干萎缩(图3)。
图2男,4 d,惊厥及右侧肢体抖动2 d,左侧MCA缺血性脑梗死(混合梗死)。图2a,2b:横断面DWI示左侧额颞顶枕叶及基底节梗死区呈大片状高信号,边缘清晰,丘脑及胼胝体压部受累呈高信号;ADC图示病灶信号减低。图2c,2d:横断面DWI示大脑脚左侧皮质脊髓束受累呈高信号;ADC图示病灶信号减低。图2e,2f:横断面DWI示脑桥左侧皮质脊髓束受累呈高信号;ADC图示病灶信号减低。
Figure 2.A 4-day-old neonatal with seizure and jitter of right limb for 2 days suffered from left MCA ischemic stroke(mixed infarctions).Figure 2a:Transverse DWI showed large hyperintense infarction with a clear edge in the left frontotemporal lobe,parietal occipital lobe and basal ganglia.Thalamus and splenium of the corpus callosum were involved which became hyperintense.Figure 2b:Corresponding transverse ADC map showed reduced ADC in the lesions.Figure 2c:From transverse DWI,the left corticospinal tract in the cerebral peduncle was involved which was hyperintense.Figure 2d:Corresponding transverse ADC map showed reduced ADC.Figure 2e:Transverse DWI showed the left corticospinal tract in the pons was involved with hyperintensity.Figure 2f:ADC was reduced from corresponding transverse ADC map.
图3与图2为同一患儿,右侧偏瘫,1岁时MRI随访复查。图3a:横断面T2WI示左侧额顶叶脑软化、萎缩,邻近脑白质髓鞘化异常。图3b:横断面T2WI示左侧大脑脚萎缩。
Figure 3.The same case as Figure 2.The patient developed right hemiplegia and received follow-up examination at one-year age. Figure 3a:Transverse T2WI showed cerebromalacia and atrohy in the left frontal and parietal lobe.Figure 3b:Transverse T2WI showed atrophy of the cerebral peduncle.
2.3早期MRI表现与运动预后的关系
26例MCA缺血性脑梗死患儿1岁时临床随访复查,12例患儿发展为偏瘫(其中右侧偏瘫8例,左侧偏瘫4例),14例患儿运动发育正常。早期MRI表现为浅部梗死的患儿中21.4%发展为偏瘫,而混合梗死的患儿中75%发展为偏瘫,两者运动预后的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);早期MRI表现为皮质脊髓束受累的患儿中68.7%发展为偏瘫,而皮质脊髓束未受累的患儿中仅10%发展为偏瘫,两者运动预后的差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。混合梗死和皮质脊髓束受累高度预示偏瘫(表1)。
表1 足月新生儿MCA缺血性脑梗死的早期MRI表现与运动预后
3 讨论
3.1病因与临床特点
近年来随着影像学技术的发展,新生儿脑梗死的诊断率逐年增加,新生儿脑梗死在足月儿的发生率为1/4 000[1]。目前有关新生儿脑梗死的确切病因尚不清楚,部分文献[5-6]认为新生儿脑梗死的发生与出生窒息并无显著相关,可能与产前及产后婴儿凝血机制的活化有关。本组病例日龄为1~8 d且均无出生窒息史,与文献报道相符。新生儿脑梗死缺乏特异的临床症状和体征,可表现为惊厥发作、肢体抖动、呼吸暂停、嗜睡、肌张力减低、喂养方面的异常或无任何症状,惊厥为其最常见临床表现[1],本组病例最初主要临床表现为惊厥及肢体抖动(20例),与文献报道一致。因此对有惊厥的新生儿宜进一步进行MRI检查,尽早确诊及早期干预治疗。
3.2足月新生儿MCA缺血性脑梗死的早期MRI表现
本组26例患儿早期常规MRI扫描表现为MCA梗死区呈大片状稍长T1稍长T2信号,部分脑回肿胀,灰白质分界不清,与王莉等[7]报道相符。6例可见梗死区皮质坏死,T1WI表现为梗死区皮质可见迂曲条状高信号影,SWI信号无减低,其信号改变可能与神经胶质细胞增生及富含脂肪的巨细胞沉积有关[8]。同时Tetsuhiko等[9]认为新生儿动脉缺血性脑梗死早期常可出现皮质坏死可能与新生儿脑白质T1WI信号较儿童或成人低、新生儿对脑损伤的反应相对于儿童或成人更快有关。
DWI能清楚显示新生儿早期动脉缺血性脑梗死的梗死区范围及受累情况。本组26例患儿DWI表现为梗死区呈高信号,ADC图信号减低,边界清晰,16例可见皮质脊髓束受累,累及范围为内囊后肢至延髓锥体处皮质脊髓束,14例丘脑受累(8例累及丘脑枕部,6例累及整个丘脑),6例胼胝体压部受累,受累区DWI呈高信号,ADC图信号减低,与文献报道[9-10]相符,并且Tetsuhiko等[9]认为早期MCA缺血性脑梗死继发皮质脊髓束、丘脑及胼胝体的急性损伤仅出现在新生儿及较小婴儿。本组12例混合梗死均累及同侧的皮质脊髓束,而浅部梗死较少累及皮质脊髓束,与Husson等[11]认为MCA混合梗死最常继发皮质脊髓损伤相一致。目前有关早期MCA缺血性脑梗死继发皮质脊髓束、丘脑及胼胝体损伤的机制尚存在争议,有文献[9,12-13]认为皮质脊髓束的损伤为细胞毒性水肿导致大脑脚内髓鞘肿胀并阻断了轴浆的能量运输过程所致,丘脑的损伤为 (颞顶叶)皮质丘脑和丘脑皮质间纤维束介导的顺行或逆行损伤所致,而胼胝体压部的损伤则与胼胝体压部纤维束与颞顶叶皮质相连接有关,均为继发于大脑皮质梗死的网状纤维损伤引起。此外,Husson等[11]还认为在脑梗死后的前2 d DWI可能会遗漏或低估脑损伤的范围,脑梗死后的3~10 d为DWI评估脑损伤范围的最佳时间窗。本组病例中亦见1例类似病例,首次DWI检查皮质脊髓束未见异常信号,8 d 后DWI复查内囊后肢至延髓锥体皮质脊髓束呈高信号。因此,对于动脉缺血性脑梗死后2 d内DWI检查皮质脊髓束无异常的患儿,应短期内进行复查以进一步明确脑损伤范围。
3.3早期MRI表现在运动预后评估中的价值
根据新生儿脑梗死的早期MRI表现来评估其运动预后对患儿及临床医生来说至关重要,早期评估预后及早期干预可以减轻致残,而运动损伤是新生儿脑梗死常见的神经系统后遗症之一。国外文献报道[10-12]混合性累及大脑皮质、内囊后肢、大脑脚或基底节区的脑梗死患儿常有偏瘫的高风险。本组病例中75%混合梗死患儿发展为偏瘫,与文献报道基本相符,但本组病例混合脑梗死发展为偏瘫的比例较文献报道的66%稍高,考虑与本组混合梗死患儿均累及皮质脊髓束有关。皮质脊髓束主要支配上下肢骨骼肌的随意运动,国外文献[11-14]表明脑梗死早期DWI检查皮质脊髓束 (内囊后肢至延髓锥体)呈高信号常提示运动预后差或偏瘫,且认为其为华勒氏变性的早期表现。本组病例中皮质脊髓束受累患儿发展为偏瘫(68.7%)的比例明显高于皮质脊髓束未受累的患儿(10%),且部分皮质脊髓束受累的患儿于9~12月后复查显示大脑脚及脑干受累皮质脊髓束萎缩,与文献报道相符。
综上所述,足月新生儿MCA缺血性脑梗死的早期MRI表现(尤其DWI)能明确梗死及受累的范围,混合梗死和皮质脊髓束受累高度预示偏瘫。当临床发现病灶为混合梗死和皮质脊髓束受累时,应早期干预以减轻运动障碍(偏瘫)等神经系统后遗症。
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Early MRI features and their prognosis value in neonatal cerebral infarction
HE Si-ping,WANG Hai,XU He-ping,CHEN Hua,WANG Sheng,LUO Wei-hua
(Department of Radiology,Hunan Provincial Children's Hospital,Changsha 410007,China)
Objective:To investigate the early MRI features of arterial ischemic stroke in middle cerebral artery(MCA)in full term neonate and evaluate their prognostic value in motor function.Methods:Early MRI appearances and clinical followup records of motor developments from birth to 1 year in 26 full term neonates with MCA ischemic strokes were retrospectively analyzed.All patients underwent conventional MRI and DWI examination by Siemens Avanto 1.5 Tesla scanner.SWI sequence was added in 6 cases.Correlation between MR findings and motor prognosis was assessed by Fisher exact test.Results:Among all the 26 cases,12 had mixed infarctions,and 14 had superficial infarctions.Conventional MRI showed big patchy slight hypointensity on T1WI and slight hyperintensity on T2WI in the affected areas with poor differentiation of grey and white matter.Cortical necrosis was found in 6 cases.DWI showed hyperintense lesions and reduced ADC in the infarction.The delineation of the lesions was better in DWI than routine MRI.The corticospinal tract was involved in 16 cases (mixed infarctions in 12 cases,superficial infarctions in 4 cases),thalamus was involved in 14 cases,and corpus callosum was involved in 6 cases.Mixed infarctions(P<0.05)and corticospinal tract involvement(P<0.05)were highly predictive of hemiplegia. Conclusion:Cortical necrosis and involvement of corticospinal tract,thalamus and corpus callosum may be presented in the early MCA ischemic stroke in full term neonates.DWI can show the infarction and involvement areas,and estimate the prognosis at the early stage.
Infarction,middle cerebral artery;Infant,newborn;Magnetic resonance imaging
R722.1;R743;R445.2
A
1008-1062(2015)03-0157-05
2014-09-17
何四平(1976-),男,湖南郴州人,副主任医师。