英语中定语从句的运用
2015-09-10洪美珍
洪美珍
定语从句是高考的考点之一,学生在高一年级就具体学习了这一复合句型,但从整体的学习情况看,学生学习的整体效果并不好,看似简单的几个关系代词、关系副词的运用,实际做起来却错误百出。究竟怎样才能将这一句型运用自如昵?
首先要了解什么是定语从句。
在复合句中,修饰名词或代词的从句就叫做定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,具有先行词是定语从句与其他复合句不同的一个重要特点,而找出先行词恰恰是学生不能完全掌握的一个关键所在。
如:I visited the school where I used to study.
我参观了我曾经学习过的学校。
在这一句子中:the school是先行词,在从句中充当地点状语,where I used to study修饰the school作定语。
其次要掌握关系词的运用。
关系词在定语从句的构成里至关重要,我们甚至可以说掌握不好关系词,就无法做成定语从句,也无法理解文中带有定语从句部分的意思。定语从句只有两种关系词,一种是关系代词,另一种是关系副词,没有连词。也就是说,定语从句中的所有关系词都有一定意义,并在从句中担任一定成分。
定语从句的关系代词主要有:who,whom,whose,that,which,as等。
关系副词主要有:when,where,why等。在定语从句中,关系副词=介词+关系代词。实际上,每个关系副词本身就已经含有一个介词,至于用哪个具体介词,就得依据具体情况而定。
下面,我就定语从句及其关系词的运用,结合多年教学实践,对它详加归纳。
一、由关系代词who,whom,whose引导的定语从句
(一)who用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词,并且在从句中作定语。在现代英语中,也可取代whom在从句中作动词的宾语。
1.who,whom作主语。
如:She is the woman who cleans the room every day.
她是每天打扫房间的人。(who作主语)
He is the man whom/who I know.
他是我认识的人。(whom,who作宾语)
Anyone who plays with fire will get burnt.
玩火者自焚。
2.在there be开头的句子中,先行词是人时,用who。
There’s a man who wants to see you.
有个人想见你。
3.在非限制性定语从句中,先行词是人时,用who。
Li Ping,who helped me a lot,went abroad last week.
给我很大帮助的李平上周出国了。
4.先行词是人且有较长定语时(也叫间隔性定语从句),用who。
I helped the boy in the park last week who lost his way.
上周我帮助了这个在公园里迷路的男孩。
(二)whom用于代替“表示人的意义”的先行词,并且在从句中作动词或介词的宾语。在现代英语中,如果whom在从句中作动词的宾语,与who可通用,但若whom在从句中作介词的宾语,就只能用whom而不能用who了。在口语中或非正式文体中,介词没有提前,则不受这个限制。
如:The girl to whom you are talking is my sister.
The girl whom/who you are talking to is my sister.
正和你说话的那个女孩子是我的妹妹。
同时要注意,whom作介词宾语时,介词可放在whom前,也可放在从句原来的位置,如上例。但在含有介词的动词固定词组中,介词只能放在原来的位置。
如:This is the boy whom you are looking for.
这是你正在寻找的那个男孩。
(三)whose在从句中作定语,既可代表人,又可代表物,表达的是“某人的、某物的”之意。
如:Do you know the boy whose father is a doctor?
你认识他的父亲是个医生的那个男孩吗?
whose在代表物时,可与of which等结构互换,但应注意与冠词的位置。
如:I can see the classroom whose windows are open.
I can see the classroom of which the windows are open.
我可以看见窗户打开的那间教室。
二、由Which引导的定语从句
如:(1)The building which is being built is our new library.
正在建的这座建筑是我们的新图书馆。(Which作主语)
(2)The factory in which he worked has moved.
他工作过的那家工厂已经搬走了。(Which作介词的宾语)
(3)This is the book which you want to borrow.
这是你想借的那本书。(Which作动词的宾语)
三、由that引导的定语从句
that在定语从句中可以指人,也可以指物,在从句中既可以作主语,又可以作谓语动词的宾语,但不能作介词的宾语,有时可以作表语。在一般情况下,可与Which互换,如上例(1),(3)。
The building that is being built is our new library.
This is the book that you want to borrow.
但在特定情况下,二者绝不能互用。
(一)只能用which引导定语从句的几种情况。
1.关系代词前有介词。
如:This is the room in which Lu Xun 1ived.
这是鲁迅住过的房间。
2.先行词本身是that。
如:The clock is that which tells the time.
时钟就是告诉时间的东西。
3.引导非限制性定语从句。
如:I got the letter,which I had been expecting.
我收到了信,这是我一直盼望的。(which作定语,代替主句中的letter)
She won a gold medal of the 29th 01ympic Games,which made us proud.
她获得了第29届奥运会的一枚金牌,这使我们感到自豪。(which作主语,代表整个主句)
(二)只能用that引导定语从句的几种情况。
1.先行词是不定代词all,few,1ittle,much,something,nothing,anything,everything,None,the one等。
如:I want the one that was bought yesterday.
我想要昨天买的那一个。
Everything that can be done has been done.
一切能被做的都已经做了。
2.先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰。
如:He was the first friend that I made.
他是我交的第一个朋友。
The most interesting book that I have ever read was bought in Nanjing.
我读过的最有趣的书是在南京买的。
3.先行词被all,any,every,each,few,1ittle,no,some,one of,only等修饰。
如:I have returned all the books that you lent me.
我已经归还了你借给我的所有的书。
4.先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last修饰时。
如:She is the only person that I want to make friends with.
她是我唯一想交的朋友。
This is the very magazine that I want to borrow.
这正是我想借的那本杂志。
此时,还得注意先行词中被one of或被the only修饰的定语从句中的主谓一致,结构一般是:
(1)one of+复数名词+关系代词+复数谓语动词。
(2)the only one of+复数名词+关系代词+单数谓语动词。
如:He was one of the workers that were invited to the party.
他是应邀参加舞会的工人之一。
He was the only one of the workers that was invited to the party.
他是应邀参加舞会的唯一一个工人。
5.先行词既有人又有物。
如:They remembered things and persons that they stayed abroad.
他们记得他们待在国外时的人和事。
6.句中已有who(为避免重复)。
如:Who is the gir1 that is standing there?
站在那儿的那个女孩是谁?
7.用作关系副词,修饰表示时间的名词,如:day,time,moment等,代替when。
如:It happened on the day that/when I was on business.
事情发生在我出差的那一天。
8.先行词为数词。
如:Look at these flowers.You can see the two that you gave me.
看看这些花,你可以看见你给我的那两朵。
9.先行词在主句中作表语或关系代词在从句中做表语。
如:It’s a book that will help you a lot.
这是一本能给你很大帮助的书。
10.先行词是who,what,which。
如:What that is on the table belongs to me?
桌上的那个是我的吗?
11.主句是there be结构,修饰主语的定语从句。
如:There is no difficulty that can’t be overcome in the world.
世上没有克服不了的困难。
四、由关系副词when,where,why引导的定语从句
前面提到了关系副词when(表时间),where(表地点),why(表原因),都可以用介词+with来表示,在定语从句中充当状语,具体的介词使用依具体情况而定。
如:He was born on October 1st,1949 when New China was founded.
He was born on October 1st,1949 on which New China was founded.
他出生于1949年,那年新中国成立。
I will never forget the museum where I met him.
I will never forget the museum in which I met him.
我永远也忘不了我遇见他的那个博物馆。
I know the reason why he was late for class.
I know the reason for which he was late for class.
我知道他上学迟到的原因。
在定语从句中使用关系代词或关系副词,取决于先行词在从句中的成分,特别是先行词表地点时,判断用关系代词还是关系副词,学生总是有很多困惑。这时,就要根据从句的谓语动词是及物还是不及物的来判断。如果是及物动词,就用关系代词that或which,否则就用where。
如:This is the school where he studied 1ast year.(study是不及物动词)
This is the school which he visited 1ast year.(visit是及物动词)
五、由as引导的定语从句
(一)as用作关系代词和关系副词引导定语从句,并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或状语,通常构成the same...as;such...as;as many/much...as等结构。
如:Such students as were mentioned by the teacher were good students.(as作主语)
I like the same film as you do.(as作宾语)
I’ve never seen such a stupid man as he is.(as作表语)
I’ll do it in the same way as he is。(as作状语)
(二)as引导非限制性定语从句,在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语,用来代表主句所表运的意思,可以放在主句前或后,类似插入语。
如:As we all know,Yao Ming is a famous basketball player.(as代表整个句子作宾语)
As is known to all,Liu Huan is a popular singer.(as代表整个句子作主语)
常用的类似的插入语有:as is said above;as is already mentioned above;as is known to all;as it is;as is often the case;as is reported in the newspaper等。
但是,在使用中,还要注意as与which引导的定语从句存在的一些异同。
1.as和which都可指代主句中的一部分或整个句子的内容,有时可互换。
如:She passed the exam as we had hoped.
She passed the exam which we had hoped.
2.which引导的非限制性定语从句,不能放句首,而as可以。as有“正如,就像”之意,而which没有此意。as可用作插入语,which不能。
如:She has to do housework at weekends,which she doesn’t like.
As is often the case,he comes to schoo1 early.
=He comes to school early,as is often the case.
3.在“as+be+过去分词”这一结构中,“be”可以省略,which后的“be”不能省略。
The bridge is really wonderful,as shown in the picture.
He liked the picture very much,which was shown in the exhibition.
此外,要注意以下结构的用法差异:
(1)The same as与the same that的区别。
the same as指的是“与……相似”,不是指同一事物。
the same that指的是“与……一样”,是同一事物。
如:This is the same bag as I bought yesterday.
这个包与我昨天买的相似。(相似物)
This is the same bag that I bought yesterday.
这正是我昨天买的那个包。(同一物)
(2)such...as与such...that的区别。
Such...as引导定语从句;
such...that引导结果状语从句。
如:They talked in such simple English as children could understand.
他们用孩子们能听懂的简单英语交谈。
They talked in such simple English that children would understand.
他们用十分简单的英语交谈,连孩子们都能听懂。
六、其他
前面还提到了限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句,究竟这二者有何不同呢?
(一)限制性定语从句是句中不可缺少的组成部分,主句和从句之间不用逗号分开,没有这种从句会影响主句意思的完整。而非限制性定语从句是对主句先行词的补充说明,没有这种从句不影响主句意思的完整,需用逗号把主句和从句分开。非限制性定语从句的关系代词用which(指物),who,whom,whose,of which等,不能用that。
如:He has a brother,who is a doctor.
他有个兄弟,是个医生。
(二)限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句区分,即从句有无逗号,会引起句意变化。
如:He said nothing that made her angry.
他没有说使她生气的话。
He said nothing,which made her angry.
他什么也没说,这使她很生气。
(三)非限制性定语从句的关系代词不可省略,而限制性定语从句中:
1.若关系代词作表语,常可省略。
如:She is no longer the girl(that)she was ten years.
她不再是十年前的那个女孩了。
2.在口语中,作动词宾语或介词宾语(这时介词不能在关系代词前)的关系代词可省。
Have you found the book(that)you want?
你找到了你想要的书了吗?
This is the machine(that)we have talked about.
这是我们谈到过的机器。
3.在口语中,关系副词或其对等结构:介词+which有时可省,特别是先行词是the way时,它的关系词有三种形式:
如:I don’t like the way that you talked to her.
I don’t like the way(that)you talked to her.
I don’t like the way in which you talked to her.
(四)先行词是专有名词,整个句子或世界上独一无二的名词时,一般用非限制性定语从句。
如:The sun,which gives us light and heat,is very big.
学生在运用定语从句时,只要注意到上述情况并加以融会贯通,就可以运用自如。