英语中逗号的妙用
2015-09-10徐道清
徐道清
摘 要: 英语中的标点符号的作用非常重要。逗号是最常用的标点符号,用法极其灵活,出题者利用逗号设计一些题目,学生很容易出错。作者结合实际教学,就有关逗号的用法与单项选择题的关系作了总结。
关键词: 英语 逗号 单项选择题
逗号是英语中最常用的标点符号,其用法较多,因此试题的设计者往往在考题中利用逗号增加一些“扑朔迷离”的色彩,学习者一不小心就会落入“陷阱”。下面笔者就针对实际教学中逗号在解题中的作用及与逗号有关的试题作归纳说明。
一、逗号与并列句、并列结构
逗号的主要作用之一就是分隔由并列词and, so, but, for, or, while, when, though 等连接的并列句或并列复合句。掌握逗号的这一用法在解题时非常重要。
例1 He thinks I have scolded him,?摇?摇 ?摇?摇 I have always spoken well of him.
A when B and C while D on the contrary
乍一见,答案D似乎不错。然而,根据题中逗号的用法,D是错误的。此题逗号前是一个主从复合句,逗号后是一个简单句,全句显然是一个并列复合句,故中间需要一个连词。D项是介词短语,起状语作用,不能连接并列复合句,A、B两项不合题意,C项可作并列连词,连接两个对比的并列句,因此C为正确答案。
例2 I began to fish before memory began, ?摇 ?摇?摇?摇 I knew I have always fished.
A so far B so as far as C as far as D so
此题逗号前属主从复合句,其后也属主从复合句,因此中间需要一个并列连词。so是并列连词,B、D两项中有so, 若选D项,I know后面的部分就成了宾语从句,不合题意。B项中的so连接两个分句,as far as为I know的从属连词,符合句意,因此B项为正确答案。
例3 John seems a nice person,?摇?摇 ?摇?摇 I don’t trust him.
A even though B even so C therefore D though
本题前半句的意思是“约翰看来是个很好的人”,后半句的意思是“我不信任他”。根据全句上下文的意思,空格应填入表示转折意思的副词,所以答案是B,even so 相当于nevertheless。A项是引导让步状语从句的连词,不是副词。C项虽然是副词,但意思不对。D项虽然是表示转折意思的副词,但它通常置于句尾或插入句子中间。
二、逗号与简单句,主从复合句
逗号的另一作用是用来分隔一些较长的简单句或主从复合句。掌握逗号的这一用法有助于理解句子的结构,选择正确答案。
例4 ?摇 ?摇?摇?摇 I admit that there are problems, I don’t think that they cannot be solved.
A Unless B Unti C As D While
逗号前后都有主语和谓语,因此可以判断整个句子是一个复合句。全句的意思是:“尽管我承认有问题存在,但我认为这些问题能够解决的。”答案是D,while在此为连词,表示语气的转折,意思是“尽管、虽然”。
例5 An Olympic Marathon is 26 miles and 385 yard, approximately ?摇?摇 ?摇?摇 from Marathon to Athens.
A distance B is the distance
C the distance D the distance is
逗号之后并无主谓成分,因此全句是一个简单句。全句 的意思是:“奥林匹克马拉松赛跑为26英里385码,约为从马拉松到雅典的距离。”本题的答案是C项,名词短语“approximately the distance from Marathon to Athens”进一步说明26miles and 385 yards 究竟有多长,这在语法上叫同位语。答案如果是B或D的话,则句子结构应该分别为:
An Olympic Marathon is 26 miles and 385 yard, or is approximately the distance from Marathon to Athens.
An Olympic Marathon is 26 miles and 385 yard, and the distance is approximately from Marathon to Athens.
本題中逗号之后并没有or 或and 之类的连接词,因此后面不应当是一个句子。选项A也不对,因为这里的distance 后面有from...to...作定语,是特指,前面要有定冠词。
例6 Meeting my uncle after all these years was an unforgettable moment,?摇?摇 ?摇?摇?摇?摇 I will always treasure.
A that B one C it D what (NMET2002)
此题首先排除了A、D两项,因为that不能引导非限制性定语从句,what不合題意。逗号后面应该是an unforgettable moment的同位语成分,用one 代替表示泛指,此题正确答案为B。
三、逗号与分词短语、独立主格结构
分词短语、独立主格结构在句中起状语作用,逗号把它们与主谓结构分开。掌握逗号的这一作用,可避免或少犯错误。
例7 ?摇?摇?摇?摇 ?摇?摇, we’ll go for an outing.
A Being a fine day B As being a fine day
C It was a fine day D It being a fine day
在做这一道题时,不少学生犯了选择C项的错误,究其原因,仍然是忽略了逗号在句中的作用。此题中并无并列连词,逗号前不可能是结构完整的句子,排除C。A、B属于分词结构,分词作状语用时,其逻辑主语必须和句子的主语一致,否则应是独立主格结构,故选D。但是,我们不能一见到逗号就选分词结构,如果句中有逗号,又有并列连接词,就应考虑选择有主谓结构的选项。如:
例8 ?摇?摇 ?摇?摇?摇?摇, so they went to bed earlier than usual.
A There being nothing more to do
B There was nothing more to do
C Having nothing more to do
D They having nothing more to do
此题的关键在于逗号和并列连接词so的提示,应选一个主谓结构的选项,因此正确答案是B项。
例9 Not far from the club there was a garden,?摇?摇 ?摇?摇 owner seated in it playing bridge with his children every afternoon.
A whose B its C which D that
此题有许多学生选择A项,认为这是一个主从复合句。逗号后面的seated其实是过去分词作伴随状语,前面的应该是逻辑主语,所以正确答案应该选B项,its是指代前面的garden。
四、逗号与定语从句、名词性从句
逗号与从句的关系非常密切。下面是一些有关定语从句和名词性从句的转换题,但这类试题都与逗号有关。
例10?摇?摇 ?摇?摇 is well known to us all, the Olympic Games will be held in Beijing in 2008.
A It B That C As D Which
正确答案为C,as 引导的非限制性定语从句,指代后面的整个句子的意思,中间用逗号隔开了。如果此题去掉逗号用that替代,即变成:
例11 ?摇?摇 ?摇?摇 is well known to us all that the Olympic Games will be held in Beijing in 2008.
A It B That C As D Which
此时答案便大相径庭,应选A项,it 作为形式主语引导主语从句。上面的例句可改为下面的两个句子:
(1)As we all know, the Olympic Games will be held in Beijing in 2008.
( as引导的非限制性定语从句)
(2) We all know (that) the Olympic Games will be held in Beijing in 2008.
(that引导的宾语从句)
非限制性定语从句还有一个引导词which, 它可代替前面的整个句子。
例如:Mary’s father was a professor, which made her very proud.
此句相当于: Mary’s father was a professor, and it made her very proud.
五、逗号与不定式
不定式前面一般不加逗号,在句中充当目的状语或结果状语,充当目的状语时可把不定式提到句子的前面用逗号隔开。
例12 Tom telephoned all his friends,?摇?摇 ?摇?摇 everyone the exciting news that he was accepted by a famous university.
A tel B to tell C telling D told
此句中有一逗号,所以答案不能选B。A项显而易见是错误的,D项是过去分词,其逻辑主语不对,因此选C项,它在句中作伴随状语。此题中如果去掉逗号,那么B项就是正确答案。如:
例13 The secretary worked late into night,?摇?摇?搖 ?摇 a long speech for the president.
A to prepare B preparing
C prepared D was preparing (NMET1991)
此题B项为正确答案。
例14Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks,?摇?摇 ?摇?摇 that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A having added B to add
C adding D added (NMET1994)
此题C项为正确答案。
六、逗号与插入语
插入语作为一种语言表达形式,位置灵活,可插在句子中间、可置于句首或句末,把完整的句子拆散。插入语置于句中或句末时往往以逗号隔开,但它对句子的结构本身并无影响。
例15 You’d better, I think, ?摇?摇 ?摇?摇 him a hand when necessary.
A give B to give C gave D giving
遇到这类试题时,应撇开两个逗号之间的内容,分析整个句子的结构,即:You’d better do something, 故选A。在有些试题中,某一句子成分会被提前到句子中间,用逗号隔开。如:
例16 My friends, after they heard what had happened to me,?摇?摇 ?摇?摇 said it sounded like an adventure.
A all B that C which D who
此句中主语是“My friends”, 动词是“said”,所以答案不可能是B、C或D,应选A。题中after 引导的从句属状语提前,对句子的结构无任何影响。
例17 ?摇?摇 ?摇?摇 it or not, his discovery has created a stir in scientific circles.
A Believe B To believe C believing D believed
正确答案为A。
七、逗号与主语补足语
例18 With the local police’s help and efforts, after a long absence, the lost child returned to his parents, ?摇?摇 ?摇?摇.
A safely and soundly B safe and sound
C being safe and sound D both safe and sound
本句意思为“在当地警察的帮助下,这个失踪了很长时间的孩子安全、健康地回到父母的身边”。形容词作补语,说明主语the lost child回到父母身边时的状态,因而正确答案为B。
综上所说,逗号融入单项选择题中,既干扰了学习者的思维,又增强了试题的灵活性。但只要充分了解逗号的用法,正确分析句子的结构,就能排除干扰,正确作答。
参考文献:
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[2]李经伟.英语标点符号用法指南.金盾出版社.
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[4]徐保国.决胜’07——攻克单项填空.内蒙古人民出版社,2006,5.