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高中虚拟语气用法小结

2015-09-21徐燕

读写算·素质教育论坛 2015年18期
关键词:条件句原形虚拟语气

徐燕

一、虚拟语气的定义

用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实,而是一种假设、愿望或推测的语气叫做虚拟语气。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句中,真实条件句中有可能发生(主将从现)和必然发生(主从现在)两种情况。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况,今天主要解析的就是非真实条件状语从句中的虚拟语气。此外,虚拟语气还可用于宾语从句、主语从句和表语从句等。

二、if虚拟语气的判断

假设的条件为非真实条件句,要用虚拟语气。在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中,主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气,列表如下:

(1)与现在事实相反的假设。结构为:从句的谓语动词用过去式,系动词用were,主句的谓语用“should(would, could, might) + 动词原形”。

例如:If I were in your position, I would marry her.

(2) 与过去事实相反的假设。结构为:从句的谓语动词用“had + 过去分词”,主句用“should (would, could, might) + have + 过去分词”。

例如:If it had not rained so hard yesterday, we could have played tennis.

(3) 与将来事实相反的假设。结构为:从句的谓语动词用“should (were to) + 动词原形”,主句用“should(would, could, might) + 动词原形”。

例如:If you should miss the chance, you would feel sorry for it.

if虚拟语气加虚拟条件句型注意点:

(1)if虚拟条件状语从句中谓语动词部分是were+to do , had done 或是should +do时可把if 省略,把were , had , should提前, 引起倒装 : Had I not seen it with my own eyes , I would not have believed it.

(2)假设条件从句谓语动词发生的时间与主句所假设的谓语动词不一致,叫做错综条件虚拟语气。这时需要根据意思采用表示不同时间的动词形式来进行调整。

If she had taken the doctor's advice, she might still be alive.

(3)if only(要是…就好了)的条件状语从句中的虚拟语气,用于表示与事实相反的愿望,其后所接虚拟语气的时态依照假设的时间而定。如:

If only I knew his name!

If only I hadn't missed the train!

4.含蓄条件句

(1)有时候假设的情况通过介词短语来表示。如 : Without sunlight, people's life would be different from today.

(2)假设的条件通过上下文表现出来。

I would go abroad for further study but that I am poor.

(3)表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略。

a.省去条件从句 You could have washed your clothes yourself. 省去了If you had wanted to。(事实是:你自己没洗衣服,因为你不想洗。)

b.省去主句(常用以表示愿望)If my grandmother were with me!事实是:祖母已不在世。

三、虚拟语气在名词性从句中的应用

1.“wish+宾语从句”表示不可能实现的愿望,汉语可译为“可惜……、悔不该……、但愿……”。表示现在不能实现的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式;

表示将来不可能实现的愿望用“would/could+动词原形”;

表示过去不可能实现的愿望时用“had+过去分词”。如:

I wish I were better-looking.

2.在表示建议、要求、愿望、命令、坚持、想法(advise, command, demand, decide, desire, insist, order, prefer, propose, request, require, suggest)等动词后面的宾语从句,或这些动词的同源名词后面所跟的同位语从句或表语从句中,从句谓语用“should+动词原形”,其中should常省略。如:The young man insisted that I (should) go with his fellows. 注意:当insist 表示“坚持认为”、suggest表示“表明,显示”时,不用虚拟语气。

3.在would rather后的宾语从句中,谓语常常用过去时来表示现在或将来的情况,用过去完成时表示过去的情况。如:—Shall I open the window?

— I'd rather you didn't.

4.主语从句中的虚拟语气。

(1) It be + 形容词 + that... (should)...。用于该句型的形容词有:necessary, good, important, right, wrong, better, natural, proper, funny, strange, surprising等。例如:It's natural that he should feel hurt. 他感到疼是很正常的。

(2) It be + 过去分词 + that... (should)...。用于该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命令”等词的过去分词。如: desired, suggested, requested, ordered, proposed等。例如:It is desired that the building of the house be completed next month.

(3) It is time (about time / high time) that... + (过去时或should + 动词原形)...。例如:It is high time I went home now. = It is high time I should go home.

5.表语从句、同位语从句中的虚拟语气。在suggestion, proposal, order, plan, idea, advice, decision等需要具体内容解释的名词后要使用虚拟语气,其谓语动词为:should+动词原形,连接从句的that不能省略。例如:My suggestion is that we should go there at once.

6.as if (as though)方式状语从句中的虚拟语气

as if (as though)引导的方式状语从句可用陈述语气,也可用虚拟语气。

(1) as if 从句用陈述语气的情况。

当说话者所述的是真实的或极有可能发生或存在的事实时。如:It sounds as if it is raining.

(2) as if 从句用虚拟语气的情况。

当说话人认为句子所述的是不真实的或极少有可能发生或存在的情况时。从句虚拟语气动词时态的形式如下:

① 从句表示与现在事实相反,谓语动词用一般过去时。如:He talks as if he knew where she was.

② 从句表示与过去事实相反,谓语动词用“had+过去分词”。如:He talks about Rome as if he had been there before.

③ 从句表示将来发生的可能性不大,谓语动词用“would (could, might)+动词原形”。如:It looks as if it might snow.

7.目的状语从句中的虚拟语气

(1)以in order that, so that引导的目的状语从句中:She took a taxi so that she could get there on time.

(2)以lest, for fear that和in case 引导的目的状语从句中:She took an umbrella with her lest/for fear that/in case it should rain.

8.其他形式的虚拟语气

(1)It' s time that句型中的虚拟语气

在It' s time that句型中,从句谓语通常用一般过去时或should+动词原形 (should不能省略),其意为“(早)该做某事了”。如:It's high time that we were off.

(2)在would/had rather, would(just) as soon, would sooner和 would prefer结构中,也用虚拟语气。共同特点是:从句中动词用一般过去时,表示现在或将来要做的事;用过去完成时,则表示过去的情况。I'd rather you left tomorrow.

(3)表示“祝愿”时,常用“may + 主语 + 动词原形 + 其它”。如:May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风!

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