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特殊句式精析精练

2015-07-10任晓飞

试题与研究·高考英语 2015年1期
关键词:句首语序省略

任晓飞

英语中常见的特殊句式有倒装句、省略句、强调结构等,由于其句子结构特殊,易与其他句式混淆而容易导致失分。下面结合考题,对以上特殊句式的用法和易错易混点进行剖析,以帮助考生走出解题误区。

一、倒装句

倒装可分为“全部倒装”和“部分倒装”。句子是全部倒装还是部分倒装往往取决于位于句首的特殊词语。因此,熟记具有倒装要求的标志词是解题的关键。

(一)考查全部倒装

将整个谓语提到主语之前的称为全部倒装。常见的有:

1.用于“there(here,now,then)+不及物动词+主语”的句型中,或以in, out, down, up, away等副词开头的句子里,以示强调。例如:

①There goes the bell.铃响了。

②Out rushed the boy with an apple in his hand.那个男孩手里拿着一个苹果冲出去了。

【考例】For a moment nothing happened. Then (come) voices all shouting together.

解析:副词then位于句首,句子应使用全部倒装语序,将动词直接移到主语前面,根据前一句的动词happened和句意可知,应使用过去时,故填came。

2.表示方位意义的介词短语或副词短语位于句首作状语且谓语动词为be或表示“位于,存在”的动词或“位置移动”的单个不及物动词时,应使用全部倒装。

【考例】At the foot of the mountain (lie) a village.

解析: lies。At the foot of the mountain是表示方位意义的介词短语,位于句首时,句子要使用全部倒装语序,此处陈述一个事实,故用一般现在时。

3. 做表语的形容词、分词、介词短语放在句首时,句子要使用全部倒装语序。例如:

①Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.他们想对中国人怎样就怎样的日子一去不复返了。

②Present at the meeting were Professor White and many other guests.出席会议的有怀特教授和许多其他客人。

【考例】Such (be) the power of TV that it can make a person suddenly famous.

解析:本句意思是“这就是电视的力量——它能让人一夜成名”。such做表语,放在句首,引起全部倒装,本句的主语是the power,不可数,故用is。

易错易混点归纳:

1.当句子的主语是人称代词时,尽管副词位于句首,但主谓语序不倒装。例如:

①Out they rushed.他们冲出去了。

②Here he comes.他来了。

2.表示方位意义的介词短语或副词短语位于句首时,由于倒装的标志不明显,有些考生误用正常语序;另外,倒装后要注意主谓一致时,谓语动词应与后面的主语一致。例如:

On top of the hill stands a big pine tree.山顶上耸立着一棵大松树。

(二)考查部分倒装

将谓语的一部分(即情态动词、系动词或助动词)提到主语前的称为部分倒装。如果句中没有情态动词、系动词或助动词,谓语只是一个实义动词,要在主语前加助动词do, does或did等,主语后的实义动词用原形。

1.当so(such)…that…结构中的so或such位于句首时,构成部分倒装句。

【考例】So loudly he speak that everyone of the class could hear him.

解析:so…that…结构中的so位于句首时,构成部分倒装句,应将助动词提到主语之前。由could hear可知应使用一般过去时,故填表示过去的助动词did。

2. 由so,neither,nor开头的句子,表示重复前面句子的部分意思(肯定用so,否定用neither或nor),但前后两句的主语不同,该替代句式要部分倒装。

【考例1】If Joes wife wont go to the party, neither he.

解析:句意为:如果Joe的妻子不愿意去参加晚会,他也不去。表示“意愿”,用will。

【考例2】—My room gets very cold at night.

—So mine.

解析:重复前面句子的部分意思,肯定用so。并且前一句中使用了实义动词,故用助动词does代替。

3.当具有否定意义的词或词组(no, not, never, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, rarely, seldom, little, by no means, in no case/way, at no time等)位于句首时,要用部分倒装语序。

【考例1】Little Rose care about her own safety, though she was in great danger herself.

解析:little是含有否定意义的副词,位于句首时,句子应使用部分倒装语序;结合状语从句的时态和整个句子的意思可知,应使用过去时态的助动词,故填did。endprint

【考例2】—How was the televised debate last night?

—Super! Rarely a debate attract so much media attention.

解析:rarely是含有否定意义的副词,位于句首时,句子应使用部分倒装语序。根据上下文语境可知,这是谈论的过去的事情,应使用一般过去时,故填did。

4.某些连词,如not only…but (also)…, hardly…when…, no sooner…than…等开头连接句子时,第一个分句的主谓要部分倒装。

【考例】The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only was teachers energy(save), but students became more interested in the lessons.

解析:not only…but (also)…连接句子时,第一个分句的主谓要部分倒装。由句意可知,教师的精力应该是“被节省”,前面已有was,此处应填被动语态的过去分词saved。

5. only位于句首,修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句时,要用部分倒装。

【考例1】Only then she realize how much damage had been caused.

解析:only位于句首,修饰副词时,要用部分倒装语序。then是过去时的时间标志词,故填表示过去时的助动词did。

【考例2】 by keeping down costs will Power Data hold its advantage over other companies.

解析:由will Power Data hold可知,本句使用了部分倒装语序。再结合句意“只有通过降低费用,Power Data才能保持对其他公司的优势。”可知,应填引起部分倒装的only。

易错易混点归纳:

1.“only +状语从句”和“not until +从句”位于句首时,倒装在主句中进行。例如:

①Only when he grows up can he know how important English is. 只有当他长大了才知道英语有多么重要。

②Not until she saw the gift did the little girl stop crying.直到看见了礼物,那个小女孩才停止哭泣。

【考例1】Not until I came home last night Mum go to bed.

解析:not until引导的从句位于句首时,not until的从句不倒装,主句使用部分倒装语序,故填did。

【考例2】Only after my friend came was the computer (repair).

解析:only位于句首,修饰状语从句时,从句不倒装,主句要用部分倒装语序。计算机应该是“被修理”,故填repaired。

2.not only…but also…连接两个并列分句时,倒装在not only连接的分句中进行。例如:

Not only does he have to type the answer on the computer, but also he gets the computer to translate this into sound.他不仅要把答案输入计算机,而且还要让计算机把它转换成声音。

3.no sooner…than…的倒装在no sooner从句中进行;hardly / scarcely…when…的倒装在hardly / scarcely所在的主句中进行。例如:

①No sooner had he finished his talk than a man stood up and put forward a question.他刚讲完话,一个人就站起来提出了一个问题。

②Hardly had I entered the army when I felt very proud. 我刚参军入伍就感到很骄傲。

4. 当if引导的从句用虚拟语气时,可以把if省去,把从句中的were,had,should等放在从句前面,构成部分倒装。例如:

Should she invite me tomorrow,I would go to the party.如果她明天邀请我参加聚会,我会去的。

5.如果only修饰的词不是做状语,而是做主语时,句子就不用倒装。例如:

Only the doctor can save his life. 只有这个医生才能救他的命。

(三)考查特殊倒装

1. 当as / though引导让步状语从句时,可出现“名词/形容词/副词/分词+ as/though +主语+动词”或“动词+ as /though+主语+助动词”的倒装形式。

【考例1】Unsatisfied he was with the payment, he took the job just to get some work experience.

解析: 句意为:虽然他对报酬不满意,但是为了得到一些工作经验,他接受了这份工作。由句意和倒装的unsatisfied可知,此处应填though或as引导让步状语从句,此时主谓不倒装。endprint

【考例2】(strangely) as it might sound, his idea was accepted by all the people at the meeting.

解析: 句意为:虽然听起来很奇怪,但是他的主意被所有出席会议的人所接受。as引导让步状语从句时,应使用倒装语序,因此位于句首的strange做连系动词sound的表语,应使用形容词做表语,故填Strange。

2. 当however, no matter how引导让步状语从句时,常把“however / no matter how +形容词/副词”放在句首,此时主谓不倒装。

【考例】 fast he runs, he cant catch up with us.

解析:句意为:无论他跑得多快也不能赶上我们。根据句意和倒装的fast 可知,应使用however引导让步状语从句,构成“however +副词”结构,放在句首,主谓不倒装。

易错易混点归纳:

1.as / though引导让步状语从句时,表语是名词时,名词前不加任何冠词。例如:

Child as he is, he knows a lot.尽管他是个孩子,但他懂得很多。

2.但as / though引导让步状语从句时,若动词提前,谓语部分应有情态动词或助动词(如will, would, may, might等)。例如:

Try as I might, I could not lift the stone.尽管用尽力气,但我还是举不起这块石头。

3. however修饰形容词/副词,若修饰名词,应使用whatever。例如:

①He tried his best to solve the problem,however difficult it was.不管有多难,他尽最大努力去解决这个难题。

②He tried his best to solve the problem,whatever difficulty he might have. 不管有什么困难,他尽最大努力去解决这个难题。

二、省略句

为了避免重复,使语言简练紧凑,在不损害结构或引起误解的原则下,往往省去一个或多个句子成分或词语,这就给考生的理解增加了难度。在近几年的高考试题中,省略现象十分常见。

(一)考查不定式的省略

在同一个句子或联系紧密的对话中,为了避免重复,做宾语或补足语的不定式再次出现时,不定式符号to后面的内容常常被省略,只保留不定式符号to。这种情况常用于动词refuse, would like / love, wish, want, hope, expect, intend以及形容词afraid, happy, glad, willing, ready等之后。

【考例】—Whats the matter with Della?

—Well, her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the party,but she still hopes.

解析:此处想表达“but she still hopes go to the party”,为了避免重复,只保留hopes to。

易错易混点归纳:

如果承前省略的不定式后有be或作助动词的have时,不定式符号to后要保留be或have。例如:

—Are you a teacher?你是老师吗?

—No, but I used to be.不是,可我以前当过老师。

(二)考查替代省略

为了避免重复,常用it, one, that替代前面句子中出现过的名词、代词或句子。

【考例1】The CDs are on sale!Buy one and you get completely free.

解析:根据意思可知,这些CD唱片正在大甩卖,买一赠一,故用one替代前面的名词CD。

【考例2】Little joy can equal of a surprising ending when you read stories.

解析:替代不可数名词应使用that。此处用that代替前文出现的不可数名词joy,以避免重复。

易错易混点归纳:

1.that用来代替前面提到过的单数可数名词或不可数名词,不能和冠词连用,其后总有修饰语,其复数形式是those。例如:

The climate in Zhengzhou is better than that in Jinan.郑州的气候比济南的要好。(that代替前面的不可数名词climate,并且后面有修饰语in Jinan,此处不可用one。)

[JP2]

2. one/ones用来代替前面提到过的可数名词,one指代单数,ones指代复数,所替代的是同名异物,表示泛指,可有前置定语或后置定语,也可单独使用。特指时必须加定冠词the。例如:[JP]

We needed a new cupboard for the kitchen. So Peter made one from some wood we had.我们的厨房里需要一个碗柜,于是Peter用我们现有的木头做了一个。(one替代上文中的单数可数名词cupboard,表示泛指意义。)

(三)考查并列句中的省略

两个并列分句中,后一个分句常省略与前一个分句中相同的部分。例如:endprint

They learn French and we English.他们学习法语,我们学习英语。(省略了谓语动词learn)

【考例】One of the sides of the board should be painted yellow, and the white.

解析:句意为:这个板子的一面应该漆成黄色,另一面应该漆成白色。“一面……,另一面……”应表示为“one…, the other…”;the other white是the other side should be painted white的省略说法。

(四)考查状语从句中的省略

在时间、条件、让步等状语从句中,如果从句的主语和主句的主语相同或者从句中的主语是it,从句中谓语动词又含有be的某一种形式时,可以省略从句中的主语和be,构成“连词+分词”形式。

【考例1】Film has a much shorter history, especially when (compare) to such art forms as music and painting.

解析:状语从句中省略了主语,应该是与主句的主语film相同。film和compare之间是被动关系,所以要用被动形式,故填compared。

【考例2】The flowers his friend gave him will die unless (water) every day.

解析:根据句意:除非天天浇水,否则的话他朋友给他的这些花就会死。可知,花应该是“被浇”,故应填watered,状语从句中省略了they are。

三、强调结构

强调结构(It is / was +被强调部分+ that / who…)实用性强、易与其他句型结合,成为各省市高考命题的热点。

(一)考查强调结构的基本形式

强调结构的基本形式是“It is / was +被强调部分 + that / who…”,可以用来强调主语、宾语、状语等,不能强调谓语动词。

【考例1】It was in New Zealand Elizabeth first met Mr.Smith.

解析:此题强调句子中的地点状语in New Zealand,还原后为:Elizabeth first met Mr.Smith in New Zealand.

【考例2】 is imagination that makes the world colorful, full of vigor and vitality.

解析:此题强调句子中的主语imagination,还原后为:Imagination makes the world colorful, full of vigor and vitality.

(二)考查强调结构的一般疑问句形式

强调结构的一般疑问句句型为:Is / Was it +被强调部分+ that / who…?

【考例】Was it you I saw last night at the concert?

[JP+1]

解析:此题考查强调结构的一般疑问句形式:Is / Was it +被强调部分+ that / who…?[JP]

(三)考查强调结构的特殊疑问句形式

强调结构的特殊疑问句句型为:特殊疑问词(Who / What / When / Where / Why / How…)+ is / was it that…?例如:

①Where was it that she saw you last time?

②How was it that he came here?

这类强调结构置于从句中时应使用陈述语序,例如:

The question is who it is that we can trust.

【考例1】I just wonder it is that makes him so excited.

解析:此题考查对特殊疑问句的强调,强调了在宾语从句中做主语的特殊疑问词what。还原后的句子为“I just wonder what makes him so excited.”故填what。

【考例2】— was it that he managed to get the information?

— Oh, a friend of his helped him.

解析:此题考查对特殊疑问句的强调,强调了做方式状语的特殊疑问词how。还原后为“How did he manage to get the information?”

(四)考查对not… until…句式的强调

对not…until…句式的强调有固定的句型,即It was not until…that…

【考例1】It was not until he came back from Africa that year he met the girl he would like to marry.

解析:此题是对not…until…句式的强调,应使用固定的句型,即It was not until…that…还原后为“ He didnt meet the girl he would like to marry until he came back from Africa that year.”故填that。endprint

【考例2】 was not until midnight that they reached the camp site.

解析: 根据句意可知,这是对not…until…句式的强调,应使用“It was not until…that…”句型。还原后为“They didnt reach the camp site until midnight.”

(五)考查强调句型的反义疑问句及答语

强调句型的反义疑问句及其回答应与“It is / was…that / who…”结构保持一致。

【考例1】It was Tom who broke the window, wasnt ?

解析: 强调句型的反义疑问部分应与“It is / was…that…”结构保持一致,故填it,不能填he。

【考例2】—Wasnt it Dr. Wang who spoke to you just now?

—Yes, was.

解析:强调句型的反义疑问句的答语应与It is/ was…that…结构保持一致,故填it,不填he。

(六)考查对各种从句的强调

1.强调状语从句

【考例】It was after he got what he had desired he realized it was not so important.

解析: 此题强调after引导的状语从句,还原后为“After he got what he had desired, he realized it was not so important.”故填that。

2.强调名词性从句

【考例】—Ive read another book this week.

—Well, maybe is not how much you read but what you read that counts.

解析:该句把强调结构和两个主语从句用在了一起。count意为“重要,有价值”,是谓语动词,其主语是由not...but...连接的两个并列主语从句。此题强调两个并列的主语从句,还原后句子为“Not how much you read but what you read counts.”

易错易混点归纳:

[JP+1]

强调结构与其他含有it 的结构非常相似,很容易混淆。另外,强调结构还经常与其他从句或结构混合考查,这给考生增加了难度。[JP]

1.与定语从句的区别

①It was in Qingdao that he met the famous writer.

②It was Qingdao where he met the famous writer.

句①是强调句型,强调的是地点状语in Qingdao,该句可还原为He met the famous writer in Qingdao.

句②为含有一个定语从句的主从复合句,where引导的定语从句修饰先行词Qingdao,不可用that。

2.与主语从句的区别

①It is the Great Wall that they are going to visit next week.

②It is true that they are going to visit the Great Wall next week.

句①为强调句型,强调的是宾语the Great Wall,该句可还原为They are going to visit the Great Wall.

句②为含有一个主语从句的主从复合句,that引导的从句是句子的真正主语,it为形式主语。

3.与状语从句的区别

①It was at ten that he came to see me.

②It was ten when he came to see me.

句①为强调句型,强调的是时间状语at ten,该句可还原为He came to see me at ten.

句②为含有时间状语从句的主从复合句。

4.与含有定语从句的复合句一起考查,判断何处是定语从句,何处是强调结构。

【考例】It was in Beihai Park they made a date for the first time the old couple told us their love story.

解析:此题结合定语从句进行考查。分析句子结构和意思可知,此题强调地点状语in Beihai Park,但是在Beihai Park后接了一个定语从句,由于先行词在定语从句中做地点状语,故用where引导定语从句,第二空应填强调结构中的that。

5.考查省略的强调结构的辨别。

强调结构有时与定语从句结合考查,但是强调句不完整,极易混淆。

【考例】—Where did you get to know her?

—It was on the farm we worked.

[JP3]

解析:此题强调句子中的地点状语,这是省略的强调结构。根据上下文语境可知“我们是在以前工作的农场认识的”,we worked是定语从句,修饰the farm,用关系副词where引导,补全后为“It was on the farm where we worked that I got to know her.”强调on the farm where we worked;如果在空格处填that,强调on the farm,则意思为“我们是在那家农场工作的”,不能与上文呼应。[JP]endprint

巩固练习:

1. It was along the Mississippi River Mark Twain spent much of his childhood.

2.It was not until we had stayed together for a couple of weeks I found we had a lot in common.

3.Ive already forgotten it was that you put the dictionary yesterday.

4.Was it in 1969 the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon?

5.It was 1949 the PRC was founded.

6.—Is that a book on farming? If so, I want to borrow .

—Yes, it is.

7.The man we followed suddenly stopped and looked as if (see) whether he was going in the right direction.

8.—What do you think made the girl so glad?

— (receive) a beautiful necklace.

9.—Whats the matter with you?

—I didnt pass the test, but I still hope .

10.—How are you getting on with your work?

—Oh, Im sorry. Things arent going so well as (plan).

11.Hard she works, she may not catch up with her sister Lisa.

12.By no means she agree to our plan for the trip.

13. you asked me, I would have given you his address.

14.I have been living in the United States for twenty years, but seldom I felt so lonely as now.

15.Not until I began to work I realize how much time I had wasted.

答案与解析:

1. that。此题去掉It was…that…并调整顺序后句子完整,说明是强调句型,强调地点状语along the Mississippi River。

2. that。根据句意“直到我们一起待了几个星期后我才发现我们有很多共同点。”可知,这是对not…until…句式的强调,应使用固定的强调句型It was not until…that…

3.where。句意为:我已经忘记了你昨天到底把字典放在哪里了。此题考查宾语从句中的强调句型,应使用陈述语序,并且强调的是“哪儿”。

4. that。此题考查强调结构的一般疑问句形式。还原成陈述语序为“It was in 1969 that the American astronaut succeeded in landing on the moon.”

5. when。此题考查对强调句型与其他句型的辨别能力。若是强调结构,去掉it was… that…后,剩余部分仍能组成一个完整的句子。此题不是强调结构,it指代时间,when引导的是一个时间状语从句。

6.it。考查替代省略。用it替代前面句子中重复出现的名词book,表示同一本书。

7. to see。考查状语从句中的省略。as if to see是as if he was going to see的省略说法。

8.Receiving。考查答语中的省略。此题用what提问,并且在句中做主语,故回答应使用动名词短语。Receiving a beautiful necklace后面省略了前文中的made the girl so glad。

9. to。考查不定式的省略。I still hope to是I still hope to pass the test的省略说法。

10.planned。考查状语从句中的省略。as planned是as it is planned的省略说法。

11.though / as。句意为:尽管她努力学习,但是她可能还是赶不上她的姐姐Lisa。本句中hard倒装到句首,应使用though / as引导让步状语从句。

12. will。by no means是表示否定意义的介词短语,在句中做状语置于句首时,句子使用部分倒装语序。根据意思表示“意愿”,故填will。

13.Had。当if引导的从句用虚拟语气时,从句中含有were,had,should时,可以把if省去,把were,had,should放在从句前面,构成部分倒装。根据主句中的would have given可知,本题条件句中表示与过去事实相反,应使用过去完成时,故把had提前。

14.have。seldom是含有否定意义的副词,位于句首时,句子应使用部分倒装语序,根据语境应选择现在完成时态。

15.did。not until引导的从句位于句首时,not until的从句不倒装,主句部分倒装。根据语境可知应使用过去时,故填did。endprint

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